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中国农学通报

中国农学通报 ›› 2026, Vol. 42 ›› Issue (8): 110-119.doi: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2025-1020

• 资源·环境·生态·土壤·气象 • 上一篇    下一篇

耕作措施对小麦土壤理化性质、微生物群落及产量的影响

颜宏1,2(), 陈太春3, 冯志珍1,2, 陈志杰1,2, 徐进4, 许西梅5, 董振6, 付博1,2()   

  1. 1 陕西省生物农业研究所， 西安 710043
    2 陕西省植物线虫学重点实验室， 西安 710043
    3 西安市临潼区农业技术推广中心， 西安 710600
    4 西安市农业技术推广中心， 西安 710043
    5 西安市阎良区农业技术推广中心， 西安 710089
    6 西安市高陵区农业技术推广中心， 西安 710200
  • 收稿日期:2025-12-05 修回日期:2026-03-11 出版日期:2026-04-25 发布日期:2026-04-23
  • 通讯作者:
    付博，女，1982年出生，吉林吉林人，副研究员，博士，研究方向：植物病害生物防治。通信地址：710043 陕西省西安市新城区咸宁中路125号 陕西省生物农业研究所，Tel：029-83825687，E-mail：。
  • 作者简介:

    颜宏，女，1987年出生，陕西汉中人，助理研究员，硕士，研究方向：土壤保育与修复。通信地址：710043 陕西省西安市新城区咸宁中路125号 陕西省生物农业研究所，Tel：029-83825687，E-mail：。

  • 基金资助:
    陕西省科学院科技计划研究项目“小麦土传病害绿色防控关键技术研发与示范”(2024k-02); 西安市科技局农业关键技术攻关重点项目“小麦土传病害生防微生物资源挖掘及新产品创制与应用”(25NJSZD00020); 西安市科技局农业技术攻关一般项目“临潼石榴老龄园土壤修复改良关键技术研究”(24NYGG0106); 咸阳市科技局重点研发计划项目“中药渣生物肥料快速腐熟技术在设施土壤改良中的应用研究”(L2025-ZDYF-NY-009)

Effects of Tillage Practices on Soil Physicochemical Properties, Microbial Communities and Yield of Wheat

YAN Hong1,2(), CHEN Taichun3, FENG Zhizhen1,2, CHEN Zhijie1,2, XU Jin4, XU Ximei5, DONG Zhen6, FU Bo1,2()   

  1. 1 Bio-agriculture Institute of Shaanxi, Xi'an 710043
    2 Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Plant Nematology, Xi'an 710043
    3 Xi'an Lintong District Agricultural Technology Extension Service Center, Xi'an 710600
    4 Xi'an Agricultural Technology Extension Service Center, Xi'an 710043
    5 Xi'an Yanliang District Agricultural Technology Extension Service Center, Xi'an 710089
    6 Xi'an Gaoling District Agricultural Technology Extension Service Center, Xi'an 710200
  • Received:2025-12-05 Revised:2026-03-11 Published:2026-04-25 Online:2026-04-23

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摘要：

旨在厘清小麦—玉米轮作体系中不同耕作措施对麦田土壤理化性质、根际微生物群落及小麦产量的作用机制，为麦田耕作制度的区域化精准优化提供依据。以西安高陵、阎良为研究区，设未深翻、深翻+秸秆离田、深翻+秸秆还田3种处理，通过大田试验测定土壤理化指标、分析根际微生物群落（高通量测序）及小麦生长与产量，统计分析并揭示各因素的关联性。结果表明：未深翻显著提升两地土壤有机质含量（高陵增幅40.22%、阎良35.57%）、全氮含量（高陵56.70%、阎良32.29%）及有效磷含量，深翻更利于提高土壤电导率和速效钾含量（阎良深翻+秸秆离田增幅188.83%），秸秆还田对碱解氮含量的影响具地域差异；细菌群落中假单胞菌门为优势门(28.78%~38.95%)，深翻+秸秆离田提升高陵细菌丰富度（ACE指数增幅21.84%），未深翻维持两地真菌多样性，真菌中子囊菌门占比超48.99%，优势属地域特异性显著；速效钾、全氮是微生物群落分异核心因子（解释真菌群落48.23%变异），电导率、pH与细菌促生类群正相关，有机质、全氮与真菌促生类群正相关；深翻+秸秆离田显著提升两地小麦产量（高陵增幅15.64%、阎良15.22%），株型指标更优。耕作措施通过调控土壤理化性质（尤其速效钾、全氮）塑造根际微生物群落，深翻+秸秆离田在两地呈现“土壤—微生物—作物”协同增效效应，是该区域优选模式，未深翻虽留养分但因微生物功能类群不足致产量偏低。

