Current issue

• 2014 Vol.30 No.10 Published:05 April 2014

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  Spatio-temporal Dynamics of Rhizosphere Microbes in Populus tremula Plantations in Southeast Shandong Province 2014, 30 (10):  1-8.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-2665 Abstract + ( 900 )   PDF ( 844078KB )   ( 453 ) To explore how rhizosphere microbes responded to environmental change in Populus tremula plantations in southeast Shandong Province. Seasonal dynamics and vertical distribution of rhizosphere microbe number and rhizosphere effect were investigated and compared it to the bulk soil by using plate count and conventional chemical methods, respectively. Additionally, the correlation between rhizosphere microorganism number and soil available nutrients were also studied. The results obtained were as follows: the seasonal dynamic patterns of bacteria, fungi, actinomycete and total microorganism were increase-decrease- increase-decrease, that was spring and autumn were higher than summer and winter. Bacteria, fungi, actinomycete and total microorganism reached the highest value in the middle of April, and the second peak appeared in October and minimum value occurred in December. The number of rhizosphere microbe was shown as bacteria＞actinomycetes＞fungi. The number of bacteria, actinomycetes and total microbe in rhizosphere increased with age, but the number of fungi decreased. In general, vertical distributions of bacteria, fungi, actinomycete and total microorganism reduced as the soil depth increased, except 0-10 cm. The rhizosphere effect (R/S) of bacteria, fungi, actinomycete and total microorganism was distinct. Furthermore, the rhizosphere effect showed unimodal peak with maximum value in August. The correlation between number of rhizosphere bacteria, fungi, actinomycete, total microorganism and soil hydrolyzable nitrogen, soil rapid available phosphorus were positive, respectively, and the correlation between number of rhizosphere microbes and soil organic matter were negative.

  Effects of Drought Stress on the Morphological Characteristics of Liriodendron chinense×L. tulipifera 2014, 30 (10):  9-13.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-2691 Abstract + ( 646 )   PDF ( 522329KB )   ( 381 ) Liriodendron chinense×L. tulipifera has been widely used in landscaping and timber forest cultivating because it has many advantages, such as fast growing, high wood qualities, fine form and high ornamental value. In order to know the drought resistance of Liriodendron chinense×L. tulipifera, 8 year old trees in Nanjing City were investigated under the drought situation in summer. The results showed that: Liriodendron chinense×L. tulipifera had strong resistance on the drought. However, the water and chlorophyll content in leaves decreased and the leaves etiolated and defoliated when the trees were in the severe drought stress. If the trees were growing on the Xiashu loess, and the water content in soil was lower than 12%, the leaves of Liriodendron chinense×L. tulipifera would change from green to yellow and defoliate. Therefore, it is necessary to irrigate the trees before the water content in soil decrease to 12% in summer.

  Effects of Salt Stress on Physiological Indexes and Chlorophyll Fluorescence Parameters of Sycamore (Platanus orientalis L.) Seedlings 2014, 30 (10):  14-18.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-2790 Abstract + ( 658 )   PDF ( 548724KB )   ( 424 ) This paper aimed to understand the physiological mechanisms of sycamore salt resistance, for screening resistance strong sycamore tree species was of great significance. To collected three balls sycamore from Zibo Shandong Province, two balls sycamore from Gongyi Henan Province, a ball sycamore’s annual seedlings for material from Songjiang Shanghai Province, physiological indicators of plant leaves and chlorophyll fluorescence index Fo, Fm, Fv/Fm, qp changes were studied in the salt mass fraction were 0.2%, 0.4% , 0.6% . The results showed that (1) under Nacl stress, the MDA content in three kinds of sycamore seedling plants showed rising trend on the whole, but the growth of three kinds of seedlings was different, the largest increased in three balls, and a ball was far less than others. (2) In contrast, the three kinds of sycamore seedling plants had no significant changes within the SOD content, but with the increase of NaCl concentration, three kinds of sycamore seedling SOD levels were increased and the largest increase in three balls, a ball was min. (3) With the increase of NaCl concentration, three kinds of sycamore seedlings Fo all increased, Fm, Fv/Fm, qp were on the decline, and variation in three balls was the largest, two balls followed, a ball was min. Integrated indicators, the salt resistance of three kinds of sycamore seedlings strength were in turn: three balls＜two balls＜a ball.

  Effects of Inhibitors on the Dormancy of Acer triflorum Seed 2014, 30 (10):  19-22.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-3036 Abstract + ( 639 )   PDF ( 549819KB )   ( 457 ) To study the reasons for dormancy of Acer triflorum, seed germination and seedlings growth of Brassica campestris in different concentrations of the methanol extract from Acer triflorum seed coats, pericarp and embryo were study in order to investigate the relationship between the restraining substraces in seed coat ,pericarp and embryo in dormancy of Acer triflorum. The results showed that with the extract concentration increased ,the inhibitory effects of Brassica campestris seed germination rate,seedling shoot elongation,stem length and simplified vigor index were gradually increased except the 30% pericarp methanol extract. In the same concentrations, the inhibitory effect of the embryo was relatively strong, the pericarp and the seed coat were relatively weak. It is concluded that the inhibitors were distributed in all fractions of the seeds,and the existence of inhibitors in components of Acer triflorum seeds is the main cause of dormancy of Acer triflorum seeds.

  The Comparison of Flowering Characters of the Five Pecan Varieties 2014, 30 (10):  23-27.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-2741 Abstract + ( 785 )   PDF ( 587665KB )   ( 663 ) Comparison of the introduced pecan seedling varieties for 13 years,screening out Annong No. 1 and other 4 suitable varieties,then observe and analyse the new branches and leaves on germination and growth rhythm, male and female flowers flowering phenology, flowering duration and other characteristics of these 5 varieties.The results showed that five species differences in the average length of new branches reach 6.5cm, leaves the average difference in length 3.3cm; The largest amount of branches, leaves and male inflorescences when the highest temperature date; Five varieties of male flowering duration has smaller difference;The female flowers of annong 1 bloom lasts 10 days, longer than the other four varieties of 3 to 5 days;Female flower and male flower of Annong 1 ,Annong 3 and Annong 5open at the same time , Annong the 2nd of the first female varieties , Annong 4 as hung variety.While female flowers of annong 2 open first ,annong 4’male flowers open first .

  Research of the Value Level Evaluation of Ancient Trees and Heritage Trees 2014, 30 (10):  28-34.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-3228 Abstract + ( 782 )   PDF ( 574356KB )   ( 664 ) Ancient trees and heritage trees are natural and cultural heritage of important protection value. On the basis of the research and investigation about the Ancient trees and heritage trees in Beijing, this thesis aims to ascertain the value evaluation system of Ancient trees and heritage trees by the means of Delphi Method from three aspects, namely natural value, cultural value and landscape value. At the same time, combining with analytic hierarchy process(AHP) and weighing about the evaluation index through calculation, the corresponding standard for value evaluation has been put forward and the model for value evaluation has been finally determined. By classifying Ancient trees and heritage trees into five levels--A, AA , AAA , AAAA , AAAAA , it can provide a set of value evaluation system of comprehensive considerations for the resources preservation.

  Optimization of SSR-PCR Reaction System in Fraxinus and SSR Primer Selection 2014, 30 (10):  35-41.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-2754 Abstract + ( 756 )   PDF ( 1016946KB )   ( 573 ) This study established and optimized SSR-PCR reaction system of Fraxinus, and used this system selected 3 primer pairs from 50 primer pairs for the SSR analysis based on their reproducible and clear banding patterns. These primer pairs could be used for further research. This experiment established through L16(45) orthogonal design which selected from 4 levels of 5 factors (Taq DNA polymerase, DNA, dNTPs concentration, primers concentration and Mg2+ concentration) in SSR- PCR system and optimized through single factor experiment about the main factors of the PCR reactions. The optimal SSR-PCR reaction system consisted of Mg2+ (25 mmol/L) 0.8μL, containing forward- and reversed- primer (10μmol/L) 0.2μL respectively, dNTP (10 mmol/L) 0.3μL, Taq DNA polymerase (5 U/μL) 0.05μL、DNA (5-10 ng/μL) 2.00μL, 10×PCR Buffer 1.0μL and ddH2O 5.45μL. The reaction system was the most conformable one for Fraxinus’SSR-PCR, and was established as the good foundation of SSR-PCR marker technique on Fraxinus.

