Abstract: The object of this research was the efficiency of agricultural production under the household contract responsibility system in China. The data envelopment analysis was used to evaluate the efficiency of agricultural production in China from 1995 to 2009. Agricultural production efficiency and pure technical efficiency and scale efficiency were analyzed in this research. The study showed that the scale efficiency had a greater impact on agricultural productivity of small farmers in China, and traditional small farmer’s production methods which were made up of the family unit limited the efficiency of scale. Therefore China should improve land management system and encourage farmers to enlarge scale to improve the efficiency of agricultural production.