Abstract: In order to explore the effects of different planting years on soil structure in vegetable fields and provide feasible strategies of soil fertility to government, in this paper, different planting years of vegetable fields (1 year, 5 years, 10 years) were chosen according to ecosystems in Vegetable Base of Baishiyi Town, in Chongqing. Contents of water-stable aggregates in soil layers were measured for studying soil structure characteristics and compositive difference of soil aggregates. Results showed that, water-stable aggregates content, composition and stability are quite different among the soil of different planting years. For 0-20 cm soil layer, water-stable aggregates content of 1-0.25 mm, > 3 mm and > 5 mm were all appeared as 1 year > 5 years > 10 years, 20-40 cm soil layer had similar changes, showing that with the increase of planting years, water-stable aggregates content decreases gradually. For 0-20 cm soil layer, the rate of > 0.25 mm soil aggregate damage was 27.78%, the rate of > 3 mm and > 5 mm soil aggregate damage was as high as 49.86%, 58.74% respectively, the same as 20-40 cm soil layer. The experimental results showed that with increase of planting years, soil aggregate damage rate was increased, soil structure stability was reduced. Correlation analysis showed that there was a remarkable negative relevant relationship between soil organic matter content and planting years, the average damage rate (correlation coefficient was -0.880*, - 0.897*, n=6), a stable positive relationship between soil organic matter content and > 0.25 mm water stable aggregates content, > 3 mm water- stable aggregates content, > 5 mm water stable aggregates content,3~1mm water- stable aggregates content，1~0.25mm water- stable aggregates content (correlation coefficient was0.897*, 0.868*, 0.859*, 0.835*, 0.829*, n=6), and a stable positive relationship between MWD and > 0.25 mm water stable aggregates content (correlation coefficient was 0.985**, n=6). Showing that with the increase of planting years, soil organic matter content reduced, water -stable aggregates content increases, the average damage rate gradually increased. The more > 0.25 mm water stable aggregates content get, the more the value of the soil mean weight diameter (MWD) increased, the stronger the stability of soil aggregates became. The organic matter content is responsible at a certain extent for the contents and stability of purple soil water-stable aggregates.