不同种类肥料在茶树上的应用研究进展

doi:10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2025-0559

中国农学通报 ›› 2026, Vol. 42 ›› Issue (7): 97-104.doi: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2025-0559

不同种类肥料在茶树上的应用研究进展

黄剑¹(), 靖吉越²(), 林浩瀚³

¹ 山东省泰安市农业技术推广中心，山东泰安 271000
² 山东省肥城市现代农业发展服务中心，山东肥城 271600
³ 山东金地肥业科技有限公司，山东泰安 271000

收稿日期:2025-07-02 修回日期:2026-03-15 出版日期:2026-04-15 发布日期:2026-04-15
通讯作者:
靖吉越，男，1996年出生，山东聊城人，农艺师，硕士研究生，主要从事土壤化学与环境研究。E-mail：jingjy@stu.njau.edu.cn。
作者简介:
黄剑，男，1982年出生，山东泰安人，高级农艺师，本科，研究方向为土壤与肥料方面。通信地址：271000 山东省泰安市泰山区迎春路53号泰安市农业技术推广中心，E-mail：tanyjhj@163.com。
基金资助:
山东省自然科学基金项目“水分供应模式对山东茶园土壤氮素转化及氨氧化微生物影响机制研究”(ZR2019BC062); 山东省农业重大技术协同推广计划项目“有机（粪）肥料替代化学肥料一体化技术推广与应用”(SDNYXTTG-2022-19)

Research Progress on Application of Different Types of Fertilizers in Tea

HUANG Jian¹(), JING Jiyue²(), LIN Haohan³

¹ Shandong Tai’an Agro-tech Extension and Service Center, Tai’an, Shandong 271000
² Shandong Feicheng Modern Agricultural Development Service Center, Feicheng, Shandong 271600
³ Shandong Jindi Fertilizer Co., Ltd., Tai’an, Shandong 271000

Received:2025-07-02 Revised:2026-03-15 Published:2026-04-15 Online:2026-04-15

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

当前茶园施肥存在结构不合理、化肥依赖度高、土壤酸化与连作障碍突出等问题。为系统梳理不同肥料在茶树上的应用成效与作用机制，支撑茶园绿色高效施肥，文章系统综述了化学肥料、有机肥料、新型肥料在茶树应用中最新的研究进展，比较其作用效果、优缺点及适用场景。结果表明：（1）单质见效快但易造成酸化、板结与养分失衡。（2）优化氮、磷、钾配比复合肥可均衡提升茶叶产量与品质，针对‘英红九号’‘金观音’等特定品种的专用复合肥研究已取得阶段性突破。（3）有机肥中农家肥在改善土壤结构、提升微生物活性方面作用突出；生物有机肥通过功能微生物定殖与代谢活动，有效优化根际微生态、提高土壤酶活性，进而提升茶叶品质；有机无机复合肥实现“速效供肥+长效培土”协同增效。（4）生物肥、土壤调理剂、水溶性肥料等新型肥料在缓解酸化、连作障碍及水肥一体化方面优势显著。生物肥料借助有益微生物促进养分转化与吸收，缓解土壤连作障碍；土壤调理剂（如生物炭、腐植酸类）可靶向缓解土壤酸化，改善土壤理化性质；水溶性肥料则凭借高效吸收与施用便捷性，在追肥特别是水肥一体化中展现出显著优势。不同类型肥料协同配施是茶园优质高产与土壤健康的核心路径，未来应聚焦构建“土壤-树体”协同诊断的精准施肥体系，开发适配区域生态与品种特性的缓释复合肥及功能型有机无机复合肥，建立茶园绿色肥料评价标准，以推进茶产业高质量发展。

关键词: 茶, 化学肥料, 有机肥料, 新型肥料, 连作障碍, 精准施肥, 高质量发展

Abstract:

This paper systematically reviewed the latest research progress on the application of chemical fertilizers, organic fertilizers, and novel fertilizers in tea cultivation, elucidating the practical effectiveness, advantages and disadvantages, and applicable scenarios of different fertilizer categories. The results showed: (1) In terms of chemical fertilizers, single-nutrient fertilizers exhibited rapid effects; however, their prolonged misuse could lead to soil acidification, compaction, and related issues. (2) In contrast, compound fertilizers with optimized nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium ratios enhanced tea yield and quality in a more balanced manner, with notable advances achieved on special compound fertilizer for specific varieties such as ‘Yinghong 9’ and ‘Jinguanyin’. (3) Regarding organic fertilizers, farmyard manure was shown to significantly improve soil structure and stimulate microbial activity. Bio-organic fertilizers optimized the rhizosphere microenvironment and increased soil enzyme activity through the introduction of functional microorganisms, thereby improving tea quality. Organic-inorganic compound fertilizers achieved synergistic benefits by combining rapid nutrient supply with long-term soil improvement. (4) This paper further examined the application mechanisms and potential of novel fertilizers: biological fertilizers utilized beneficial microorganisms to promote nutrient transformation and uptake, alleviating issues related to continuous cropping. Soil amendments (e.g., biochar and humic acid-based materials) targeted soil acidification and improved soil physicochemical properties. Water-soluble fertilizers demonstrated clear advantages in topdressing, especially in fertigation systems, owing to their high nutrient use efficiency and ease of application. Finally, the paper concluded that the synergistic application of different types of fertilizers was the core path of high quality and high yield of tea garden and soil health. Future research should be directed toward establishing a precision fertilization system based on integrated soil-plant diagnosis, developing region- and variety-adapted slow-release compound fertilizers, and functional organic-inorganic fertilizers, along with establishing evaluation standards for green fertilizers in tea gardens to foster high-quality development of the tea industry.

