主要蚜虫的化学防治现状及抗药性研究进展

doi:10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2025-0588

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

蚜虫是一类重要的农业害虫，具有寄主范围广、危害大的特点。为实现蚜虫的可持续性治理，本研究着重探讨其防治策略。目前，化学防治仍是蚜虫防治的重要手段，但面临着抗药性快速产生的问题。本研究综述了全球范围内主要蚜虫种类，阐述了其寄主范围、分布及危害方式，重点分析了其对有机磷、拟除虫菊酯、新烟碱类及氟啶虫胺腈、螺虫乙酯等各类杀虫剂的抗性发展现状。研究表明，蚜虫通过降低靶标敏感度、减少表皮穿透以及增强代谢酶活性等多重机制产生抗药性，其中细胞色素P450基因的高表达和nAChR基因突变是关键机制。基于当前抗性发展趋势，建议未来应加强新型作用靶点药剂的研发，深化抗性机制的分子层面研究，并制定以轮换用药、结合生物防治为核心的综合治理策略，为实现蚜虫的绿色可持续防控提供理论与技术支持。

关键词: 蚜虫, 危害, 寄主, 化学防治, 抗性机制

Abstract:

Aphids are major agricultural pests that infest a wide range of host species, causing substantial damage and economic losses to crops. This study was conducted to provide a reference for the prevention and control strategies and sustainable management of aphid populations. While chemical control remains a primary method for managing aphid populations, the rapid emergence of pesticide resistance poses a growing challenge. This study summarizes the globally prevalent and highly damaging aphid species, elaborating on their host ranges, distribution, and modes of infestation. It focuses on analyzing the current development of resistance to various insecticides, including organophosphates, pyrethroids, neonicotinoids, as well as sulfoxaflor and spirotetramat. Research indicates that aphids develop resistance through multiple mechanisms, such as reduced target-site sensitivity, decreased cuticular penetration, and enhanced metabolic enzyme activity, with the overexpression of cytochrome P450 genes and mutations in nAChR genes serving as the primary mechanisms. Based on current resistance trends, it is recommended that future efforts should strengthen the development of novel mode-of-action insecticides, deepen molecular-level research on resistance mechanisms, and formulate integrated management strategies centered on insecticide rotation and biological control, thereby providing theoretical and technical support for achieving green and sustainable aphid control.

Key words: aphid, damage, host plants, chemical control, resistance mechanism

中图分类号:

S433.3半翅目害虫

杨韩晶, 赵骏, 李航, 张帅. 主要蚜虫的化学防治现状及抗药性研究进展[J]. 中国农学通报, 2026, 42(12): 186-198.

YANG Hanjing, ZHAO Jun, LI Hang, ZHANG Shuai. Research Progress on Chemical Control Status and Insecticide Resistance of Key Aphid Species[J]. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin, 2026, 42(12): 186-198.

