小流域耕地重金属空间分布特征与风险评估

doi:10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2025-1029

中国农学通报 ›› 2026, Vol. 42 ›› Issue (16): 127-140.doi: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2025-1029

• 资源·环境·生态·土壤·气象 • 上一篇下一篇

小流域耕地重金属空间分布特征与风险评估

徐卓¹^,²(), 梁杰聪², 黄栩荣², 李翔², 黄祖率³, 蒋少军²^,⁴(), 陈华毅⁵

¹ 华南农业大学资源环境学院，广州 510642
² 广东省农业科学院农业资源与环境研究所/广东省养分资源循环利用与耕地保育重点实验室/农业农村部南方植物营养与肥料重点实验室，广州 510642
³ 湖南城市学院材料与化学工程学院，湖南益阳 413000
⁴ 广东省农业科学院清远分院，广东清远 511500
⁵ 海南大学热带农林学院，海口 570228

收稿日期:2025-12-24 修回日期:2026-04-25 出版日期:2026-08-25 发布日期:2026-08-20
通讯作者:
蒋少军，男，1993年出生，江西吉安人，博士，研究方向：土壤污染与修复。通信地址：510642 广东省广州市天河区金颖路66号，E-mail：shaojunj93@163.com。
作者简介:
徐卓，女，1999年出生，河南许昌人，在读硕士，研究方向：资源利用与植物保护。通信地址：510642 广东省广州市天河区五山街道483号，E-mail：11251897893@qq.com。
基金资助:
青年科学基金项目（C类）“溶解性有机质(DOM)对城市土壤-大气界面颗粒物中Pb分布及生物有效性的影响”(42307343)

Spatial Distribution Characteristics and Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Cultivated Land in Small Watersheds

XU Zhuo¹^,²(), LIANG Jiecong², HUANG Xurong², LI Xiang², HUANG Zulyu³, JIANG Shaojun²^,⁴(), CHEN Huayi⁵

¹ College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642
² Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer in South Region, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nutrient Cycling and Farmland Conservation/ Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510642
³ School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hunan City University, Yiyang, Hunan 413000
⁴ Qingyuan Branch of Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingyuan, Guangdong 511500
⁵ School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228

Received:2025-12-24 Revised:2026-04-25 Published:2026-08-25 Online:2026-08-20

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

综合运用空间插值、地累积污染指数、潜在生态危害指数、健康风险评估及来源解析等方法，调查小流域范围农田重金属(Pb、Cr、Cd、Hg、As、Zn、Cu、Ni)的分布规律、生态风险及重金属污染源。结果显示，Cd是区域内的主要污染物，6%的土壤样本存在严重生态风险，82%存在中等生态风险。Hg和As在局部区域表现出较高生态危害性。重金属高值区主要集中于镇区中心及河流汇集区域，整体呈现由城镇中心向外围扩散的空间分布。此外，基于健康风险评估，土壤重金属对儿童构成非致癌风险，而对成人影响不明显；As、Cr、Ni和Cd会对儿童构成潜在致癌风险，As、Cr会对成人构成潜在致癌风险。来源解析分析指出，Cr和Ni主要来源于土壤母质，而Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn和As可能与历史时期的农业投入，尤其是长期施肥行为密切相关。综上，耕地重金属污染并非当前持续增强型输入过程，而是历史农业活动叠加自然背景共同作用的结果。当前，耕地重金属污染的控制仍有较大的提升空间。

关键词: 农田土壤, 重金属, 空间分布, 生态风险, 来源解析

Abstract:

