Abstract: In order to provide data basis for cultivar improvement, breeding and genetic diversity characteristics, karyotypes of Xinjiang garlic from different geographical distribution areas were analyzed by using squash method. The result showed that all six materials were diploid (2n=2x=16) and the karyotype was 2A. Satellite appeared on the short arm. The difference between Xinjiang and inland garlic was whether it had M chromosome, and ‘Zhongmu’ had 1 M chromosome. The karyotypes of purple garlic from Zhaosu, Pishan and Yanqi were same: K (2n) = 2x =16= 13m+3sm. The difference between the garlic from Jimusaer and them was it had 1 st chromosome. Moreover, comparing with these three, the garlic from Aheqi had 1 more m chromosome and 1 less sm chromosome. The karyotype asymmetry coefficients were 55.85 % to 58.05 %. There are differences of chromosome type, arm ratio, satellite position, number and composition of relative length among garlic from different geographical distribution areas. The chromosome structure of purple cultivars is more relatively stable than white ones. The satellite has a certain relationship with cultivation season and ecological environments of garlic. The chromosome structure variation is one of main reasons of cultivar degeneration caused by introduction among geographical environments.