图/表 4

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[84]	XU H, PAN Y, LI J, et al. Chemosensory proteins confer adaptation to the ryanoid anthranilic diamide insecticide cyantraniliprole in Aphis gossypii Glover[J]. Pesticide biochemistry and physiology, 2022, 184:105076. doi: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2022.105076 URL
[85]	PAN Y, ZENG X, WEN S, et al. Multiple ATP-binding cassette transporters genes are involved in thiamethoxam resistance in Aphis gossypii Glover[J]. Pesticide biochemistry and physiology, 2020, 167:104558. doi: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2020.104558 URL
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[87]	WANG K, HUANG Y, LI X, et al. Functional analysis of a carboxylesterase gene associated with isoprocarb and cyhalothrin resistance in Rhopalosiphum padi (L.)[J]. Frontiers in physiology, 2018, 9:992. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00992 URL
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蚜虫种类	食性及寄主	分布	作物受害情况
豌豆蚜 Acyrthosiphon pisum	多食性；寄主包括豌豆、蚕豆和苜蓿等豆科作物	广泛分布于整个北半球	刺吸寄主植物维管束液体，造成植物生长迟缓、叶片卷曲、枯萎。传播30种不同的病毒，在美国造成6000万美元损失，在中国造成10%~30%的产量损失^[6]
花生蚜（豆蚜） Aphis craccivora	多食性；200余种寄主，为害花生、豇豆等大约50种作物^[1]	起源于欧洲，分布于世界大部分地区	喜食豆类的幼嫩部分，常聚集于幼苗、嫩梢、花柄、花瓣及嫩荚上为害。非防治豇豆田损失超过50%。直接取食和传播植物病毒可造成花生48%的产量损失^[1]
黑豆蚜 Aphis fabae	多食性；350种寄主，为害豇豆、荞麦、甜菜和玉米等作物^[1]	主要分布于南美洲、非洲和北半球温带地区	刺吸寄主植物维管束液体，传播植物病毒病，造成植物叶片变黄，卷缩和开花延迟，可造成50%以上的产量损失^[7]
棉蚜（瓜蚜） Aphis gossypii	多食性；900多种寄主，为害棉花、黄瓜、西葫芦、辣椒、百合等100多种作物^[1]	广泛分布于世界各地	直接取食和分泌蜜露对棉花生产造成危害，棉花因棉蚜减产可达30%~40%^[8]。也为害瓜类和柑橘，曾经造成西班牙克里曼丁红橘55%的产量损失^[9]。传播超过75种植物病毒，造成20多种植物感染病毒病^[1]
绣线菊蚜虫（苹果黄蚜） Aphis spiraecola	多食性；寄主有65个属，为害包括苹果、柑橘、桃、梨、山楂、绣线菊等作物^[1]	20世纪广泛传播，已分布于世界大部分地区	具有明显的趋嫩习性，常群集于果树嫩梢、叶片背面刺吸为害，被害叶片出现褪绿斑点并卷缩，被害枝条发育迟缓、扭曲，为害严重时造成树势衰弱，落花落果，提早落叶^[10]。分泌蜜露诱发煤污病污染叶片和果实
