Abstract: As the most important oil crop in China, rapeseed plays an important role both in our daily life and industrial production. In this paper, the biochemical process of seed oil synthesis, three main ways and the progress of improving oil content by genetic engineering techniques in rapeseed were reviewed. The paper also introduced the latest research advances of genetic engineering techniques which used in improving the quality of rape fatty acids，such as oleic acid, erucic acid and lauric acid. In addition, the application tendency of genetic engineering techniques in rapeseed oil was discussed.