  Optimization and Establishment of ISSR Reaction System for Gypsy Moth (Lymantria dispar Linnaeus) 2014, 30 (10):  42-45.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-2719 Abstract + ( 1642 )   PDF ( 1155073KB )   ( 667 ) The gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar Linnaeus (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae), is a destructive defoliator with a broad host range. Studying genetic variation is a helpful tool for revealing the genetic differentiation of different geographic populations of gypsy moth. 5 main factors of ISSR reaction system for gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar Linnaeus) was optimized with sample from Hebei Province, China. Factors with 8 concentration gradients were performed successively. Each optimum concentration of a factor was applied to the next optimization experiment. The final ISSR reaction system for gypsy moth was as follows: 0.5 U Taq DNA polymerase, template DNA 1.5 ng/μL, primer 2.4μmol/L, 1.75 mmol/L MgCl2, 0.28 mmol/L dNTPs. Then ddH2O was added to the final volume of 20μL. This optimum reaction system would lay fundamental basis for the genetic diversity and variation research for gypsy moth.

  Study on Cutting Propagation of Macropanax rosthornii 2014, 30 (10):  46-51.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-2697 Abstract + ( 643 )   PDF ( 529754KB )   ( 416 ) The study was conducted to set up the cutting propagation technology of Macropanax rosthornii and to provide technical supports for the large-scale production of its nursery seedlings and landscape application. The plant Macropanax rosthornii was used to test the effects of different cuttings, substrates, types and concentrations of growth regulators on its cutting rooting by a conventional cutting experiment. Different cuttings significantly affected their rooting capacity, and 3-year-old hard-wood cuttings had a notably better rooting effect than 1- year- old soft- wood cuttings. Significant difference was found in the rooting effect of substrates, in which yellow subsoil and coconut chaff were better than river sand and chaff but perlite had the poorest rooting effect. The types and concentrations of growth regulators were also important factors that affected cutting rooting. Treated with IBA at a concentration of 2000 mg/L, the cuttings had a rooting rate of 98.8% , root number of 93.75 on an average, root length of 4.23 cm on an average and root effect index of 409.18. And compared with the control, the root number and root effect index were increased by 3.54 times and 4.35 times respectively. The mixture of different growth regulators made against cutting rooting of Macropanax rosthornii. The cutting substrate of yellow subsoil and 3- year- old hard- wood cuttings shortly dipped with 2000 mg/L IBA were appropriate to the cutting rooting of Macropanax rosthornii. The mixture of different growth regulators were not proper to the cutting rooting of Macropanax rosthornii.

  Effects of Different Plant Growth Regulator on Cutting Rooting, Growth and Leaf Photosynthetic of Acer rubrum ‘Red Sunset’ 2014, 30 (10):  52-56.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-2744 Abstract + ( 716 )   PDF ( 617391KB )   ( 673 ) In order to solve that the cutting seedling was difficulty and was short of the seedlings of American red maple at current domestic, Acer rubrum‘Red Sunset’was used to study the effects of different plant growth regulator treatments on its cutting rooting, sprout, growing and leaf photosynthesis. The results showed that, at the same concentration (500 mg/L), different types of plant growth regulator under processing (ABT1#, IBA, NAA, IAA+NAA), the rooting, sprout, growing and leaf photosynthesis of Acer rubrum‘Red Sunset’were better than CK. For example, the rooting rate was higher 53.5% , 50.1% , 41.3% and 51.1% than CK respectively, the survival rate was higher 53.5%, 49.8%, 41.3% and 51.2% than CK respectively, the branch length was higher 37.9%, 23.4%, 16.8% and 31.1% than CK respectively, Pn was higher 43.32%, 26.87%, 24.38% and 42.14% than CK respectively. The ABT1# 500 mg/L and IAA+NAA 500 mg/L were the best plant growth regulator for Acer rubrum‘Red Sunset’in all the treatments.

  Mulberry Leaf Protein Extraction and EDTA-2Na Affect Its Extraction Process 2014, 30 (10):  57-61.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-2700 Abstract + ( 686 )   PDF ( 627223KB )   ( 881 ) In order to explore the optimum extracting conditions with non-denatured principle for leaf protein from mulberry, use Na2HPO4-citric acid buffer to extract mulberry leaf protein and study the rate of protein degradation. Through 4 factors and 3 levels orthogonal experiments, 4 factors including material-liquid ratio, extracting time, extracting temperature and pH value were optimized. Protein yield and protein extraction rate were 2 indicators to find the most optimum processing parameters. The results showed that the most optimum conditions were as follows: pH 7.6, material-liquid ratio 1:10, extracting time 25 min, extracting temperature 15℃. As soon as the author beated fresh leaves the cell walls must be destroyed, the protein in the cell might decompose by the action of the autolysis enzyme, which would lead to a lower leaf protein extraction rate. Under the optimum conditions the author added a certain amount of EDTA-2Na as a protease inhibitor before beating so as to enhance the rate of protein extraction. It was found this optimum concentration by observing the protein degradation curve with different concentrations of EDTA- 2Na. Ultimate it showed that during extraction, 5 mmol/L of EDTA-2Na could minimizes protein degradation.

  Raise Farmers’ Management Initiative on Public Ecological Forest Research in Gansu Province Based on Game Analysis 2014, 30 (10):  62-67.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-3057 Abstract + ( 580 )   PDF ( 542579KB )   ( 402 ) On the basic recitation of collective forest management issues, which about collective non-commercial forest after the collective forest rights system reform made to the home, the study built a game on public ecological forest management model of both government and peasant household in Gansu Province, studied the conditions to make the game steady and the factors that affected the management and protection on ecological forests. Results showed that farmers in Gansu Province have lowly profit expectation on ecological forest, and the factors such as forestry subsidy standard was not high and so on, were the main causes of peasant household’s management and enthusiasm was not high, then discussed about how to increase peasant household’s enthusiasm to manage and protect the ecological forest on this basis.

  Study on Relationship Between Soil Nutrients and Slope Position in Natural Pinus tabulaeformis Forest Stand in Songshan Natural Reserve Administration, Beijing 2014, 30 (10):  68-72.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-2733 Abstract + ( 762 )   PDF ( 559319KB )   ( 462 ) In order to illustrate the effect of slop on the soil nutrients of natural Pinus tabulaeformis stand, and to provide reference for tending and managing the natural Pinus forest in north China. The author studied the relationship between soil nutrients and slope position (upper slope, middle slope, lower slope) by selecting a natural Pinus tabulaeformis stand in Songsha Natural Reserve, Beijing. The result showed that: (1) nutrient of total N, available P, and available K were mainly accumulated at the lower slope, but total N and available K ranked upper slope>middle slope, while the available P ranked middle slope>upper slope in all the three slope positions. (2) Soil nutrients concentrated in top soil layer. Generally all nutrients decreased with soil depth, but total N in middle slope and available P in lower slope showed lowest value in the middle depth. (3) Available K was found the lowest value in the top layer, while the highest value was in 20-60 cm soil layer in the middle slope.

  Garden Variety Resources of Weeping Type Japanese Maple in the World 2014, 30 (10):  73-82.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-2484 Abstract + ( 1125 )   PDF ( 623348KB )   ( 1964 ) ‘Japanese maple’ is a general term for all kinds of species in Acer in Japan. Breeding selection dated back to“江户”times, about 300 years ago. The existing number of varieties estimated about 600, including weeping type more than 40 and accounting for 7% of all species. The weeping type maple was introduced to western countries since eighteen twenties. The existing number of varieties in western countries was about 600, including weeping type more than 90 and accounting for 15.3% of all species. Garden varieties mainly originated from the species and varieties of Acer palmatum Thunb, Acer amoenum Carr, Acer amoenum var. matsumurae（Koidz.）Makino, most of them were seedling selection and branch sport selection. The garden variety ‘Japanese maple’ was favored by the lovers from all over the world, especially weeping type variety was received much concern.

  The Geographical Distribution and Diversity of Wild Tea in Yunnan Pu’ er City 2014, 30 (10):  83-91.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-2309 Abstract + ( 662 )   PDF ( 2457993KB )   ( 453 ) In Pu’er City, the wild tea tree was widespread, the species was large and the type was rich. It was rare valuable resources in the tea scientific research. Through literature review, this paper investigated the points for the region of the geographical distribution of wild tea tree resources and morphological diversity: (1) it was mainly distributed in Ning’er, Jing’Dong, Zhen’Yuan, Jing’Gu, Mo’Jiang, Xi’Meng, Meng’Lian and so on 7 counties; (2) It had a lot of diversity in the types and morphological characteristics. Wild tea tree in the process of system development has the characteristics of the original features, the most abundant genetic diversity, one of the most primary tea tree germplasm resources conservation and research value. Everyone should care and love, participate in the wild tea tree research to development and protection.