俄罗斯麦蚜 Diuraphis noxia	多食性；主要寄主是禾本科植物，为害小麦、大麦和硬质小麦等作物	最初分布于俄罗斯、伊朗、阿富汗和地中海沿岸国家， 20世纪70年代，迅速扩散到非洲、亚洲、欧洲、中东、南美洲和北美洲^[5]	具有独特的危害方式，在取食时分泌致害物质破坏寄主表皮细胞、含有木质素的组织和叶绿体，导致寄主黄化和坏死，新叶不能正常展开，受害部位普遍失绿。在极端情况下导致寄主植物死亡。冬小麦从分蘖期到开花期，每1%分蘖受侵染导致产量损失约0.5%^[5]
萝卜蚜（菜缢管蚜） Lipaphis pseudobrassicae （1975—2000年被认为是Lipaphis erysimi）^[1]	寡食性；为害白菜、芥菜、油菜等十字花科植物	广泛分布于世界各地	群集取食十字花科植物嫩梢、嫩叶汁液，造成幼叶向下畸形卷缩，植株畸形、矮小，影响包心或结球，造成减产，严重时造成作物萎蔫甚至死亡，产量损失50%~100%^[11]
马铃薯长管蚜（大戟长管蚜） Macrosiphum euphorbiae	多食性；20多科200多种寄主，为害蔷薇科作物及马铃薯	起源于北美洲，1917年在欧洲土豆上发现，已扩散至世界各地	常聚集于马铃薯植株上部取食，严重时造成植株上部叶片卷叶或出现坏死斑点，叶片从中间叶脉向上翻卷，叶缘坏死，最终导致植株死亡，类似病害症状。可传播40多种非持久性病毒和5种持久性病毒^[1]
麦无网长管蚜 Metopolophium dirhodum	多食性；几乎所有禾本科植物都是其寄主。为害小麦、燕麦、黑麦等禾本科作物^[1]	广泛分布于世界各地，是英国、西班牙、德国等欧洲国家和南美洲阿根廷等国家小麦上的蚜虫优势种群	前期常分布于小麦倒2和倒3叶，后期主要聚集在旗叶取食
桃蚜（烟蚜） Myzus persicae	多食性；超过400种寄主，为害桃、甘蓝、烟草、辣椒、马铃薯等作物^[1]	广泛分布于世界各地	以口针刺吸寄主植物幼嫩组织汁液，并排泄蜜露，诱发煤污病，可传播包括马铃薯卷叶病毒、马铃薯Y病毒在内的115种植物病毒^[1]
玉米蚜 Rhopalosiphum maidis	多食性；主要寄主为禾本科植物，包括玉米、高粱、小麦、谷子等多种作物	广泛分布于世界各地，是温带和热带地区最重要的谷物害虫之一	聚集于植物叶片、叶鞘和花序吸取汁液。取食为害会导致叶片斑驳变形、植株矮化，会损害花序导致植株不育。能够传播植物病毒和真菌病菌
禾谷缢管蚜 Rhopalosiphum padi	多食性；几乎所有禾本科植物都是其寄主，可以在其他单子叶植物和多种双子叶植物上建立种群	广泛分布于世界各地	前期常分布于小麦下部叶背面、叶鞘和根茎附近，后期可在麦穗为害。刺吸取食造成叶片发黄，麦苗生长停滞、分蘖减少，影响籽粒灌浆，造成籽粒不饱满、千粒重下降，引起减产。分泌蜜露和传播植物病毒也可造成产量损失^[12]
麦二叉蚜 Schizaphis graminum	多食性；几乎所有禾本科植物均为其寄主，可以在其他单子叶植物和多种双子叶植物上建立种群	广泛分布于世界各地	麦二叉蚜畏光耐干旱，多分布在植株的中下部叶片取食，主要在小麦苗期造成危害
麦长管蚜 Sitobion avenae	多食性；寄主包括多种禾本科植物，主要危害小麦、大麦、燕麦，南方偶害水稻、玉米、甘蔗、荻草等	广泛分布于世界各地	是中国麦蚜中的优势种。小麦生长前期集中在叶片的正面或背面，抽穗后集中在穗上刺吸汁液，受害小麦生长缓慢，叶色变黄，分蘖减少，千粒重下降。传播大麦黄矮病毒，从而降低产量
苜蓿斑蚜（三叶草彩斑蚜） Therioaphis trifolii	多食性；以豆科植物为寄主，主要为害苜蓿	原产于欧洲、地中海地区和西南亚，目前至少在 80个国家有分布^[13]	聚集于苜蓿的嫩茎、叶片、嫩芽和花器上吸取汁液。被害植株叶片卷缩弯曲，叶脉萎黄，蕾和花变黄脱落，生长发育停滞，植株矮化甚至枯萎。危害后的苜蓿营养成分流失，粗蛋白、粗脂肪含量降低，粗纤维含量增加，分泌的蜜露导致煤污病，降低干草质量^[14]

