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中国农学通报 ›› 2025, Vol. 41 ›› Issue (15): 23-31.doi: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0652

• 农学·农业基础科学 • 上一篇    下一篇

播期对春播大豆田间农艺性状及产量的影响

刘利1,2(), 杜晓宇1(), 蒲春雷1, 罗友明1, 傅勇1, 曾召琼3, 蒋杰峰4   

  1. 1 南充市农业技术推广站,四川南充 637000
    2 南充市种子管理站,四川南充 637000
    3 南充市农业科学院,四川南充 637000
    4 南充市高坪区气象局,四川南充 637000
  • 收稿日期:2024-10-30 修回日期:2025-02-15 出版日期:2025-05-25 发布日期:2025-05-29
  • 通讯作者:
    杜晓宇,男,1972年出生,四川南部人,农业技术推广研究员,主要从事作物高产优质高效栽培技术研究及推广。通信地址:637000 四川省南充市顺庆区丰登路213号,Tel:0817-2289152,E-mail:
  • 作者简介:

    刘利,女,1987年出生,四川南充嘉陵人,高级农艺师,硕士,主要从事作物高产优质高效栽培技术研究及推广。通信地址:637000 四川省南充市顺庆区丰登路213号,Tel:18781738635,E-mail:

  • 基金资助:
    大豆育种后代材料鉴定及网络化测试“南方高油高产大豆新品种设计与培育”(2023ZD0403402); 2021年度商品粮大市奖励资金项目“玉米大豆带状复合种植技术风险阈值评价与应用”(南财专〔2022〕579号)

Effect of Sowing Date on Field Agronomic Traits and Yield of Spring-sown Soybeans

LIU Li1,2(), DU Xiaoyu1(), PU Chunlei1, LUO Youming1, FU Yong1, ZENG Zhaoqiong3, JIANG Jiefeng4   

  1. 1 Agricultural Technique Promotion Station of Nanchong, Nanchong, Sichuan 637000
    2 Seed Administrative Station of Nanchong, Nanchong, Sichuan 637000
    3 Nanchong Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchong, Sichuan 637000
    4 Gaoping Meteorological Bureau, Nanchong, Sichuan 637000
  • Received:2024-10-30 Revised:2025-02-15 Published:2025-05-25 Online:2025-05-29

摘要:

为探究不同播期对春播大豆田间农艺性状及产量形成的影响,本研究选用‘南豆50’、‘中黄39’和‘中豆54’作为试验品种,采用两因素裂区试验设计开展田间试验,分析12个播期对3个春播大豆品种的生育进程、农艺性状及产量的影响。研究结果表明:随着播期推迟,春播大豆营养生长期、生殖生长期及全生育期时长均呈缩短趋势,且播期的改变对营养生长期的影响程度明显大于生殖生长期。植株株高呈现出先升高后逐步降低的变化态势;植株底荚高总体呈现出先上升、继而下降、随后再次上升的变化趋势。单株有效荚数、百粒重、单株粒数、单株粒重及产量均表现出先增加后减少的规律。其中,单株粒重和单株粒数对产量的贡献最大,分别达到了30%和28%。在所有的处理中,3月21日与3月28日播种的大豆产量表现最为优异,‘南豆50’产量分别达3244.57 kg/hm²和3087.92 kg/hm²,‘中黄39’产量分别为3270.62 kg/hm²和3330.43 kg/hm²,‘中豆54’产量分别是3199.55 kg/hm²和2983.79 kg/hm²。综合各项表现性状可知,四川丘陵地区春播大豆的最佳播种期为3月下旬,若播期推迟至4月25日以后,产量将显著降低。

关键词: 春播, 大豆, 播期, 株高, 底荚高, 农艺性状, 产量, 生育进程

Abstract:

To investigate the effects of different sowing dates on field agronomic traits and yield formation of spring-sown soybeans, 'Nandou 50', 'Zhonghuang 39', and 'Zhongdou 54' were selected as experimental materials. A field experiment with two-factor split-plot design was conducted to analyze the impacts of 12 sowing dates on growth stages, agronomic traits, and yield of the three spring-sown soybean varieties. The results demonstrated that the durations of vegetative, reproductive, and whole growth period all showed decreasing trends with the sowing date delayed, and the effect of sowing date on vegetative growth period was significantly greater than that on reproductive growth period. Plant height initially increased and then gradually decreased, while the height of the bottom pod generally exhibited a pattern of initial increase, followed by decrease, and subsequent rise. The effects of sowing date on soybean yield and its components, including the number of effective pods per plant, 100-seed weight, grains per plant, grain weight per plant, all increased first and then decreased, and the grain weight and grain number per plant contributed the most to yield, accounting for 30% and 28% respectively. Among all treatments, soybeans sown on March 21 and March 28 demonstrated optimal yield performance, with the yield of 'Nandou 50' achieving 3244.57 kg/hm2 and 3087.92 kg/hm2, 'Zhonghuang 39' reaching 3270.62 kg/hm2 and 3330.43 kg/hm2, 'Zhongdou 54' producing 3199.55 kg/hm2 and 2983.79 kg/hm2, respectively. Comprehensive analysis of all performance indicators revealed that the optimal sowing window for spring soybean in Sichuan hilly areas is late March, and yield would be significantly reduced when sowing date was delayed beyond April 25.

Key words: spring-sown, soybeans, sowing date, plant height, height of the bottom pod, agronomic traits, yield, growth stages