To investigate the distribution patterns and ecological risks of heavy metals (Pb, Cr, Cd, Hg, As, Zn, Cu, Ni) in agricultural watersheds and to identify the sources of these heavy metals related to contemporary agricultural practices, spatial interpolation methods were employed to analyze the spatial distribution characteristics of heavy metal concentrations at the small watershed scale. Ecological risk assessment was conducted using the geo-accumulation pollution index and the potential ecological hazard index, supplemented by health risk assessment and source apportionment analysis. The results showed that cadmium (Cd) was the major pollutant, 6% of the soil samples posed serious ecological risks, and 82% posed moderate ecological risks. Hg and As exhibited relatively high ecological hazards at local sites. The high-value areas of heavy metals were mainly concentrated in the town centers and the confluence areas of rivers, presenting an overall spatial distribution that spread from the town center to the periphery. Furthermore, based on health risk assessment, heavy metals in soil conducted a non-carcinogenic risk to children, while there was no obvious risk to adults. As, Cr, Ni and Cd posed potential carcinogenic risks to children, and As and Cr posed potential carcinogenic risks to adults. Cr and Ni mainly originated from soil parent material, while Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn and As might be closely related to historical agricultural inputs, especially long-term fertilization behavior. In conclusion, heavy metal pollution in cultivated land is not a continuous and intensifying input process, but is dominated by the superimposition of historical agricultural activities and natural background. There is still room for improvement in the control of heavy metal pollution in cultivated land.

Key words: agricultural soil, heavy metals, spatial distribution, ecological risk, source apportionment

中图分类号:

X53土壤污染及其防治

徐卓, 梁杰聪, 黄栩荣, 李翔, 黄祖率, 蒋少军, 陈华毅. 小流域耕地重金属空间分布特征与风险评估[J]. 中国农学通报, 2026, 42(16): 127-140.

XU Zhuo, LIANG Jiecong, HUANG Xurong, LI Xiang, HUANG Zulyu, JIANG Shaojun, CHEN Huayi. Spatial Distribution Characteristics and Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Cultivated Land in Small Watersheds[J]. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin, 2026, 42(16): 127-140.

图/表 14

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参数含义	符号/单位	儿童参考值	成人参考值
土壤摄入量	IR_ing/(mg/d)	200	100
呼吸摄入量	IR_inh/(mg/d)	7.5	14.5
暴露频率	EF/(d/a)	350	350
暴露持续时间	ED/a	6	24
体重	BW/kg	16	60
平均暴露时间	AT/d	ED×365	ED×365
暴露皮肤表面积	SA/(cm²)	2800	5700
皮肤粘附因子	SL/(mg/cm²)	0.2	0.07
皮肤吸附因子	ABF	0.001	0.001
颗粒物释放因子	PEF/(m³/kg)	1.36×10⁹	1.36×10⁹

参数含义	符号/单位	儿童参考值	成人参考值
土壤摄入量	IR_ing/(mg/d)	200	100
呼吸摄入量	IR_inh/(mg/d)	7.5	14.5
暴露频率	EF/(d/a)	350	350
暴露持续时间	ED/a	6	24
体重	BW/kg	16	60
平均暴露时间	AT/d	ED×365	ED×365
暴露皮肤表面积	SA/(cm²)	2800	5700
皮肤粘附因子	SL/(mg/cm²)	0.2	0.07
皮肤吸附因子	ABF	0.001	0.001
颗粒物释放因子	PEF/(m³/kg)	1.36×10⁹	1.36×10⁹

元素	RfD			SF
元素	经口摄入	呼吸摄入	皮肤接触	经口摄入	呼吸摄入	皮肤接触
Cd	1×10^-3	1×10^-3	1×10^-5	6.1	6.4	6.1
As	3×10^-4	3×10^-4	1.23×10^-4	1.5	1.5	7.5
Cr	3×10^-3	3×10^-4	6×10^-5	0.5	42.0	20.0
Ni	2×10^-2	2×10^-2	5.4×10^-3	0.84	0.84	0.84
Hg	3×10^-4	3×10^-4	2.1×10^-5
Pb	3.5×10^-3	3.5×10^-3	5.25×10^-4
Cu	4×10^-2	4×10^-2	1.2×10^-2
Zn	3×10^-1	3×10^-1	6×10^-2