蚜虫种类	食性及寄主	分布	作物受害情况
豌豆蚜 Acyrthosiphon pisum	多食性；寄主包括豌豆、蚕豆和苜蓿等豆科作物	广泛分布于整个北半球	刺吸寄主植物维管束液体，造成植物生长迟缓、叶片卷曲、枯萎。传播30种不同的病毒，在美国造成6000万美元损失，在中国造成10%~30%的产量损失^[6]
花生蚜（豆蚜） Aphis craccivora	多食性；200余种寄主，为害花生、豇豆等大约50种作物^[1]	起源于欧洲，分布于世界大部分地区	喜食豆类的幼嫩部分，常聚集于幼苗、嫩梢、花柄、花瓣及嫩荚上为害。非防治豇豆田损失超过50%。直接取食和传播植物病毒可造成花生48%的产量损失^[1]
黑豆蚜 Aphis fabae	多食性；350种寄主，为害豇豆、荞麦、甜菜和玉米等作物^[1]	主要分布于南美洲、非洲和北半球温带地区	刺吸寄主植物维管束液体，传播植物病毒病，造成植物叶片变黄，卷缩和开花延迟，可造成50%以上的产量损失^[7]
棉蚜（瓜蚜） Aphis gossypii	多食性；900多种寄主，为害棉花、黄瓜、西葫芦、辣椒、百合等100多种作物^[1]	广泛分布于世界各地	直接取食和分泌蜜露对棉花生产造成危害，棉花因棉蚜减产可达30%~40%^[8]。也为害瓜类和柑橘，曾经造成西班牙克里曼丁红橘55%的产量损失^[9]。传播超过75种植物病毒，造成20多种植物感染病毒病^[1]
绣线菊蚜虫（苹果黄蚜） Aphis spiraecola	多食性；寄主有65个属，为害包括苹果、柑橘、桃、梨、山楂、绣线菊等作物^[1]	20世纪广泛传播，已分布于世界大部分地区	具有明显的趋嫩习性，常群集于果树嫩梢、叶片背面刺吸为害，被害叶片出现褪绿斑点并卷缩，被害枝条发育迟缓、扭曲，为害严重时造成树势衰弱，落花落果，提早落叶^[10]。分泌蜜露诱发煤污病污染叶片和果实
俄罗斯麦蚜 Diuraphis noxia	多食性；主要寄主是禾本科植物，为害小麦、大麦和硬质小麦等作物	最初分布于俄罗斯、伊朗、阿富汗和地中海沿岸国家， 20世纪70年代，迅速扩散到非洲、亚洲、欧洲、中东、南美洲和北美洲^[5]	具有独特的危害方式，在取食时分泌致害物质破坏寄主表皮细胞、含有木质素的组织和叶绿体，导致寄主黄化和坏死，新叶不能正常展开，受害部位普遍失绿。在极端情况下导致寄主植物死亡。冬小麦从分蘖期到开花期，每1%分蘖受侵染导致产量损失约0.5%^[5]
萝卜蚜（菜缢管蚜） Lipaphis pseudobrassicae （1975—2000年被认为是Lipaphis erysimi）^[1]	寡食性；为害白菜、芥菜、油菜等十字花科植物	广泛分布于世界各地	群集取食十字花科植物嫩梢、嫩叶汁液，造成幼叶向下畸形卷缩，植株畸形、矮小，影响包心或结球，造成减产，严重时造成作物萎蔫甚至死亡，产量损失50%~100%^[11]
马铃薯长管蚜（大戟长管蚜） Macrosiphum euphorbiae	多食性；20多科200多种寄主，为害蔷薇科作物及马铃薯	起源于北美洲，1917年在欧洲土豆上发现，已扩散至世界各地	常聚集于马铃薯植株上部取食，严重时造成植株上部叶片卷叶或出现坏死斑点，叶片从中间叶脉向上翻卷，叶缘坏死，最终导致植株死亡，类似病害症状。可传播40多种非持久性病毒和5种持久性病毒^[1]
麦无网长管蚜 Metopolophium dirhodum	多食性；几乎所有禾本科植物都是其寄主。为害小麦、燕麦、黑麦等禾本科作物^[1]	广泛分布于世界各地，是英国、西班牙、德国等欧洲国家和南美洲阿根廷等国家小麦上的蚜虫优势种群	前期常分布于小麦倒2和倒3叶，后期主要聚集在旗叶取食
桃蚜（烟蚜） Myzus persicae	多食性；超过400种寄主，为害桃、甘蓝、烟草、辣椒、马铃薯等作物^[1]	广泛分布于世界各地	以口针刺吸寄主植物幼嫩组织汁液，并排泄蜜露，诱发煤污病，可传播包括马铃薯卷叶病毒、马铃薯Y病毒在内的115种植物病毒^[1]
玉米蚜 Rhopalosiphum maidis	多食性；主要寄主为禾本科植物，包括玉米、高粱、小麦、谷子等多种作物	广泛分布于世界各地，是温带和热带地区最重要的谷物害虫之一	聚集于植物叶片、叶鞘和花序吸取汁液。取食为害会导致叶片斑驳变形、植株矮化，会损害花序导致植株不育。能够传播植物病毒和真菌病菌
禾谷缢管蚜 Rhopalosiphum padi	多食性；几乎所有禾本科植物都是其寄主，可以在其他单子叶植物和多种双子叶植物上建立种群	广泛分布于世界各地	前期常分布于小麦下部叶背面、叶鞘和根茎附近，后期可在麦穗为害。刺吸取食造成叶片发黄，麦苗生长停滞、分蘖减少，影响籽粒灌浆，造成籽粒不饱满、千粒重下降，引起减产。分泌蜜露和传播植物病毒也可造成产量损失^[12]
麦二叉蚜 Schizaphis graminum	多食性；几乎所有禾本科植物均为其寄主，可以在其他单子叶植物和多种双子叶植物上建立种群	广泛分布于世界各地	麦二叉蚜畏光耐干旱，多分布在植株的中下部叶片取食，主要在小麦苗期造成危害
麦长管蚜 Sitobion avenae	多食性；寄主包括多种禾本科植物，主要危害小麦、大麦、燕麦，南方偶害水稻、玉米、甘蔗、荻草等	广泛分布于世界各地	是中国麦蚜中的优势种。小麦生长前期集中在叶片的正面或背面，抽穗后集中在穗上刺吸汁液，受害小麦生长缓慢，叶色变黄，分蘖减少，千粒重下降。传播大麦黄矮病毒，从而降低产量
苜蓿斑蚜（三叶草彩斑蚜） Therioaphis trifolii	多食性；以豆科植物为寄主，主要为害苜蓿	原产于欧洲、地中海地区和西南亚，目前至少在 80个国家有分布^[13]	聚集于苜蓿的嫩茎、叶片、嫩芽和花器上吸取汁液。被害植株叶片卷缩弯曲，叶脉萎黄，蕾和花变黄脱落，生长发育停滞，植株矮化甚至枯萎。危害后的苜蓿营养成分流失，粗蛋白、粗脂肪含量降低，粗纤维含量增加，分泌的蜜露导致煤污病，降低干草质量^[14]