  Study on Photosynthetic Characteristics of Leaves in Different Positions in Flue-cured Tobacco 2014, 30 (10):  92-98.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-2256 Abstract + ( 1133 )   PDF ( 720427KB )   ( 463 ) To confirm the photosynthetic physiological mechanism of growth and quality variance formation of the flue-cured tobacco leaves in different stalk positions, the photosynthetic characteristics of the flue-cured tobacco leaves in different stalk positions and environmental factors that affect photosynthesis were discussed. Taking‘Yuyan 10’as the materials, the photosynthetic characteristics and environmental factors diurnal variation process of the flue-cured tobacco leaves in different stalk positions were determined in the fast grow stage, and path analysis method was used to analyze the direct and indirect effects of environmental factors on the net photosynthetic rate (Pn). The results indicated that: (1) the Pn diurnal variation of the leaves in different stalk positions were‘unimodal type’. The Pn daily average values of the upper, middle and lower leaves were 13.25, 11.71, 6.26μmol CO2/(m2·s) and the value of the lower leaves was significantly lower than the upper and middle leaves. (2) Stomatal conductance (Gs) had greater influence on flue-cured tobacco transpiration than the photosynthesis. With the increase of the Gs, the Pn and the transpiration rate (Tr) of the flue-cured tobacco leaves in different stalk positions showed ascendant trend. Overall, the peak time of the blade Tr and Gs was consistent, while they both lagged behind the peak time of Pn. (3) The main decision variables of the flue-cured tobacco leaves in different stalk positions were the photosynthetic active radiation (PAR) and the main restriction variables were the atmospheric temperature (Ta). Therefore, to improve the Pn of the fluecured tobacco leaves in different stalk positions, certain measures such as reducing the planting density needed to be taken to increase the PAR appropriately and control the microenvironment Ta, thereby improving the various parts of the blade temperature (Tl). Keeping atmospheric CO2 concentration (Ca) basically constant was also necessary.

  Effect of Nitrogen Application and Remained Leaf Number on Photosynthetic Characteristics of Flue-cured Tobacco 2014, 30 (10):  99-104.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-2354 Abstract + ( 635 )   PDF ( 609832KB )   ( 455 ) A split- plot experiment with two factors, nitrogen fertilizer application rate and remained leaf number, was conducted to study the effects of different treatments on photosynthetic characteristics of fluecured tobacco. The results showed that net photosynthetic rate of tobacco leaves was increased with the increment of nitrogen application rate and decreased with the increment of remained leaf number, the intercellular carbon dioxide concentration of tobacco leaves was decreased with the increment of nitrogen application rate and remained leaf number, the transpiration rate of tobacco leaves showed the increasedecrease trend with the increment of nitrogen application rate and remained leaf number, while the saturation vapor pressure deficit and stomatal conductance showed no clear change trend with the increment of nitrogen application rate and remained leaf number. Interaction between nitrogen application rate and remained leaf number existed, in order to increase the chlorophyll content at early growth stage, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate and net photosynthetic rate, A2B2 and A3B2 treatment showed better effect.

  Relational Analysis of Flue Cured Tobacco Leaves, Mature and Effective Accumulated Temperature 2014, 30 (10):  105-110.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-2116 Abstract + ( 759 )   PDF ( 477849KB )   ( 494 ) For the relationship between selected flue-cured tobacco leaves, mature and effective accumulated temperature, the pot experiment was conducted to study the relationship between the ‘HD’ and ‘K326’ variety of different transplanting time and different fertilization conditions in 4, 10 and 16 leaf tobacco, mature and effective accumulated temperature, analyzed the influence on tobacco growth and quality of tobacco. The results showed that, different transplanting time fourth leaf maturity required for effective accumulated temperature of 304.9~370.6℃, tenth leaf maturity required for effective accumulated temperature of 569~706℃, sixteenth leaf maturity required for effective accumulated temperature of 758.3~812℃. Comprehensive analysis showed that the same tobacco leaf maturity accumulation the effective accumulated temperature was relatively stable range, we can through the field test with different leaf position occurs, mature and effective accumulated temperature relationship for guiding the production feasibility.

  A Rapid in Vitro Regeneration System and the Formation of in Vitro MicroTubers of Dioscorea opposita ‘Qi’ 2014, 30 (10):  111-117.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-2475 Abstract + ( 961 )   PDF ( 1058087KB )   ( 559 ) In order to solve the shortage of virus-free seed yam production, with its stem section as the test materials, the ratio of different plant growth regulators on the impact of ‘Qi’ yam in vitro shoot regeneration as well as the influence of different carbon sources on the in vitro micro tuber formation were studied. The ‘Qi’ yam efficient in vitro shoot regeneration system and in vitro production method of micro tubers were established. The results showed that it was useful for ‘Qi’ yam adventitious bud regeneration in the MS media with 0.5 mg/L 6-BA and 0.1 mg/L NAA or with 0.2 mg/L ZT and 0.2 mg/L NAA, and the ratio of ‘Qi’ yam adventitious bud differentiation reached 81.33% and 82.67%, respectively. In the MS media with 0.2 mg/L 6-BA and 0.02 mg/L NAA, ‘Qi’ yam adventitious bud multiplication was effective and multiplication factor was as high as 4.7. The MS media with 0.02 mg/L NAA was suitable for the root growth of the ‘Qi’ yam plants, and the rooting rate was reached 96.32%. 150 mg/L PVP could effectively reduced the brown phenomenon in the ‘Qi’ yam tissue culture. The production method of in vitro micro tubers of Dioscorea opposita ‘Qi’ has also been established. The most favorable formation rate of ‘Qi’ yam micro tuber was gained in the MS media with 0.5 mg/L 6-BA, 0.05 mg/L NAA and 60 g/L sucrose. In these conditions, the highest micro tuber formation rate was 97.50%, and the micro tuber weight reached 0.18 g and 0.39 g after 60 days and 120 days, respectively.

  Karyotype Study on Main Garlic Cultivars from Xinjiang, China 2014, 30 (10):  118-123.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-2453 Abstract + ( 765 )   PDF ( 1543813KB )   ( 616 ) In order to provide data basis for cultivar improvement, breeding and genetic diversity characteristics, karyotypes of Xinjiang garlic from different geographical distribution areas were analyzed by using squash method. The result showed that all six materials were diploid (2n=2x=16) and the karyotype was 2A. Satellite appeared on the short arm. The difference between Xinjiang and inland garlic was whether it had M chromosome, and ‘Zhongmu’ had 1 M chromosome. The karyotypes of purple garlic from Zhaosu, Pishan and Yanqi were same: K (2n) = 2x =16= 13m+3sm. The difference between the garlic from Jimusaer and them was it had 1 st chromosome. Moreover, comparing with these three, the garlic from Aheqi had 1 more m chromosome and 1 less sm chromosome. The karyotype asymmetry coefficients were 55.85 % to 58.05 %. There are differences of chromosome type, arm ratio, satellite position, number and composition of relative length among garlic from different geographical distribution areas. The chromosome structure of purple cultivars is more relatively stable than white ones. The satellite has a certain relationship with cultivation season and ecological environments of garlic. The chromosome structure variation is one of main reasons of cultivar degeneration caused by introduction among geographical environments.

  Cloning and Sequence Analysis of SmWRKY1 Transcription Factor Gene in Eggplant 2014, 30 (10):  124-128.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-2505 Abstract + ( 716 )   PDF ( 624992KB )   ( 734 ) The aims were to clone the transcription factor SmWRKY1 gene in eggplant and analyze its sequence characteristics, and provide a theoretical basis for the application of molecular breeding of SmWRKY1. Eggplant seedlings were used as experimental materials. Specific primers were designed based on the sequences of WRKY gene from tomato, sweet pepper and tobacco, which has been submitted to GenBank. SmWRKY1 gene fragment was amplified by RT- PCR. NCBI online and DNAMAN software were used to analyze nucleic acids and amino acid sequences. SmWRKY1 were cloned through homology-based cloning. SmWRKY1 included 930 nucleotide and encoding 310 amino acids, where Ser and Thr are largest amount of the total number of amino acids with 12.0% and 11.0%. NCBI BLAST showed that SmWRKY1 belonged to WRKY gene superfamily with 114th to 120th amino acids containing WRKY conserved domain‘WRKYGQK’and the zinc finger structure of type C2H2. SmWRKY1 was confirmed belonging to the second category of WRKY superfamily. Plant phylogenetic tree including SmWRKY1 proteins and other plant proteins was built through DNAMAN software, showed that SmWRKY1 had the closest relationship with tomato WRKY1 protein with homology of 96%. WRKY gene played an important role in plant stress tolerance and this research cloning gene SmWRKY1 fragment made early preparations for further cloning of its full-length and the studing of its functions and laid a certain foundation for molecular breeding and cultivation of new varieties of eggplant.