元素	RfD			SF
元素	经口摄入	呼吸摄入	皮肤接触	经口摄入	呼吸摄入	皮肤接触
Cd	1×10^-3	1×10^-3	1×10^-5	6.1	6.4	6.1
As	3×10^-4	3×10^-4	1.23×10^-4	1.5	1.5	7.5
Cr	3×10^-3	3×10^-4	6×10^-5	0.5	42.0	20.0
Ni	2×10^-2	2×10^-2	5.4×10^-3	0.84	0.84	0.84
Hg	3×10^-4	3×10^-4	2.1×10^-5
Pb	3.5×10^-3	3.5×10^-3	5.25×10^-4
Cu	4×10^-2	4×10^-2	1.2×10^-2
Zn	3×10^-1	3×10^-1	6×10^-2

统计值	pH	重金属/(mg/kg)
统计值	pH	Pb	Cr	Cd	Hg	As	Zn	Cu	Ni
平均值	5.32	59.40	44.07	0.46	0.22	27.95	80.66	27.89	13.37
最大值	8.42	164.85	79.28	5.44	0.60	66.52	391.93	144.01	26.94
最小值	3.17	14.35	14.34	0.04	0.04	3.14	24.13	7.72	5.31
中位数	5.34	49.59	43.81	0.17	0.19	26.82	61.72	21.23	12.44
变异系数/%	0.17	52.45	33.02	215.85	62.71	51.98	85.19	90.41	36.27

小流域耕地重金属空间分布特征与风险评估

Spatial Distribution Characteristics and Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Cultivated Land in Small Watersheds

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元素	儿童			成人
元素	经口摄入	呼吸吸入	皮肤接触	经口摄入	呼吸吸入	皮肤接触
Pb	7.12×10^-4	1.96×10^-14	1.99×10^-6	9.49×10^-5	1.01×10^-14	1.42×10^-6
Cr	5.28×10^-4	1.46×10^-14	1.48×10^-6	7.04×10^-5	7.51×10^-15	1.05×10^-6
Cd	5.51×10^-6	1.52×10^-16	1.54×10^-8	7.35×10^-7	7.84×10^-17	1.10×10^-8
Hg	2.60×10^-6	7.17×10^-17	7.28×10^-9	3.47×10^-7	3.70×10^-17	5.19×10^-9
As	3.35×10^-4	9.24×10^-15	9.38×10^-7	4.47×10^-5	4.76×10^-15	6.68×10^-
Zn	9.67×10^-4	2.67×10^-14	2.71×10^-6	1.29×10^-4	1.37×10^-14	1.93×10^-6
Cu	3.34×10^-4	9.22×10^-15	9.36×10^-7	4.46×10^-5	4.75×10^-15	6.67×10^-7
Ni	1.63×10^-4	4.50×10^-15	4.57×10^-7	2.17×10^-5	2.32×10^-15	3.25×10^-7