农药名称	农药类型	作用靶标	防治对象	抗药性水平
吡虫啉	新烟碱类杀虫剂	烟碱型乙酰胆碱受体(nAChR)激动剂，干扰神经信号传导	麦二叉蚜 Schizaphis graminum	室内麦二叉蚜种群对吡虫啉的耐受性水平，经致死中浓度吡虫啉连续胁迫麦二叉蚜10代后，麦二叉蚜对吡虫啉的敏感性显著降低，其LC₅₀值为室内对照种群的5.29倍^[35]
氟啶虫胺腈	亚砜亚胺类杀虫剂	同吡虫啉，乙酰胆碱受体(nAChR)激动剂	麦长管蚜 Sitobion avenae	研究发现北京、河北、山西、江苏、山东、河南、湖北和陕西等地的小麦麦长管蚜种群对氟啶虫胺腈均处于中等至高水平抗性（抗性倍数12~328倍），表现为低敏状态^[36]
高效氯氰菊酯	拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂	钠离子通道调节剂	棉蚜（瓜蚜） Aphis gossypii	分析华中地区的瓜蚜室内抗性品系交互抗性结果表明，瓜蚜室内抗性品系对高效氯氰菊酯产生中等水平交互抗性（RR=11.70倍）^[37]
氰戊菊酯	拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂	钠离子通道调节剂	大豆蚜 Aphis glycines	分析测定交互抗性毒力结果显示，大豆蚜与氰戊菊酯产生中等水平交互抗性，抗性倍数为13.83倍^[38]
苦参碱	植物源农药	毒杀作用与谷氨酸和γ-氨基丁酸系统的调节有关^[39]	棉蚜（瓜蚜） Aphis gossypii	分析测定0.5%苦参碱水剂对棉蚜药后1 d，防治效果为40.35%，药后7 d，防效为60.58%，药后14 d，0.5%苦参碱水剂的防效为85.06%^[40]
毒死蜱	有机磷类杀虫剂	抑制乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)引起的神经毒性	麦长管蚜 Sitobion avenae	测定毒死蜱对小麦蚜虫的防治效果发现药后1 d 45%毒死蜱对小麦蚜虫的防治效果达到94.98%，药后3 d的防效中，45%毒死蜱对小麦蚜虫的防治效果达到99.30%；药后7 d，防效达到99.32%^[41]
抗蚜威	氨基甲酸酯类杀虫剂	乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制剂	棉蚜（瓜蚜） Aphis gossypii	大多地区瓜蚜对抗蚜威产生了低至高等水平的抗性（RR=6.90~283倍），湖北荆州2个种群对抗蚜威产生了低等水平抗性，抗性倍数分别是6.90倍和7.43倍^[36]
阿维菌素	微生物源杀虫剂	干扰神经递质γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)	甘蓝蚜 Brevicoryne brassicae	36%阿维菌素·吡蚜酮对甘蓝蚜虫的田间防效较理想，药后10 d防效均达90.43%以上，阿维菌素·吡蚜酮药后7、10 d，对甘蓝蚜的田间防效均高达88%，剂量越高防效越好^[42]