  The Study of Efficient Plant Regeneration of Lycopersivon esculentum Mill.‘Huangyingtao No 2' 2014, 30 (10):  129-134.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-2217 Abstract + ( 713 )   PDF ( 546073KB )   ( 538 ) The effects of different hormone combinations on callus induction and bud differentiation of cotyledons in Lycopersivon esculentum Mill.‘Huangyingtao No 2’were studied. Differences in numbers of callus and regeneration buds were showed under different hormone treatments. The optimum medium to induce callus and regeneration buds was MS+ 6-BA 2.5 mg/L+ IAA 0.2 mg/L, with induction of callus rate up to 95.08% and regeneration buds averaged five. Roots of generation buds were induced normally in 1/2MS+ IAA 0.2 mg/L. According to effects of cefotaxime (Cef) and carbenicillin (Carb) to cotyledons regeneration, medium to remove agrobacterium was MS+ 6-BA 2.5 mg/L+ IAA 0.2 mg/L+ Cef 200 mg/L+ Carb 200 mg/L. Meanwhile, as a widely used selective agent for transgenic plants, kanamycin should be applied at concentration which can not only select positive plants efficiently but also do no harm to cotyledons regeneration. After treatments of kanamycin (Kan) to cotyledons at different concentration, 50 mg/L was found to be the optimum concentration.

  Study on Nitrate-N Leaching Loss of Cucumber in Greenhouse Under Different Nitrogen Managements 2014, 30 (10):  135-139.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-2148 Abstract + ( 725 )   PDF ( 661106KB )   ( 736 ) The test with cucumber as the object of the research, adopted plot experiment to study the nitrate nitrogen leaching loss under different nitrogen managements in solar greenhouse. The results showed that, the highest yield and the nitrogen uptake of cucumber were obtained in treatment of OM+N1PK, the nitrogen uptake reached to 253.56 kg/hm2. The nitrate nitrogen leaching loss from 0.9 m depth of soil layer was NPK＞OM+ N1PK＞OM + NPK＞OM＞CK. The nitrate nitrogen leaching loss was the highest on the treatment of using chemical fertilizer and reached to 205.52 kg/hm2, the nitrate nitrogen leaching loss respectively reduced by 11.39%, 21.98%, 42.27%. the nitrate nitrogen accumulation of OM+N1PK was obviously higher than other treatment for 0- 1 m soil profile and the nitrate nitrogen accumulation at 0- 20 cm layer had reached to 389.66 kg/hm2. It could provide essential nutrients for next stubble crops. On the whole, the treatment OM+ N1Pk improved the yield and the topsoil nitrogen uptake, increased the adsorption ability and accumulation of nitrate nitrogen in soils, decreased the nitrate nitrogen leaching loss, reduced the environmental risk.

  Biological Characteristics of 7 Strains of Morchella esculenta Mycelia 2014, 30 (10):  140-147.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-2498 Abstract + ( 590 )   PDF ( 715261KB )   ( 599 ) Morchella esculenta is one of the well-known wild edible fungi in China which is delicious and rich in nutrition. The mycelia were isolated from the wild and the biological characteristics were studied. The results showed that seven strains of Morchella esculenta could grow when temperature ranged from 12℃ to 30℃, the suitable ranged from 20℃ to 30℃,and the optimum temperature was 25℃. Seven strains of Morchella esculenta could grow among the scope of pH6.0-8.0, and the optimum pH for Morchella esculenta of 01,05and 07 was 7.0, 02 and 03 were 8.0, 04 and 06 were 6.0 and 6.5 respectively.Seven strains of Morchella esculenta could absorb a lots of carbon and nitrogen sources. But the optimum carbon sources for Morchella esculenta of 02,03,04,05and 06 was glucose, starch,glucose,sucrose and starch respectively,and the optimum nitrogen sources for Morchella esculenta of 01, 04, 05 and 06 was peptone, 02 and 03 were urea, 07 was peptone and NH4NO3.

  Residual Dynamic of triadimefon in edible fungi and Its Substrates 2014, 30 (10):  148-151.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-2107 Abstract + ( 559 )   PDF ( 548815KB )   ( 473 ) The test method is culturing triadimefon in edible fungi base, spraying on fruiting body, mixing substrates with drug residues in Jilin Agricultural University for making safety standards of triadimefon residues, and the author detected residual dynamic of on edible fungi and substrates by gas chromatographymass spectrometry. The results showed that triadimefon in edible fungi and substrates of the degradation process were in line with a kinetic equation, half-life of triadimefon in edible fungi and were 2.3-3.1 d, and 14.2 d. Mushroom, citrinopileatus and substrates of triadimefon residues at harvest period were less than 0.01 mg/kg. The method was accurate and reliable, which provided scientific basis for our country in the MRL established on edible fungi.

  Studies on Active Oxygen Metabolism and Softening Mechanism of Postharvest Cucumis melo L.‘Hetao’ Fruit 2014, 30 (10):  152-157.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-2485 Abstract + ( 776 )   PDF ( 703972KB )   ( 350 ) The aim was to find out the characteristics of active oxygen metabolism and fruit softening in the process of postharvest fruit ripening and senescence which were stored in normal temperature. Taking postharvest fruit (Cucumis melo L‘. Hetao’) as experiment material, physiological indices of different storage time were studied. The results showed that: (1) with the extension of storage time, the content of active oxygen increased, including O2-·production rate increased significantly, while the content of H2O2 presented bimodal changes. (2) The activity of SOD showed the trend of declining first and then rising. However, the activities of POD, CAT and APX were firstly increased and then decreased. They reached peaks at different time and maintained high activity levels for a period and then begun to decline. (3) At preliminary storage, LOX and PG activities were all extremely low, and then rose rapidly. LOX activity fell slightly from 5 d of storage, while PG activity showed a trend of rising volatility from 4 d to the end of the storage. Excessive accumulation of active oxygen exacerbated the fruit senescence in fruit storage time; meanwhile PG and LOX all participated in fruit softening.

  Quality Evaluation and Analysis of Different Varieties of Valencia Orange 2014, 30 (10):  158-162.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-2121 Abstract + ( 869 )   PDF ( 627539KB )   ( 710 ) In order to improve the selection efficiency of Valencia oranges’ quality traits, and provide a theoretical basis for Valencia oranges’ quality optimization, 16 fruit quality indices were analyzed, including physical characteristic indices(fruit mass, shape index, firmness, thick, kin color, juice color, juice percentage)and chemical property indices(fiber, soluble solids, titratable acid, vitamin C etc.) for 9 valencia orange cultivars grown in Zigui area, Hubei province. The results showed that the properties of the fruit mass, firmness thick, fruit fiber, moisture, soluble solids, titratable acidity variation both had a very significant difference, while the varation coefficient of fruit color, fruit index coefficient is small and no significant changes has been showed in other indicators. Principal component analysis showed that the quality of Valencia orange reflected by 16 indicators can be represented by four principal components with a cumulative contribution rata of 93.37%,and the contribution rate of each trait focus on some point. Different quality between different Valencia orange provides a good selection of reference for quality improvement, and provides a theoretical basis for rational consumption in people daily lives.

  Isolation and Expression Analysis of DFR-A Gene from Petunia hybtida 2014, 30 (10):  163-169.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-2373 Abstract + ( 850 )   PDF ( 1118191KB )   ( 496 ) After isolation the DFR-A from Petunia hybrida, its expression characteristic and the DFR enzyme activity in different tissues were studied. It will be helpful for the isolation and study of other anthocyanin structural genes. Based on the petunia DFR gene sequences published by NCBI, the full length cDNA of DFR was isolated from the petals of petunia. Real-time quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR) was performed to determine the expression pattern of DFR in different tissues of petunia. The DFR enzyme activities in different tissues were measured also. (1) 1473 bp cDNA sequence of petunia DFR- A was cloned. Bioinformatics analysis showed that the open reading frame of this gene was 1143 bp, encoding 380 amino acids. (2) Expression analysis showed that the expression of DFR gene was detected in all tissues of Petunia. But the expression levels were different; the expression level of this gene was highest in anther, medium in petal of flower starting to open and flower fully opened, lower in flower buds, and the lowest expression level of DFR was in leaf. (3) DFR activity analysis revealed that DFR was almost no activity in leaf and anther, low activity in flower buds, the highest activity in flower starting to open. (4) There was correlation between DFR activity and DFR mRNA concentration except in anther. The DFR enzyme activity of Petunia was mainly controlled by the transcriptional regulation.

