Abstract: The purpose of this study is to clarify the effects of different fertilizer amounts and cultivation density on tuber mustard and ramie. The experiments of different fertilizer amounts and cultivation density were conducted in Changsha and Taoyuan respectively, and Polyploidy No.1 and Xiangzhu X1 were used as the materials. We studied the effects of three fertilizer amounts (high, normal and low) and two tuber mustard cultivation density (high and low) on the tuber mustard yield, economic benefits and the agronomic traits, fiber yield and quality of ramie. The results showed that, the ramie agronomic traits varied according to fertilizer amounts. From the aspect of yield, normal fertilizer treatment > high fertilizer treatment > low fertilizer treatment. From the aspect of breaking strength, normal fertilizer treatment > low fertilizer treatment > high fertilizer treatment. From the aspect of single fiber count, normal fertilizer treatment > high fertilizer treatment > low fertilizer treatment. The yield and benefits of tuber mustard decreased with the increase of cultivation density. Ramie annual yield was improved by compact crop. Under the normal fertilizer treatment (727.5 kg/hm2 compound fertilizers), the yield of tuber mustard and ramie fiber and the economic benefits were the highest. Considering the ramie/ tuber mustard economic benefits, the optimum row spacing of tuber mustard cultivation density is 50 cm×50 cm.