农药名称	农药类型	作用靶标	防治对象	抗药性水平
吡虫啉	新烟碱类杀虫剂	烟碱型乙酰胆碱受体(nAChR)激动剂，干扰神经信号传导	麦二叉蚜 Schizaphis graminum	室内麦二叉蚜种群对吡虫啉的耐受性水平，经致死中浓度吡虫啉连续胁迫麦二叉蚜10代后，麦二叉蚜对吡虫啉的敏感性显著降低，其LC₅₀值为室内对照种群的5.29倍^[35]
氟啶虫胺腈	亚砜亚胺类杀虫剂	同吡虫啉，乙酰胆碱受体(nAChR)激动剂	麦长管蚜 Sitobion avenae	研究发现北京、河北、山西、江苏、山东、河南、湖北和陕西等地的小麦麦长管蚜种群对氟啶虫胺腈均处于中等至高水平抗性（抗性倍数12~328倍），表现为低敏状态^[36]
高效氯氰菊酯	拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂	钠离子通道调节剂	棉蚜（瓜蚜） Aphis gossypii	分析华中地区的瓜蚜室内抗性品系交互抗性结果表明，瓜蚜室内抗性品系对高效氯氰菊酯产生中等水平交互抗性（RR=11.70倍）^[37]
氰戊菊酯	拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂	钠离子通道调节剂	大豆蚜 Aphis glycines	分析测定交互抗性毒力结果显示，大豆蚜与氰戊菊酯产生中等水平交互抗性，抗性倍数为13.83倍^[38]
苦参碱	植物源农药	毒杀作用与谷氨酸和γ-氨基丁酸系统的调节有关^[39]	棉蚜（瓜蚜） Aphis gossypii	分析测定0.5%苦参碱水剂对棉蚜药后1 d，防治效果为40.35%，药后7 d，防效为60.58%，药后14 d，0.5%苦参碱水剂的防效为85.06%^[40]
毒死蜱	有机磷类杀虫剂	抑制乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)引起的神经毒性	麦长管蚜 Sitobion avenae	测定毒死蜱对小麦蚜虫的防治效果发现药后1 d 45%毒死蜱对小麦蚜虫的防治效果达到94.98%，药后3 d的防效中，45%毒死蜱对小麦蚜虫的防治效果达到99.30%；药后7 d，防效达到99.32%^[41]
抗蚜威	氨基甲酸酯类杀虫剂	乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制剂	棉蚜（瓜蚜） Aphis gossypii	大多地区瓜蚜对抗蚜威产生了低至高等水平的抗性（RR=6.90~283倍），湖北荆州2个种群对抗蚜威产生了低等水平抗性，抗性倍数分别是6.90倍和7.43倍^[36]
阿维菌素	微生物源杀虫剂	干扰神经递质γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)	甘蓝蚜 Brevicoryne brassicae	36%阿维菌素·吡蚜酮对甘蓝蚜虫的田间防效较理想，药后10 d防效均达90.43%以上，阿维菌素·吡蚜酮药后7、10 d，对甘蓝蚜的田间防效均高达88%，剂量越高防效越好^[42]