  Effect of Heat Stress on Physiological Indexes of North American Begonia‘Jinjili’ and‘Teli’ 2014, 30 (10):  170-173.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-2407 Abstract + ( 798 )   PDF ( 613965KB )   ( 474 ) North American Begonia has higher ornamental value than Malus hupehensis. However, high temperature in Wuhan summer is the limiting factor in the application of the North American Begonia. In this study, after one week of 35℃high temperature treatment, resistance physiological indexes changes of the North American Begonia cultivars‘Jinjili’and‘Teli’were tested, comparing with M. hupehensis. Results showed that chlorophyll content and protective enzyme activities were higher in the North American Begonia than that in M. hupehensis, and their soluble protein contents were lower than M. hupehensis. As to MDA, they showed similar results. Overall, North American Begonia showed similar resistance physiological changes compared with local native plants M. hupehensis. Combined with previous morphological study, it was further confirmed that the two North American Begonia varieties could grow naturally in Wuhan.

  60Co-γ Ray Irradiation Lily Bulbs Preliminary Study on Mutation Breeding 2014, 30 (10):  174-176.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-2050 Abstract + ( 823 )   PDF ( 423687KB )   ( 626 ) 60Co-γ ray irradiation Lilium‘Corvara’,‘Extraordinary’,‘Double Surprise Bulbs’, to carried out radiation mutation breeding experiment. The 0, 3, 6, 9 Gy 60Co-γ treated seedling (strain) rate‘Corvara’were 100%, 37.5%, 0 and 0;‘Extraordinary’seedling (strains) were 100%, 35%, 7.5%, 2.5%;‘Double Surprise Bulbs’seedling (strains) were 100%, 100%, 66.7%, 0. The results showed that the treatment on the Lilium plant growth and development had obvious radiation damaged, mainly in the plants grew shorter, reduced the number of leaves per plant, bud reduced the number of delayed flowering. With 60Co-γ ray radiation mutagenesis Lilium had a demonstrable effect, suitable for mutagenesis dose due to different varieties have changed.

  Establishment and Optimization of ISSR Reaction System for Dendrobium 2014, 30 (10):  177-181.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-2221 Abstract + ( 777 )   PDF ( 683117KB )   ( 482 ) The research aimed to establish and optimize a stable ISSR-PCR reaction system for Dendrobium. In this paper, the key factors of ISSR-PCR reaction system including DNA template concentration, dNTP, 10×PCR Buffer, primer concentration, DNA Taq polymorphism were investigated and optimized. The stable reaction system could amplify high levels of polymorphism, good repeatability and clear band patterns. ISSR system (total volume of 20μL) established was as follows: template DNA 10 ng/μL 3μL, dNTP 2.5 mmol/L 1.5μL, 10×PCR Buffer 3.0μL, primer 4μmol/L 3.5μL, Taq polymorphism 5 U 0.2μL. It showed that the optimized system in this experiment could be applied in the ISSR analysis for Dendrobium. This research provided technical support for genetic diversity and genetic relationship research, linkage map construction, QTL location, gene mapping and gene cloning and so on.

  Study on Test Guideline of Distinctness, Uniformity and Stability for Phalaenopsis 2014, 30 (10):  182-185.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-2109 Abstract + ( 937 )   PDF ( 470360KB )   ( 534 ) The test of distinctness, uniformity and stability (DUS) of new plant varieties was the foundation for new varieties protection. DUS test guideline of Phalaenopsis was researched in order to adapt to the development of our Phalaenopsis and need to be in line with international standards. There were 78 characters and 22 standard varieties in DUS test guideline. The principle of test guideline, construction of character table, selection of standard varieties and assessment of DUS were described in this paper.

  Study on Double-ovules in a Single Carpel of Rosa hybrida L. 2014, 30 (10):  186-189.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-2292 Abstract + ( 577 )   PDF ( 517392KB )   ( 455 ) Distant hybridization remains the most effective ways to introducing excellent germplasm of China origin rose into modern rose, and embryo abortion is the bottleneck of the ways. Therefore, in the test, the young, green and mature fruit were dissected and observed respectively after different pretreatment to study the ovule development characteristics of different stages and provide the theoretical basis for the implementation of the embryo rescue in rose. A new phenomenon was found in the experiment: two ovules formed in a single carpel in rose. The phenomenon prevailed in young fruit (15 days after flowering) in many rose varieties, growth situation of the two ovules were same at this stage; double- ovule was also observed in 30- 60 days after flowering, accompanied with the significantly reducing of its ratio, and one ovule developed normally but the other was in the abortion status. Also, it found that, two seeds in one mature achene germinated at the same time after a low-temperature sand reservoir, indicating the two ovules in the single ovary may normal develop and germinate under the right conditions.

  Temporal and Spatial Distribution of Early Spring Frost of Camellia sinensis in Zhejiang Province Based on FastICA 2014, 30 (10):  190-196.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-2151 Abstract + ( 755 )   PDF ( 2976971KB )   ( 507 ) Camellia sinensis is one of the most important economic crops in Zhejiang province. During the process of Camellia sinensis growth, early spring frost is the most frequently happened and worst affected meteorological disaster. Based on the predecessors' research achievements and the actual situation of production in Zhejiang province, the meteorological index and hierarchies of Camellia sinensis early spring frost is proposed. With the index and the meteorological data in the 64 meteorological stations around the province, the temporal and spatial distribution of early spring frost of Camellia sinensis in Zhejiang province is analyzed using the negentropy maximization of FastICA. The results show that the variance contribution of independent component 1(IC1) of the overall, mild and moderate early spring frost are 76.65%，49.78%，48.01% and 55.82% respectively. Variance contribution of IC2 is quite low. The variation trend of IC1 of all levels of early spring frost are basically the same. Early spring frost is most likely to happen in North Zhejiang province. During the 41 years, mild and moderate early spring frost occurred every year in Zhejiang province, with a spatial distribution of more in north and less in the south. All levels of early spring frost have increased since 2000. The IC2 of each early spring frost distribute with a minus-plus character. The mild positive value center of overall early spring frost is in the northwest Zhejiang, and middle Wenzhou is negative. The positive values of moderate early spring frost distribute in Jiaxing, east Huzhou, northeast Hangzhou and middle Wenzhou, and south Ningbo and north Taizhou is the negative center. The negative values of severe early spring frost distribute in west Huzhou and southwest Wenzhou, and other areas of Zhejiang are positive. During the 41 years, the mild spring frost displays a decreasing tendency while the moderate fluctuates-- decreased during 1970s and the second half 1980s and increased during the early 1980s, 1990s and after 2000. Severe early spring frost have no obvious tendency. The results could provide a scientific basis for Camellia sinensis production.

  Observation and comparison of leaves anatomy structures of wild Camellia sinensis from center of Guangxi 2014, 30 (10):  197-202.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-2111 Abstract + ( 753 )   PDF ( 3128976KB )   ( 417 ) The anatomy structures of leaves of 8 strains of wild Camellia sinensis from center of Guangxi were studied by paraffin-sectioning and optical microtechnique to analyze and compare the ability in resistance and potential productivity. All of the 8 strains showed marked resistance feature (including anti-drought, anti-cold, and anti-pest respectively) with a low productivity index. The strain of RB4 showed the strongest ability in resistance with a productivity index near to new varieties Yaoshanxiulv cultivated in Guangxi, followed by RB1, RB3, RB5, and RB8, respectively. The results could provide the anatomy foundation to the identification and cultivating of tea resources.

  Seed Dormancy and Germination in Endangered Plant Dysosm a versipellis(Hance ) M. Cheng) Liu YanQin 2014, 30 (10):  203-206.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-2283 Abstract + ( 713 )   PDF ( 517324KB )   ( 471 ) Seed of Dysosm a versipellis has the physiological characteristic of long dormancy and low germination in natural conditions.In o rder to investigate the characteristic of dormancy and find the mechanism of dormancy and the optimal method for breaking the dormancy of D. a versipellis seed,some methods such as isolated embryo cultures,soaking seed in GA3,and cold stratification was utilized.The results showed that seed coat and endosperm restriction, D. a versipellis aterf –ripping were principal reasons which caused dormancy.Soaking the seed in 400 mg.L-1 GA3 solution for 24h or cold stratification for 150d could break the dormancy.The optimal method was the 6-7℃stratification for 150d ,after this treatment,the germination percentage and power reached 88.5% and 30.4% respectively.