关键词: 耕作措施, 土壤理化性质, 根际微生物群落, 小麦产量

Abstract:

The study aims to clarify the regulatory mechanisms of different tillage practices on soil physicochemical properties, rhizosphere microbial communities, and wheat yield in wheat fields under a wheat-maize rotation system, thereby providing a scientific basis for the regionalized and precision-oriented optimization of wheat field tillage regimes. Field experiments were conducted in Gaoling and Yanliang Districts of Xi'an, with three tillage treatments: no deep ploughing, deep ploughing combined with straw removal and deep ploughing combined with straw return. Soil physicochemical properties were determined, rhizosphere microbial community composition was analyzed via high-throughput sequencing, and wheat growth traits and yield parameters were measured. Statistical analyses were further performed to elucidate the correlations among the aforementioned variables. The results demonstrated that the no-deep-ploughing treatment significantly increased soil organic matter (Gaoling: 40.22% increase; Yanliang: 35.57% increase), total nitrogen (Gaoling: 56.70% increase; Yanliang: 32.29% increase), and available phosphorus contents in both experimental areas. In contrast, deep ploughing treatments were more conducive to elevating soil electrical conductivity and available potassium contents, with the most pronounced effect being observed in the deep-ploughing+straw-removal group in Yanliang (188.83% increase in available potassium). The impact of straw return on soil alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen content exhibited distinct regional variations. At the phylum level, Pseudomonadota dominated the bacterial communities across all treatments, accounting for 28.78%-38.95% of the total bacterial sequences. Specifically, deep ploughing combined with straw removal enhanced bacterial richness in Gaoling (21.84% increase in the ACE index), whereas no deep ploughing maintained relatively high fungal diversity in both regions. As for the fungal communities, Ascomycota was the dominant phylum, with a relative abundance exceeding 48.99%, and the composition of dominant fungal genera showed significant regional specificity. Redundancy analysis revealed that available potassium and total nitrogen were the core edaphic factors driving the differentiation of rhizosphere microbial communities, collectively explaining 48.23% of the variation in fungal community structure. Correlation analysis indicated that soil electrical conductivity and pH were positively correlated with the relative abundance of plant-growth-promoting bacterial taxa, while soil organic matter and total nitrogen contents were positively associated with that of plant-growth-promoting fungal taxa. Moreover, deep ploughing combined with straw removal significantly improved wheat yield in both areas (Gaoling: 15.64% increase; Yanliang: 15.22% increase) and optimized key plant architecture traits. Tillage practices modulate rhizosphere microbial community structure by altering soil physicochemical properties, with available potassium and total nitrogen serving as the pivotal regulatory factors. The deep-ploughing+straw-removal treatment achieves a synergistic “soil-microbe-crop” interaction in both study regions, representing the optimal tillage regime for wheat production under the local wheat-maize rotation system. Although no deep ploughing helps retain soil nutrient reserves, it compromises wheat yield by reducing the abundance of functional microbial taxa that facilitate crop growth.

Key words: tillage measures, soil physicochemical properties, rhizosphere microbial community, wheat yield

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