L-茶氨酸合成途径及应用展望

doi:10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0102

中国农学通报 ›› 2025, Vol. 41 ›› Issue (2): 140-148.doi: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0102

• 食品·营养·检测·安全 • 上一篇下一篇

L-茶氨酸合成途径及应用展望

董猛¹^,²(), 宋大鹏², 王鲲鹏², 丁仕波², 王莹莹¹, 李海鹏¹, 杨峰山¹, 付海燕¹()

¹ 黑龙江大学，生命科学学院，农业微生物技术教育部工程研究中心，黑龙江省寒地生态修复与资源利用重点实验室，黑龙江省普通高校分子生物学重点实验室，哈尔滨 150080
² 日照市农业科学研究院，日照 276800

收稿日期:2024-02-20 修回日期:2024-05-15 出版日期:2025-01-13 发布日期:2025-01-13
通讯作者:
付海燕，女，1977年出生，黑龙江哈尔滨人，副教授，博士，主要从事寒区有害生物生态防控方面的研究。通信地址：150080 黑龙江省哈尔滨市学府路74号黑龙江大学生命科学学院，Tel：0451-86609306，E-mail：fuhaiyan@hlju.edu.cn。
作者简介:
董猛，男，1997年出生，内蒙古赤峰人，研究生，研究方向：茶树微生物与植物之间互作。通信地址：150080 黑龙江哈尔滨市学府路74号黑龙江大学生命科学学院，E-mail：2508016755@qq.com。
基金资助:
山东省茶叶产业现代农业产业技术体系“茶叶育种与栽培”(SDAIT-03); 黑龙江省“双一流”学科协同创新成果项目“农业废弃物特种高效有机肥研制及配套大豆减障提产技术集成与推广”(LJGXCG2023-036)

Synthesis Pathway and Application Prospect of L-theanine

DONG Meng¹^,²(), SONG Dapeng², WANG Kunpeng², DING Shibo², WANG Yingying¹, LI Haipeng¹, YANG Fengshan¹, FU Haiyan¹()

¹ Engineering Research Center of Agricultural Microbiology Technology, Ministry of Education/Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ecological Restoration and Resource Utilization for Cold Region/Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology in College of Heilongjiang Province/School of Life Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080
² Rizhao Academy of Agricultural Science, Rizhao, Shandong 276800

Received:2024-02-20 Revised:2024-05-15 Published:2025-01-13 Online:2025-01-13

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

L-茶氨酸是茶叶中一种特殊的游离氨基酸，也是茶叶主要风味物质之一，因其具有放松心情、缓解疲劳、抗肿瘤、降血压等保健功能，被食品和医疗保健领域广泛关注。为了研究茶氨酸合成途径及方法，本文总结了目前L-茶氨酸合成的主要的途径，根据来源分为植物源合成和微生物源合成，根据合成方式分为生物酶法催化合成和化学方法合成，并分析了各个合成方法的优缺点，同时总结了L-茶氨酸在食品和医疗领域的应用，提出了高效合成茶氨酸未来的研究方向，以期为L-茶氨酸合成生产和应用提供参考。

关键词: L-茶氨酸, 生物合成, 化学合成, 食品应用, 医药应用

Abstract:

L-theanine is a special free amino acid in tea leaves and one of the main flavor substances in tea. Due to its health benefits such as relaxation, fatigue relief, anti-tumor effects, and blood pressure reduction, it has received widespread attention in the food and healthcare industries. In order to study the synthesis pathway and methods of L-theanine, this paper summarized the current main pathways for L-theanine synthesis, which were divided into plant-derived synthesis and microbial-derived synthesis according to their sources; and bioenzymatic catalysis and chemical synthesis according to their synthesis methods. The advantages and disadvantages of each synthesis method were analyzed. Meanwhile, the applications of L-theanine in food and medical fields were summarized, and future research directions for efficient theanine synthesis were proposed, aiming to provide a reference for the production and application of L-theanine.

Key words: L-theanine, biological synthesis, chemical synthesis, food applications, medical application

董猛, 宋大鹏, 王鲲鹏, 丁仕波, 王莹莹, 李海鹏, 杨峰山, 付海燕. L-茶氨酸合成途径及应用展望[J]. 中国农学通报, 2025, 41(2): 140-148.

DONG Meng, SONG Dapeng, WANG Kunpeng, DING Shibo, WANG Yingying, LI Haipeng, YANG Fengshan, FU Haiyan. Synthesis Pathway and Application Prospect of L-theanine[J]. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin, 2025, 41(2): 140-148.

图/表 5

参考文献 63

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催化酶	简称	主要功能	催化反应条件	特点	参考文献
γ-谷氨酰转肽酶	GGT	转运谷氨酰基	合成的pH值和高浓度乙胺	反应不需要ATP、但需要高浓度的乙胺抑制其水解反应	[19⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓]、[35]
L-谷氨酰胺合成酶	GS	合成谷氨酸、谷氨酰胺	反应需要ATP和较高的pH	医学诊断中重要的参考指标、可催化植物和合成氮素	[36]、[37]
γ-谷氨酰甲胺合成酶	GMAS	合成茶氨酸	需要ATP的参与	合成效率高	[25]、[38]、[39]
γ-谷氨酰半胱合成酶	γ-GCS	合成合成γ-谷氨酰半胱氨酸	需要ATP的参与	可催化非氨基酸底物合成γ-谷氨酰半胱氨酸	[40-41]
L-谷氨酰胺酶	GLS	水解酰胺基	较高的底物浓度和pH	-	[28]、[42-43]
茶氨酸合成酶	TS	合成茶氨酸	需要ATP的参与	只存在于茶科植物或小部分植物中，不易分离纯化	[1⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓]、[44]