  Change Laws of Air Temperature in Sloping Fields Solar Greenhouse in Songshan Area of Chifeng City 2014, 30 (10):  207-211.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-2403 Abstract + ( 829 )   PDF ( 651277KB )   ( 477 ) The microclimate factors of in inside and outside greenhouse were observed to know civil wall greenhouse microclimate variation and improve facilities for agricultural meteorological service levels. The temperature, moisture, ground temperature and solar radiation in inside and outside greenhouse and inside model prediction were observed by using correlation analysis and stepwise regression method. The results showed that: (1) indoor temperature, humidity, soil temperature had obvious diurnal variation in summer and winter, and the greenhouse warming was higher in winter than in summer, which confirmed that greenhouse construction wall had a good thermal insulation effect; (2) with the depth increasing of soil layer, the soil temperature was decreased at 5 cm, 10 cm and 20 cm, and the peak value of soil temperature was lag 1 hour with the increasing of soil layer; (3) a positive relationship was found between greenhouse indoor temperature and indoor microclimate factors. The absolute error value of indoor temperature prediction was less than 1 ℃ in summer and winter and relative error was less than 10% by established indoor temperature prediction model in summer and winter.

  Ecological Adaptability of Three New Tobacco Varieties in the Tobacco Area of Anshun City 2014, 30 (10):  212-217.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-2143 Abstract + ( 787 )   PDF ( 521198KB )   ( 412 ) The ecological adaptability and quality of 3 new tobacco varieties (‘2010-6’, ‘A18’, ‘Guiyan-2’) were identified in Anshun to screen suitable tobacco varieties in Anshun. The results showed that all tested tobacco varieties were of excellent agronomic characters, strong resistance to diseases, good visual quality and smoking quality, which meets the demand of quality tobacco for raw material. Among the 3 new tobacco varieties, ‘Guiyan-2’ showed the best ecological adaptability, ‘2010-6’, ‘A18’ also showed better result than CK. It indicated that the tested 3 new tobacco varieties can introduced into Anshun City and further experiments on them were demanded.

  The Influence of Zinc and Boron on Tobacco Growth and Other Mineral Elements Accumulation 2014, 30 (10):  218-222.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-2434 Abstract + ( 833 )   PDF ( 1172190KB )   ( 1027 ) To investigate the safety of trace elements in soils, the greenhouse pot method was be used to study the soil effective content of zinc and boron on tobacco growing and other elements accumulation. The results showed that when the soil available zinc content reach 4.69 mg / kg or effective boron content reach 3.32 mg / kg, the tobacco plants might exhibit symptoms of poisoning; when soil zinc content is high, more zinc alloted to the leaves, and when the soil boron content is high, more boron distributed to the stem; boron could promote the accumulation of ferrum and magnesium, and inhibit the accumulation of calcium, zinc could promote the accumulation of copper, and inhibit the accumulation of ferrum.

  Effects of Potassium on the Growth, Quality and Potassium Accumulation of Different Brassica campestris L. ssp. pekinensis Varieties 2014, 30 (10):  223-226.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-2267 Abstract + ( 634 )   PDF ( 463004KB )   ( 408 ) In order to obtain the high yield and quality of Chinese cabbage under limited potassium resources using its hereditary feature, different varieties (‘Defeng 1’, ‘Degao 8’, ‘Fengkang 70’, ‘Dajiang 78’, ‘Julong 83-24’ and ‘Yiheqiu’) were studied in performances of growth and quality with two potassium levels (low potassium and high potassium). The results showed that, under the low potassium, the biomass and potassium accumulation of ‘Defeng 1’ were the highest. The biomass of Chinese cabbage treated by high potassium were higher significantly than that in low potassium except ‘Defeng 1’. Compared with the low potassium, potassium treatment increased the potassium accumulation, but the degree varied by variety, the changes of ‘Defeng 1’was the lowest. Potassium application increased the soluble protein and Vc contents, decreased nitrate content in all the Chinese cabbage cultivars. These results indicated that potassium could promote Chinese cabbage seedlings growth and enhance the nutritive quality, ‘Defeng 1’ had the strongest adaptability to low-potassium stress among the six Chinese cabbage varieties.

  Effect of Topdressing Potassium Chloride Fertilizer on Yield and Quality of Lettuce in Different Growth Periods 2014, 30 (10):  227-232.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-2504 Abstract + ( 840 )   PDF ( 480953KB )   ( 449 ) In order to study the effect of topdressing potassium chloride on the yield and quality of lettuce in different growth periods and provide scientific basis for the production of high yield and good quality of leaf vegetables, field experiments were set up to study effects of topdressing potassium chloride fertilizer on yield，quality and nutrient of lettuce in different growth periods. Results indicated that compared to basal application (CK2) treatment, yield of lettuce were reduced topdressing potassium fertilizers in different growth periods. Yield of lettuce were gradually reduced along with the change in lettuce growing periods applying potassium fertilizer, and yield reduction of lettuce were gradually increased with the period of applying potassium fertilizer shift after. Effect on vitamin C and amino acid content of lettuce leaf with different periods applying potassium fertilizer were different. The treatment of largest soluble sugar content of lettuce was basal application (CK2). But nitrate content of lettuce were reduced with topdressing potassium chloride fertilizer in different periods, chloride could inhibit the formation of NO3-_N and uptake of root. Applying potassium fertilizers in different periods on total nitrogen content of lettuce leaf had little change, the treatment of highest total nitrogen content of lettuce stem was basal application (CK2). And the treatment of highest total phosphorus and potassium content of lettuce was basal application (CK2). So potassium chloride as basal application improved nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium content. Total chloride content of lettuce was improved along with the period of applying potassium fertilizer shift after.

  Lactarius deliciosus Mycelium Culture and Artificial Cultivation 2014, 30 (10):  233-236.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-2022 Abstract + ( 1136 )   PDF ( 717379KB )   ( 1367 ) The experiment used 3 Lactarius deliciosus collected from GuiZhou and one from Southwestern University as material, PDA can be used to cultivate activation of fungi, Mading Shi can be used to choose the best carbon, nitrogen and pH. By observing the density, color and shape of mycelium, as well as tried dried weighing method to determine the optimal conditions, by comparing the various groups permented strains to determine the best fungi group. We put mycelium on different cultivars prescription, to determine the best cultivars prescription. Experiments showed that: Ld1 is the optimal strain fungi, it can produce large hyphae, PDA can preserve fungi better. The optimal carbon source is glucose, the optimal nitrogen sources is KNO3 and optimal PH is 6. Also with pine sawdust, wheat bran, cottonseed hulls made according to a certain proportion of cultivated species can provide best growth of Lactarius deliciosus .

  Analysis of the Impact of Climate Change on the Growth of Sanmenxia Apple 2014, 30 (10):  237-242.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-2270 Abstract + ( 756 )   PDF ( 621159KB )   ( 349 ) In order to study on the impact of climate change on the growth of Sanmenxia apple, the author used the apple planting base of Sanmenxia meteorological and phenological data, the climate tendency method, comparative method, to analyze the change trend of precipitation, temperature and main meteorological disasters on apple growth influence; according to the Sanmenxia apple growing environment to partition the area, combining with climate the division method, evaluation of the climate suitability score was done. The results showed that: in 40 years to apple planting area temperature showed a rising trend in general, the warming effect of apple florescence in advance, the precipitation showed a decreasing trend; the last 3 years district climate suitability differences, Zhongshan District and part of mountain apple planting area, other areas were suitable areas and sub suitable region. It was indicated that: the meteorological disaster effect on growth of apple: high temperature effect on apple quality plateau; low temperature and frost, hail to the Zhongshan apple growth of conspicuous; precipitation reduction caused by drought disaster frequency. Sanmenxia apple producing areas of climate suitability differences, meteorological disaster effects of different planting scale, future expansion was larger space.