Key words: tea, chemical fertilizer, organic fertilizer, novel fertilizer, continuous cropping obstacle, precision fertilization, high-quality development

中图分类号:

S571.1

黄剑, 靖吉越, 林浩瀚. 不同种类肥料在茶树上的应用研究进展[J]. 中国农学通报, 2026, 42(7): 97-104.

HUANG Jian, JING Jiyue, LIN Haohan. Research Progress on Application of Different Types of Fertilizers in Tea[J]. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin, 2026, 42(7): 97-104.

图/表 1

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种类	主要类型	使用方式	特性	存在问题
化学肥料	单一养分肥料	底肥或追肥	单质元素含量高，见效快（尤其氮肥增产显著），尿素水解有助于维持土壤酸性^[22-24]	养分单一，需配合其他肥料；易挥发淋溶、养分利用率低；长期过量施用导致土壤酸化加剧、板结等^[11,25-29]
化学肥料	复合肥	底肥或追肥	养分全面、含量高，施用方便，养分比例相对固定，科学配施显著提升产量品质；不同品种/地力水平需优化N、P、K配比；分为快速释放型、缓释型^[36,40]	养分比例相对固定，最佳配比的普适性模型待完善，缓释肥成本与应用效果需更多验证^[40]
有机肥	农家肥（饼肥、厩肥、堆肥、绿肥）	底肥	改良土壤结构（缓解板结）、提升有机质和养分含量、增加有益微生物，改善生态环境^[41-50]。绿肥覆盖改善土壤结构与田间小气候防止水土流失^[42,45-50]	需充分腐熟，养分含量较低、释放慢，未腐熟有风险^[41-42]
	生物有机肥		营养元素齐全、有机质含量高、富含有益微生物，养分含量较低^[51-57]	功能微生物定殖与互作机制不清，针对特定障碍（酸化）的专用产品研发不足
	有机无机复合肥		养分供应平衡，养分利用率高；改善土壤环境和提高土壤有益微生物的活性^[59-64]	最佳有机无机配比需精细化，成本效益需综合评估
新型肥料	生物肥料	底肥或追肥	富含有益微生物与营养元素；改良土壤，提高土壤肥力和肥料利用率^[65-70]	作用机理研究薄弱，高效菌株筛选与适配性不足，田间应用技术不完善
	土壤改良剂	底肥	改善土壤理化性质，提升部分养分有效性^[71-79]	专用配方缺乏，最佳用量不清，与其他肥料协同效应研究少，长期生态效应评估不足
	水溶性肥料	追肥	养分含量和利用率高、节水节肥，省时省力、绿色环保^[80-98]	专用配方体系不完善，叶面肥施用参数缺乏标准，水肥一体化长期效应值得深入研究

种类	主要类型	使用方式	特性	存在问题
化学肥料	单一养分肥料	底肥或追肥	单质元素含量高，见效快（尤其氮肥增产显著），尿素水解有助于维持土壤酸性^[22-24]	养分单一，需配合其他肥料；易挥发淋溶、养分利用率低；长期过量施用导致土壤酸化加剧、板结等^[11,25-29]
化学肥料	复合肥	底肥或追肥	养分全面、含量高，施用方便，养分比例相对固定，科学配施显著提升产量品质；不同品种/地力水平需优化N、P、K配比；分为快速释放型、缓释型^[36,40]	养分比例相对固定，最佳配比的普适性模型待完善，缓释肥成本与应用效果需更多验证^[40]
有机肥	农家肥（饼肥、厩肥、堆肥、绿肥）	底肥	改良土壤结构（缓解板结）、提升有机质和养分含量、增加有益微生物，改善生态环境^[41-50]。绿肥覆盖改善土壤结构与田间小气候防止水土流失^[42,45-50]	需充分腐熟，养分含量较低、释放慢，未腐熟有风险^[41-42]
	生物有机肥		营养元素齐全、有机质含量高、富含有益微生物，养分含量较低^[51-57]	功能微生物定殖与互作机制不清，针对特定障碍（酸化）的专用产品研发不足
	有机无机复合肥		养分供应平衡，养分利用率高；改善土壤环境和提高土壤有益微生物的活性^[59-64]	最佳有机无机配比需精细化，成本效益需综合评估
新型肥料	生物肥料	底肥或追肥	富含有益微生物与营养元素；改良土壤，提高土壤肥力和肥料利用率^[65-70]	作用机理研究薄弱，高效菌株筛选与适配性不足，田间应用技术不完善
	土壤改良剂	底肥	改善土壤理化性质，提升部分养分有效性^[71-79]	专用配方缺乏，最佳用量不清，与其他肥料协同效应研究少，长期生态效应评估不足
	水溶性肥料	追肥	养分含量和利用率高、节水节肥，省时省力、绿色环保^[80-98]	专用配方体系不完善，叶面肥施用参数缺乏标准，水肥一体化长期效应值得深入研究

不同种类肥料在茶树上的应用研究进展

Research Progress on Application of Different Types of Fertilizers in Tea

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