蚜虫种类	杀虫化合物	抗性机制	验证方法
桃蚜 Myzus persicae	联苯菊酯	VGSC突变(L1014F，M918T)，转座子插入杂合子VGSC 等位基因编码序列导致提前终止^[78]	生物信息学分析，分子生物学验证
	高效氯氟氰菊酯	热激蛋白Hsp70高表达降低杀虫剂产生的氧胁迫^[79]	在大肠杆菌中异源表达
	尼古丁、新烟碱类杀虫剂	启动子区域微卫星调控CYP6CY3的高表达^[44]；多拷贝复制、染色体重排导致CYP6CY3和CYP6CY4 表达增加，中肠和菌胞中高表达^[45]	表达CYP6CY3的黑腹果蝇S2细胞^[80]，生物测定及基因表达量分析^[19]
	新烟碱类杀虫剂	nAChR突变(R81T，V101I)^[70]	抗性、敏感品系生物测定和基因表达量分析^[19]
	新烟碱类杀虫剂	躲避行为：蚜虫会主动从新烟碱类杀虫剂处理过的叶片上迁飞到未处理过的叶片上^[81]	行为学实验
	氟啶虫胺腈	CYP380C40和UGT344P2表达量增加（分别为21~76倍和6~33倍）^[28]	转录组对比分析，转基因黑腹果蝇和生物测定
	螺虫乙酯	ACCase突变（A2666V）^[25-26]	生物测定，分子检测
棉蚜 Aphis gossypii	拟除虫菊酯类	VGSC突变（L1014F，M918L和M918V）^[82]	生物测定，序列分析
	溴氰虫酰胺、顺式氯氰菊酯	P450（CYP380C6，CYP6CY21和CYP6CY7）和 UGTs（UGT341A4和UGT344M2）高表达^[55]	转基因黑腹果蝇
	新烟碱类杀虫剂、溴氰虫酰胺	21个P450高表达^{[48,50,57,83]}	外源表达，RNAi和转基因黑腹果蝇
	吡虫啉	nAChR突变（R81T，V62I和K264E），nAChR基因表达量降低^[20]	生物测定
	新烟碱类杀虫剂、螺虫乙酯、溴氰虫酰胺	化学感受蛋白AgoCSP4，AgosCSP5高表达^[63,64,84]	RNAi，转基因黑腹果蝇
	螺虫乙酯、新烟碱类杀虫剂	ABC转运蛋白和UGT高表达^{[55,77,85-86]}	生物测定，RNAi和转基因黑腹果蝇
	螺虫乙酯	ACCase14个氨基酸位点替换突变和过量表达^[75]	RNAi，酶活测定
	螺虫乙酯	lncRNA调控CYP6CY21和CYP380C6的表达^[51]	RNAi，转基因黑腹果蝇
	氟啶虫胺腈	P450活性增强（特别是CYP6CY13-2），CPR表达量变化^[71-72]	酶活测定，RNAi
禾谷缢管蚜Rhopalosiphum padi	异丙威、氯氟氰菊酯	羧酸酯酶高表达^[87]	体外表达，水解活性
	拟除虫菊酯类	VGSC突变(M918L)和P450代谢功能增强^[53]	生物测定，序列分析和酶活测定
	高效氯氟氰菊酯、异丙威和吡虫啉	P450和CPR高表达^[54,88]	RNAi、生物测定和基因表达量分析
	拟除虫菊酯	GPCR41高表达^[89]	RNAi
	高效氯氰菊酯	RpUGT344D38高表达^[90]	RNAi，体外表达和代谢活力检测
	吡虫啉、高效氯氰菊酯	化学感受蛋白和takeout基因高表达^[65-66,91]	RNAi
	新烟碱类杀虫剂	nAChR的突变和nAChR基因低表达（V53I，V53G， N54T，A60T，F61L，W79C和V83I）^[92]	生物测定，序列分析
麦长管蚜 Sitobion avenae	高效氯氟氰菊酯	VGSC突变（L1014F）^[93]	突变品系生物测定
麦长管蚜 Sitobion avenae	吡虫啉	CYP6A14-1，CYP307A1，COE2和GST1-1-1表达量^[94]	RNAi（CYP6A14-1， CYP307A1，GST1-1-1和COE2）
荻草谷网蚜 Sitobion miscanthi	吡虫啉	miR-81调控SmUGGT1高表达，miR-3037调控 CYP6CY2高表达^[56,95]	RNAi，酶动力学和抑制试验
荻草谷网蚜 Sitobion miscanthi	抗蚜威	AChE1突变（S431F）和CYP6K1、CYP6A14高表达^[52]	RNAi
大豆蚜 Aphis glycines	拟除虫菊酯	VGSC突变（M918L，M918I，L925M，L1014F）^[96-97]	序列分析，生物测定
大豆蚜 Aphis glycines	吡虫啉	CYP6CY7解毒代谢吡虫啉^[49]	RNAi，生物测定
豌豆蚜 Acyrthosiphon pisum	拟除虫菊酯	CYP6CY12高表达^[98]	表达量分析，异源表达和代谢活性分析
黑豆蚜Aphis fabae	毒死蜱	酯酶和ESTs酶活性升高^[99]	酶活测定