  Effect of Long-term Biogas Residues Application on Soil Physicochemical and Apple Quality 2014, 30 (10):  243-246.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-2037 Abstract + ( 687 )   PDF ( 476988KB )   ( 482 ) A biomass energy loop utilization project (livestock→ livestock dung→ biogas digester→digestion liquid/ digester residues→ orchard soil) was conducted for five years in typical temperate agro-village of Jixian County in Linfen City, Shanxi Province. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of using bio-digestion waste derivatives five years on the physicochemical soil fertility and fruit quality in orchard-soil ecosystem field trials compared with using traditional synthetic fertilization. The results showed that application of bio-digestion waste derivatives induced statistically insignificant enhance apple quality with increased firmness and disaccharide content. The apple firmness and soluble sugar under biogas residues application treatment were increased by 6.3% and 4.7% than that treated with traditional synthetic fertilization. Moreover, the use of these products might stimulate soil fertility and nutrient mobilization from the soil, thereby increasing the use efficiency of soil minerals. The content of total phosphorus, available phosphorus, nitrate nitrogen, available Fe, Cu under biogas residues application treatment were increased by 59.7%, 97.1%, 67.1%, 24.2%, 45.5% than that treated with traditional synthetic fertilization(P<0.05). There were no significant different on dehydrogenase, cellulase and sucrase activities between two type fertilizer application treatments. But the use of biogas fertilizers resulted in the significant decreased by 44.7% and 32.9% in phosphatase and β-glucosidase activities (P<0.05) than that treated with traditional synthetic fertilization. It was clear that the use of biogas residues products as nutrient supply in agriculture should be stimulated to realize apple quality and soil nutrient development of agriculture.

  Analysis of Chilling Requirements and Suitable Covering Time of Cherry in Sunlight Greenhouse 2014, 30 (10):  247-250.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-2252 Abstract + ( 741 )   PDF ( 447502KB )   ( 614 ) Abstract: In order to study the less chilling requirements and optimal covering time of cherry in the sunlight house, a test of monitoring chilling requirements of cherry in the sunlight greenhouse was used. 3 sunlight greenhouses in the mountainous area of middle region of Shandong Province were selected. The meteorological elements such as temperature were observed from autumn to the end of cherry harvest. And combined the weather change outsides the greenhouse, the covering time of cherry in 3 different greenhouses were analyzed. The results showed that, in the monitoring of chilling requirements, the least chilling requirement of 7.2 models was 1070 hours, and the chilling requirement of 0~ 7.2 models was 484 hours. When the outside temperature drops to - 19.1℃, 30% of flower buds were frozen. The covering time of cherry should be selected before the strong cold air coming.

  Study on the Windbreak and Sand Fixation Effects of Windbreak in the Vineyard 2014, 30 (10):  251-254.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-2380 Abstract + ( 852 )   PDF ( 530257KB )   ( 638 ) To resolve the problem of soil wind erosion due to the viniculture on the sandy soil, the study on wind speed and wind erosion for the vineyard with the different material windbreak was presented by using the wind profiler and wind wheel. The result showed that vineyard windbreak can effectively reduce wind speed. Different effect on reducing wind speed was observed with the different windbreak material. Sorghum straw had the outstanding windbreak effect with the decline by 38.22% for wind speed. Different windbreak also had different effects of protecting soil. Sorghum straw had the outstanding sand fixation effect with the decrease by 68.43% for the amount of wind erosion, compared with the control. Vineyard windbreaks can windbreak and sand fixation, accompanied by the significant reduction for the damage of grape leaves and ear.

  Study on Adaptation of Introduction and Cutting Propagation of Tea in Fuping Mountainous Region of Hebei Province 2014, 30 (10):  255-258.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-2933 Abstract + ( 646 )   PDF ( 526548KB )   ( 459 ) In the paper 4 different varieties of tea (Long-Jing 43, Long-Jing Changye, Mao-Lv and Jiu-Keng zao) were used to study the feasibility of expanding south tea into Fuping mountainous region of Hebei Province. Moreover, the cutting propagation was conducted to Long-Jing 43 with stronger cold resistance. The results showed that there was a big difference among different varieties of cold resistance and adaptability in Fuping mountainous region of Hebei Province where elevation ranges 200-2000 m, annual average temperature ranges 12.7℃, and precipitation ranges 680.5 mm。Long-Jing 43 developed normally, could servive safely and showed good adaptability in plastic greenhouse. Followed by Long-Jing changye, Mao-lv. The cold hardiness of Jiu-Keng zao was the worst. Thus it can be seen that it was feasible to cultivate tea by selecting appropriate varieties in plastic greenhouse in Fuping mountainous region of Hebei Province. The study of cutting propagation showed that the influence was different among the different cutting soils to Long-jing 43. Peat supplemented with perlite was the best which the rooting rate was 86.2%. In addition, the effects of different types, concentrations and treatment times of hormone were different to rooting rate.

  Effects of Light Quality on Agronomic Characteristics of Bergenia emeiensis 2014, 30 (10):  259-263.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-2260 Abstract + ( 642 )   PDF ( 611884KB )   ( 456 ) Five light quality treatments were obtained by covering white, red, green, yellow and blue plastic films on the canopies above plants and their effects on the morphological and biomass characters of Bergenia emeiensis were researched during two years. The results showed that covering white film was beneficial for increasing plant height, plant width, leaf number, leaf length, leaf width and rhizome diameter while covering blue film was unsuitable for the increase of above characters. The results also showed that covering red, white and yellow films was favourite to increase leaf fresh weight and leaf dry weight while covering blue film would inhibit the increase of leaf fresh weight and leaf dry weight. There were no significant differences in rhizome biomass per plant and biomass per plant among five light quality treatments. From an integrated view of 12 morphological and biomass characters, covering white film was most suitable for the growth and accumulation of dry materials while covering blue film could significantly restrain the growth and accumulation of dry materials in B. emeiensis.

  Concentration Characteristics on Chemical Components of Different Vegetable Stumps 2014, 30 (10):  264-268.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-2087 Abstract + ( 943 )   PDF ( 495671KB )   ( 465 ) The chemical constituents of residues from cabbage, head of cabbage, celery, scallion, crowndaisy chrysanthemum, foeniculum, pakchoi, pepper, sweetbell pepper, carrot, garlic bolt, green bean and potato were determined in order to provide the basis for resource efficient utilization of vegetable residues. The results showed that in vegetable stumps the moisture content was 77.16- 96.83%, The C/N rate of vegetable residues was 8.3-18.6. The highest dry weight contents of major elements(N, P and K) were 7.18%(potato), the minimum was 3.91%（cabbage）.The highest contents of middle elements (Ca, Mg) were 2.24%(foeniculum). The highest contents of micro elements (Cu, Zn) were 5.87mg/kg(head of cabbage). 33.3% and 11.1% of the samples whose chromium content of potato and carrot exceeded the standard, the cadmium content in vegetable residue did not exceed the standard.

  An Investigation and Assessment on the Soil Fertility Status of Kiwi Fruit Orchards in Dujiangyan 2014, 30 (10):  269-275.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-2367 Abstract + ( 761 )   PDF ( 676784KB )   ( 685 ) For better understanding the soil fertility status of the kiwifruit orchards in the major production area of Dujiangyan region and evaluating soil environmental quality scientifically, this investigation selected nine orchards for soil sampling, and analyzed the soil pH, organic matter, and available N, P and K. Results showed that the soils were obviously approach acid. Soil organic matter was relatively abundant, and 70.7% of the soil samples were above 30 g/kg. Soil available N in 79.3% of the soil samples was above 120 mg/kg, and only 4.8% of them were low. Soil available P in 18.3% of the soil samples were in low status. Only 8.5% of the soil samples showed low Available K content. Overall, the spatial variability of orchard soil pH and organic matter were low, and available P and K distributed unevenly. Soil nutrient properties in some orchards were unbalanced. In addition, this survey showed that 56.1% of soil samples’ pH was less than 5.5, and the pH in 32.9% of the samples were suitable for kiwi fruit growth; 76.9% of soil samples’ available N was above 150 mg/kg; 62.2% of soil sample’s available P exceeded 50 mg/kg. Therefore, soil nutrient management of Kiwi fruit orchards should be improved. When applying fertilizer to kiwifruit orchard, we recommend that improving fertilization rates and the method to the need fertilizer law. Improve fertilizer utilization ratio to avoid non-point source pollution and soil environmental quality degradation of the orchards.

  A Comparative Study of the Main Horticultural Traits of Potted Hippeastrum vittatum in Guangzhou in Winter 2014, 30 (10):  276-282.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-2110 Abstract + ( 715 )   PDF ( 1084461KB )   ( 534 ) In this study, the seedballs of introduced 51 Hippeastrum vittatum varieties were planted in the greenhouse without heating in winter in Guangzhou, and some important traits including their florescence, plant height, scape length, scape number, flower number of single scape, corolla breadth of single scape, flower color, flower size, petal number and aroma were investigated and compared. The results revealed that, great variations of traits existed in these 51 Hippeastrum vittatum varieties; flowers and leaves of 32 varieties grew synchronously, nevertheless, flowers and leaves of the remained 19 ones grew with no synchronization. These results can be used as important criterion to production in winter and new variety breeding of Hippeastrum vittatum in South China.