元素		危险商数(HQ)						危害指数(HI)
		儿童			成人			儿童	成人
		经口摄入	呼吸吸入	皮肤接触	经口摄入	呼吸吸入	皮肤接触	儿童	成人
Pb	最小值	4.92×10^-2	1.36×10^-12	9.18×10^-4	6.55×10^-3	6.99×10^-13	6.54×10^-4	5.01×10^-2	7.21×10^-3
	最大值	5.65×10^-1	1.56×10^-11	1.05×10^-2	7.53×10^-2	8.03×10^-12	7.51×10^-3	5.75×10^-1	8.28×10^-2
	平均值	2.03×10^-1	5.61×10^-12	3.80×10^-3	2.71×10^-2	2.89×10^-12	2.71×10^-3	2.07×10^-1	2.98×10^-2
Cr	最小值	5.73×10^-2	1.58×10^-11	8.02×10^-3	7.64×10^-3	8.15×10^-12	5.72×10^-3	6.53×10^-2	1.34×10^-2
	最大值	3.17×10^-1	8.73×10^-11	4.43×10^-2	4.22×10^-2	4.50×10^-11	3.16×10^-2	3.61×10^-1	7.38×10^-2
	平均值	1.76×10^-1	4.86×10^-11	2.47×10^-2	2.35×10^-2	2.50×10^-11	1.76×10^-2	2.01×10^-1	4.10×10^-2
Cd	最小值	4.23×10^-4	1.17×10^-14	1.18×10^-4	5.64×10^-5	6.01×10^-15	8.43×10^-5	5.41×10^-4	1.41×10^-4
	最大值	6.52×10^-2	1.80×10^-12	1.83×10^-2	8.70×10^-3	9.27×10^-13	1.30×10^-2	8.35×10^-2	2.17×10^-2
	平均值	5.51×10^-3	1.52×10^-13	1.54×10^-3	7.35×10^-4	7.84×10^-14	1.10×10^-3	7.06×10^-3	1.83×10^-3
Hg	最小值	1.52×10^-3	4.19×10^-14	6.08×10^-5	2.03×10^-4	2.16×10^-14	4.33×10^-5	1.58×10^-3	2.46×10^-4
	最大值	2.38×10^-2	6.55×10^-13	9.51×10^-4	3.17×10^-3	3.38×10^-13	6.77×10^-4	2.47×10^-2	3.85×10^-3
	平均值	8.67×10^-3	2.39×10^-13	3.47×10^-4	1.16×10^-3	1.23×10^-13	2.47×10^-4	9.02×10^-3	1.40×10^-3
As	最小值	1.25×10^-1	3.46×10^-12	8.56×10^-4	1.67×10^-2	1.78×10^-12	6.10×10^-4	1.26×10^-1	1.73×10^-2
	最大值	2.66	7.33×10^-11	1.82×10^-2	3.54×10^-1	3.78×10^-11	1.29×10^-2	2.68	3.67×10^-1
	平均值	1.12	3.08×10^-11	7.63×10^-3	1.49×10^-1	1.59×10^-11	5.43×10^-3	1.12	1.54×10^-1
Zn	最小值	9.64×10^-4	2.66×10^-14	1.35×10^-5	1.29×10^-4	1.37×10^-14	9.62×10^-6	9.78×10^-4	1.38×10^-4
	最大值	1.57×10^-2	4.32×10^-13	2.19×10^-4	2.09×10^-3	2.23×10^-13	1.56×10^-4	1.59×10^-2	2.24×10^-3
	平均值	3.22×10^-3	8.89×10^-14	4.51×10^-5	4.30×10^-4	4.58×10^-14	3.21×10^-5	3.27×10^-3	4.62×10^-4
Cu	最小值	2.31×10^-3	6.38×10^-14	2.16×10^-5	3.08×10^-4	3.29×10^-14	1.54×10^-5	2.33×10^-3	3.24×10^-4
	最大值	4.32×10^-2	1.19×10^-12	4.03×10^-4	5.75×10^-3	6.13×10^-13	2.87×10^-4	4.36×10^-2	6.04×10^-3
	平均值	8.36×10^-3	2.30×10^-13	7.80×10^-5	1.11×10^-3	1.19×10^-13	5.56×10^-5	8.44×10^-3	1.17×10^-3
Ni	最小值	3.18×10^-3	8.78×10^-14	3.30×10^-5	4.24×10^-4	4.53×10^-14	2.35×10^-5	3.22×10^-3	4.48×10^-4
	最大值	1.61×10^-2	4.45×10^-13	1.67×10^-4	2.15×10^-3	2.30×10^-13	1.19×10^-4	1.63×10^-2	2.27×10^-3
	平均值	8.15×10^-3	2.25×10^-13	8.46×10^-5	1.09×10^-3	1.16×10^-13	6.03×10^-5	8.24×10^-3	1.15×10^-3