催化酶	简称	主要功能	催化反应条件	特点	参考文献
γ-谷氨酰转肽酶	GGT	转运谷氨酰基	合成的pH值和高浓度乙胺	反应不需要ATP、但需要高浓度的乙胺抑制其水解反应	[19⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓]、[35]
L-谷氨酰胺合成酶	GS	合成谷氨酸、谷氨酰胺	反应需要ATP和较高的pH	医学诊断中重要的参考指标、可催化植物和合成氮素	[36]、[37]
γ-谷氨酰甲胺合成酶	GMAS	合成茶氨酸	需要ATP的参与	合成效率高	[25]、[38]、[39]
γ-谷氨酰半胱合成酶	γ-GCS	合成合成γ-谷氨酰半胱氨酸	需要ATP的参与	可催化非氨基酸底物合成γ-谷氨酰半胱氨酸	[40-41]
L-谷氨酰胺酶	GLS	水解酰胺基	较高的底物浓度和pH	-	[28]、[42-43]
茶氨酸合成酶	TS	合成茶氨酸	需要ATP的参与	只存在于茶科植物或小部分植物中，不易分离纯化	[1⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓]、[44]

L-茶氨酸合成途径及应用展望

Synthesis Pathway and Application Prospect of L-theanine

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出版年份	菌株	关键基因	酶			底物和浓度
2013	硝基还原假单胞菌	PnGLS	重组谷氨酰胺酶			L-谷氨酰胺0.3 mol/L、乙胺1.5 mol/L
2013	大肠杆菌	GGT	谷氨酰胺转肽酶			γ-谷氨酰苯胺0.1-10 mmol/L、乙胺2-200 mmol/L
2014	地衣芽孢杆菌	rBLGGT	重组γ-谷氨酰胺转肽酶			L-谷氨酰胺80 mmol/L、乙胺600 mmol/L
2014	大肠杆菌	GGT	γ-谷氨酰胺转肽酶			L-谷氨酰胺200 mmol/L、乙胺2.2 mol/L
2016	大肠杆菌	GGT	重组谷氨酰胺酶			L-谷氨酰胺300 mmol/L、乙胺3 mol/L
2016	大肠杆菌	PPK/GMAS	多聚磷盐激酶/γ-谷氨酰甲胺合成酶			L-谷氨酸钠200 mmol/L、乙胺200 mmol/L
2016	大肠杆菌	GMAS	多磷酸激酶			L-谷氨酸钠200 mmol/L、乙胺200 mmol/L
2017	木霉属	GGT	谷氨酰胺酶			L-谷氨酰胺300 mmol/L、乙胺900 mmol/L
2019	地衣芽孢杆菌	BlGGT	γ-谷氨酰胺转肽酶			L-谷氨酰胺250 mmol/L、乙胺600 mmol/L
2019	硝基还原假单胞菌		谷氨酰酶			L-谷氨酰胺0.3 mol/L、乙胺1 mol/L
2019	Bacillus safensis	CseGGTs	谷氨酰胺转肽酶			L-谷氨酰胺20 mmol/L、乙胺20 mmol/L
2019	Bacillus subtlis	GGT	重组谷氨酰胺酶			L-谷氨酰胺0.25 mol/L、乙胺0.58 mol/L
2019	大肠杆菌	GMAS	γ-谷氨基甲酰胺合成酶			葡萄糖800 g/L、乙胺2 mol/L
2020	大肠杆菌	γ-GT	γ-谷氨酰胺转肽酶			L-谷氨酰胺200 mmol/L、乙胺2 mol/L
2022	枯草芽孢杆菌	GGT	γ-谷氨酰转肽酶			L-谷氨酰胺20 mmol/L、乙胺20 mmol/L
2023	枯草芽孢杆菌	BsGGT	γ-谷氨酰转移酶			L-谷氨酰胺100 mmol/L、乙胺800 mmol/L
2023	枯草芽孢杆菌	GGT	γ-谷氨酰转肽酶			L-谷氨酰胺200 mmol/L、乙胺1600 mmol/L
出版年份	温度/℃	pH	时间/h	转化率/%	产率/%	其他	参考文献
2013	37	10	5	-	40	反应添加0.3 U/mL GLS	[20]
2013	37	9	6	93	-	反应添加1 U/mL GGT	[17]
2014	37	9	3	87	-	反应添加0.5 U/mL GGT	[21]
2014	37	10	5		70		[22]
2016	30	10.5	6	64.88	-	反应添加30 mg/mL湿菌体	[23]
2016	37	7	24	-	86	反应添加5 mmol/LATP	[24]
2016	37	7	5	-	93	反应添加5 mmol/L ATP和无机多磷酸(polyp)	[25]
2017	37	8	-	-	43		[26]
2019	37	10.5	4	94	-	反应添加0.025 U/mL GGT	[27]
2019	30	9.5	11	66.1	-	反应添加15.5%蔗糖渗透冲击	[28]
2019	28	7	98	-	90	内生菌发酵	[14]
2019	30	10	16	74	-		[29]
2019	37	7	37	-	70		[30]
2020	55	10	5	-	83	反应添加0.02 U/mL BaGT	[31]
2022	-	-	87	45.2	-		[32]
2023	25	11.6	6	-	93		[33]
2023	35	10.5	12	95	-	反应添加2U/mL GGT	[34]

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