  Study on Application of Game Theory in the City Water Theme Park 2014, 30 (10):  283-286.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-2393 Abstract + ( 626 )   PDF ( 720874KB )   ( 520 ) According to the city water theme park landscape design convergence situation, introducing Huizinga ‘s Game Theory, the people in the water theme park in the behavior is defined as the place of "game"。The participants' cultural background, social experience, knowledge, beliefs and other aspects of the differences, set the appreciation mode, play mode, experience mode and participation mode four accepts the way, it proposed a new waterscape design: Water theme park landscape design should focus on people, pay attention to spiritual pursuit of human nature, pays attention to person's point of view, the "real people" life of manufacturing experience, emotional satisfaction, cultural baptism for a temporary step, achieve inner balance. In Chengdu city living water park landscape design as an example, interpretation of characteristics of the game features of expression, providing practical reference for city water theme park design.

  Research Progress of Brown Rot Fungi in Lignocellulose Degradation 2014, 30 (10):  287-293.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-3324 Abstract + ( 914 )   PDF ( 689889KB )   ( 1233 ) In order to study the role of brown rot fungi in lignocellulose degradation, the author summarized brown rot fungi pretreatment of lignocellulose, biodegradation, biomass conversion and fermentative capability for its application in production, and found that its great potential in environmental value and biotechnology. Brown rot fungi, however, in biodegradation and bioconversion researches was single and lack of systematic. Therefore, the degradation of lignocellulose and utilization should be strengthen, which provides the theoretical foundation for its application in the future.

  Investigation of pests and diseases occurrence and pesticide application status in main production areas of Panax ginseng 2014, 30 (10):  294-298.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-1593 Abstract + ( 843 )   PDF ( 654114KB )   ( 552 ) The aim was to get the firsthand information of the occurring of diseases and pests, the damaging status and pesticides application on ginseng at ginseng main producing areas in Liaoning, Jilin and Heilongjiang Province of China. Investigation was carried out by questionnaires, scientific and technical training, and direct inquiry to individual ginseng planters, managers of ginseng planting cooperation, and professionals of agriculture etc. Ginseng farmers generally regard that spring and summer were the high seasons of diseases and pests. However, farmers paid not enough attention to autumn, especially the period between later autumn and early winter, and which was the critical period to prevent and kill overwintering pests and pathogens. Diseases prevailing at ginseng main producing areas of China were ginseng black spot, ginseng sclerotinia, ginseng erythrodermic, ginseng root rot diseases, etc., and the pesticide used was mainly mancozeb. Pests prevailed were mainly elateridae and cutworm, and the pesticide used was mainly phoxim. Unscientific and nonstandard use of pesticides would probably enhance the resistance of pests and pathogens to pesticides, and which would influence the further control of pathogens and pests effectively. Through the investigation, occurrence and damaging status of pests and diseases prevailing in P. ginseng, and also pesticides applied in the field were well known, and which provided valuable reference for further research.

  Isolation and Pathotype Monitoring of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola Population in Anhui Province 2014, 30 (10):  299-302.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-2637 Abstract + ( 829 )   PDF ( 777968KB )   ( 373 ) In order to ascertain pathotypes of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola population and their distribution in Anhui Province, bacterial isolates were recovered from diseased leaves of rice plants associated with bacterial leaf streak located in different regions in Anhui Province using the plate dilution methods, and strains of X. oryzae pv. oryzicola were identified by PCR detection. With six differential rice varieties (IRBB5, IRBB14, IR24, IRBB4, IRBB21 and ‘Jingang30’), the virulence differentiation of X. oryzae pv. oryzicola population was identified by the inoculation methods of leaf-needling at adult stage. The results showed that a total of 72 bacterial isolates were obtained and identified as X. oryzae pv. oryzicola, and there were significant difference of virulence among these strains of X. oryzae pv. oryzicola from different regions in Anhui Province. The strains with strong virulence and weak pathogenicity existed in the population of the pathogen, and most strains were found weak interaction between bacterial strains and rice varieties, but the minority of the strains was specific interaction significantly. Six pathotypes (Ⅰ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ, Ⅳ, Ⅴ and Ⅵ) were classified according to their virulence differences on 6 differential rice varieties. It can be concluded that the virulence difference was obvious among X. oryzae pv. oryzicola population in Anhui Province, and the virulence of X. oryzae pv. oryzicola population is relative to the origin of strains.

  PCR Detection of Citrus Huanglongbing Pathogen in Yueyang of Hunan Province 2014, 30 (10):  303-306.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-2360 Abstract + ( 915 )   PDF ( 768434KB )   ( 428 ) In recent years, diseased plants of citrus have been found in Yueyang County, Hunan Province. The symptoms of the diseased trees include leaf mottle, small fruit and stunting, serious whole wither. The symptom is similar to citrus Huanglongbing. In order to make a definite diagnosis of this disease, take the control measure in time, this research employed PCR technology detecting the disease. The PCR test results suggested that, Guanximiyou pomelos of Yueyang Huarong Nanshan County and Huarong Shenfeng County and Huarong Xihu County were infected by citrus Huanglongbing Pathogen. The Guanximiyou pomelos came from Hujian Province. In Chunfeng Garden Matang County, citrus topworked by Guangximiyou polemo was infected by citrus Huanglongbing Pathogen, but untopworked citrus reticulata Blanco cv. miyamoto was uninfected. Citrus from Yueyang was not infected by citrus Huanglongbing Pathogen. Citrus Huanglongbing pathogen was by detected from the citrus in Yueyang, that was the first discovered. Citrus Huanglongbing pathogen was from Guanximiyou pomelo of Hujian Province. Citrus Huanglongbing pathogen infect citrus by topworking and importing disease.A little citrus were infected by citrus Huanglongbing in Yueyang. Diseased citrus were Guanximiyou polemo from Fujian Province and citrus reticulata Blanco cv. miyamoto base stock, other citrus were not infected by citrus Huanglongbing pathogen in Yueyang.

  Identification of the Pathogen Causing Pitaya Stem Disease 2014, 30 (10):  307-311.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-2157 Abstract + ( 1341 )   PDF ( 818318KB )   ( 1294 ) The incidence of stem disease occurring on pitaya was investigated in the plantation of the southwest region of Guizhou Province, and the corresponding pathogen was identified. The result showed that the stem disease incidence was about 10%-20%, and the pathogen was identified as Epicoccum nigrum with its microscopic observation and molecular identification. This was the first report of the hazard of Epicoccum nigrum on pitaya.

  Study on Residual Analytical Method of Pyraclostrobin in Fruits and Soil 2014, 30 (10):  312-315.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-2310 Abstract + ( 623 )   PDF ( 1048711KB )   ( 608 ) To efficiently monitor the residues of fruits, a simple and fast residual analytical method of pyraclostrobin in apples and soil was established. The mixed solution of ethyl acetate and acetone was utilized to extract the pyraclostrobin in samples. After nitrogen blowing to nearly dry, methanol was added to dissolve the residue and then the supernatant was detected by HPLC-UV. The results showed that under the additional level of 0.01-5.0 mg/kg, the recovery rates of pyraclostrobin in apples and soil were 86.7%-98.2% and 79.8%-90.5% with the RSD of 0.01%-4.1% and 0.2%-2.5% respectively. The LOD was 0.01 mg/kg. The method was simple, rapid and less interference. The sensitivity and accuracy of the proposed method were fit for analysis of pesticide residue in fruits and soil.

  Effect of Exogenous Silicon Application and Irrigation Methods on Powdery Mildew of Poa pratensis 2014, 30 (10):  316-320.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-3139 Abstract + ( 1316 )   PDF ( 580881KB )   ( 673 ) In order to explore the controlling of powdery mildew disease on Poa pratensis from the silicon application and irrigation point of view, this indoor potted experiment was carried out to study the effect of application of silicon and root irrigation on powdery mildew disease of Poa pratensis. The results showed that root irrigation had insignificant as well as differential inhibitory effect on powdery mildew disease of Poa pratensis, and increased disease for those in grave conditions (for the gramineous grass while the disease was serious, root irrigation would aggravate the disease severity). The external application of SiO2 could significantly decrease the disease index and the disease severity(P＜0.05). With the increase of the silicon materials input, the disease severity decreased within the concentration of silicon (0, 31, 92, 275 mg/m2) set up in experiment. Key words: Poa pratensis; soluble silicon; root irrigation; powdery mildew; disease index.