暴露人群	统计值	Cr	Cd	As	Ni
儿童	最小值	9.56×10^-5	2.59×10^-6	5.72×10^-5	5.36×10^-5
	最大值	5.28×10^-4	3.99×10^-4	1.21×10^-3	2.72×10^-4
	平均值	2.94×10^-4	3.37×10^-5	5.10×10^-4	1.37×10^-4
	中位值	2.92×10^-4	1.28×10^-5	4.89×10^-4	1.28×10^-4
	标准差	9.70×10^-5	7.28×10^-5	2.65×10^-4	4.99×10^-5
成人	最小值	1.83×10^-5	3.49×10^-7	8.08×10^-6	7.24×10^-6
	最大值	1.01×10^-4	5.38×10^-5	1.71×10^-4	3.67×10^-5
	平均值	5.63×10^-5	4.55×10^-6	7.20×10^-5	1.85×10^-5
	中位值	5.60×10^-5	1.72×10^-6	6.91×10^-5	1.73×10^-5
	标准差	1.86×10^-5	9.82×10^-6	3.74×10^-5	6.73×10^-6

采样点	采样点A/ (mg/L)	采样点B/ (mg/L)	采样点C/ (mg/L)	采样点D/ (mg/L)	复合肥料/ (mg/kg)	复混肥料/ (mg/kg)	尿素/ (mg/kg)	鸡粪/ (mg/kg)	猪粪/ (mg/kg)	牛粪/ (mg/kg)
Pb	2.00×10^-5	—	—	3.00×10^-5	19.78	20.31	6.66	4.32	1.71	6.08
Cr	9.45×10^-3	3.21×10^-3	2.15×10^-3	1.45×10^-3	2.21	3.39	3.43	4.55	1.12	2.13
Cd	1.50×10^-4	2.00×10^-5	8.00×10^-5	1.00×10^-4	0.007	0.014	0.014	0.12	0.17	0.11
Hg	—	—	—	—	0.028	0.148	0.017	0.017	—	0.03
As	3.14×10^-3	3.47×10^-3	2.56×10^-3	3.75×10^-3	5.59	9.64	0.08	0.99	0.62	0.61
Zn	1.25×10^-2	1.95×10^-2	1.05×10^-2	8.70×10^-3	26.88	56.47	0.56	35.14	18.24	12.45
Cu	1.17×10^-3	7.10×10^-4	4.80×10^-4	9.50×10^-4	3.31	8.3	0.21	38.15	44.15	10.25
Ni	5.40×10^-4	1.10×10^-4	1.50×10^-4	2.40×10^-4	11.22	11.71	4.6	6.21	18.24	1.24

采样点	pH	Pb/(mg/kg)	Cr/(mg/kg)	Cd/(mg/kg)	Hg/(mg/kg)	As/(mg/kg)	Zn/(mg/kg)	Cu/(mg/kg)	Ni/(mg/kg)
山地土壤1	4.84	21.52	67.66	0.05	0.04	30.16	15.71	9.25	20.12
山地土壤2		100.46	77.93	0.05	0.05	56.40	49.12	18.82	19.92
山地土壤3		72.65	78.58	0.03	0.02	38.96	24.32	54.91	21.96
山地土壤4		31.75	91.04	0.01	0.03	33.02	28.99	17.59	30.06
山地土壤5		20.31	64.48	0.01	0.01	21.82	14.18	8.40	17.95
山地土壤6		50.55	48.59	0.11	0.14	24.52	73.01	18.07	21.69
沉积物1	4.84	58.81	33.73	0.65	0.05	25.92	110.38	24.52	11.05
沉积物2		57.34	51.45	0.34	0.10	30.47	82.77	21.35	19.56
沉积物3		31.42	63.54	0.01	0.03	26.41	34.08	9.94	10.63
沉积物4		68.17	50.28	0.04	0.14	34.68	63.86	23.9	13.93

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