Current issue

• 2015 Vol.31 No.13 Published:02 June 2015

  Polyploidy Induction of Pteroceltis tatarinowii Maxim. 张 林 and 王峰 2015, 31 (13):  1-4.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb14110155 Abstract + ( 1237 )   PDF ( 791KB )   ( 425 ) In order to obtain tetraploid Pteroceltis tatarinowii Maxim. with excellent ornamental traits, the young seedlings were used as materials, the stem apex growing point of Pteroceltis tatarinowii Maxim. was treated with different concentrations of colchicine solution at different hours to figure out the induction effects. The results showed that: the most effective induction was obtained by 0.6%-0.8% colchicine treatment for 72 h with 34.2% mutation rate. By flow cytometric appraisal and chromosome observation of the stem apex growing point of Pteroceltis tatarinowii Maxim., the tetraploid plants were successfully obtained with the chromosome number 2n=4x=36.

  Study on Rapid and High-efficiency Germination of Idesia polycarpa Maxim Seeds 2015, 31 (13):  5-9.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-2460 Abstract + ( 1243 )   PDF ( 573KB )   ( 594 ) Idesia polycarpa Maxim is an energy tree species with important broad application prospects. However，the poor and slow germination under natural conditions has affected its popularization and application seriously. In order to improve the efficiency of germination, the author researched the influencing factors of seed sterilization and germination, different disinfectant types (HgCl2, H2O2), disinfectant time and methods (H2SO4, ultrasonic treatment, cold stratification). The results showed that the treatment with 70% ethanol plus 10 min 30% hydrogen peroxide could get 90% germination rate and had no contamination within 15 days; also, the treatment with 5-10 min 20% hydrogen peroxide in combination with cold stratification could get 78% germination rate within 22 days.

  Preliminary Report on Introduction Trial Plantation of Oil-tea Camellia in Thailand 2015, 31 (13):  10-13.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb14110166 Abstract + ( 986 )   PDF ( 478KB )   ( 533 ) To clarify the adaptability of different oil-tea camellia species in tropical area, the introduction of oil-tea camellia in Chiang Mai province of Thailand was conducted and preliminary evaluated. The results showed that the C. vietnamensis and C. gaucowensis were most adaptable and the average survival rate were 92.5% and 92.7% respectively, secondly were, C. octopetala, C. polyodonta and C. oleifera and their survival rate were 40.0%, 66.7% and 46.6%, respectively. The C. semiserrata, C. mairei and C. chekiangoleosa were not successful in Thailand and they can not be planted in tropical area. In addition, the elevation was an important factor which could affect the growth of oil-tea camellia in tropical area. The survival rate, height, ground diameter, canopy and branching were quite different in trial sites with different elevation and the survival rate of C. oleifera, C. mairei, C. octopetala and C. semiserrata were higher in high elevation trial sites. The canopy of C. oleifera, C. mairei, C. octopetala and C. polyodonta were smaller in lower elevation trial sites. This study provided guidance of oil-tea camellia application and plantation in tropical area.

  Research on Relationship Between Cold-Resistance and Soluble Protein and Sugar of Corylus heterophylla×Corylus avellana Branches 2015, 31 (13):  14-18.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb14120075 Abstract + ( 1011 )   PDF ( 531KB )   ( 536 ) The paper aims to speed up the cold-tolerance breeding of Corylus heterophylla× Corylus avellana in Shanxi Province, deeply explore Corylus heterophylla× Corylus avellana cold-tolerance resources, provide a theoretical breeding basis for the Corylus heterophylla × Corylus avellanas. 8 main cultivated Corylus heterophylla× Corylus avellana varieties including‘85-28’,‘Davey’,‘Bokehong’,‘B-11’,‘Yuzhui’,‘84-72’, ‘Kuixiang’and‘Liaozhen 3’were used as test materials. Content of soluble protein and sugar of 1 a mature branches of the 8 varieties were tested, and difference analysis was discussed, so as to study relationship between the content of protein, sugar and cold resistance combined with open-field overwintering test. Results showed that during the main low-temperature stage of the dormant period, soluble protein and sugar content of different varieties displayed an increasing tendency, yet varieties with strong cold- resistance had great increasing extent compared with that of varieties with weak cold-resistance, and the content of soluble protein and sugar was positively correlated with cold resistance in Corylus heterophylla× Corylus avellana. The order of cold resistance from strong to weak for the 8 tested varieties was as follows:‘B-11’,‘Davey’,‘85-28’, ‘84-72’,‘Liaozhen 3’,‘Yuzhui’,‘Bokehong’and‘Kuixiang’, which was almost the same as the result of freezing damage investigation of different Corylus heterophylla× Corylus avellana varieties.

  Spatial Variation of the Taxol Content in Taxus chinensis var. mairei 2015, 31 (13):  19-22.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb14110076 Abstract + ( 992 )   PDF ( 572KB )   ( 554 ) The study on spatial distribution of taxol in plant could provide a scientific basis for reasonable development of Taxus chinensis plant resource. This study investigated the paclitaxel content in leaves, barks and branches of different periods and the taxol content in the leaves under light condition in a plant of Taxus chinensis var. mairei, with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The results showed that the taxol content in the bark (11-17 mg/kg) gradually increased, taxol content in branches (13-18 mg/kg) and leaves (4-14 mg/kg) decreased with accumulated time. The taxol content in the bark of the new branches (18 mg/kg) and in new needles (14 mg/kg) was higher than that in old ones. And taxol content in the leaves under light condition (26 mg/kg) was significantly higher than that in dark condition (2 mg/kg). For industrial extraction of taxol, it suggests that new branches and leaves which are renewable and have high biomass could be used to get more products of taxol.

  Effect of Putrescine on Hormone and Flavonoid Accumulation in Betula platyphylla Suspension Cultured Cells 2015, 31 (13):  23-29.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb14120015 Abstract + ( 1465 )   PDF ( 803KB )   ( 491 ) The aim was to analyze the effect of exogenous putrescine on hormone and flavonoid accumulation in Betula platyphylla suspension cultured cells. Various concentrations of putrescine and exogenous hormone were added to the eight-day-old suspension cultured cells, the content of flavonoid, ABA, JA, IAA and ZR were analyzed by UV spectrophotometer and ELISA. Both exogenous putrescine and hormone treatment increased the content of flavonoid in birch suspension cultured cells. Among them, the highest flavonoid content was induced by 1 mmol/L putrescine for 24 h, the increasing rate was 97.90% . Among the hormone treatment, the highest flavonoid content was induced by 1 mg ABA induction for 24 h, the increasing rate was 103.40%. The joint treatment of putrescine and hormone increased much more flavonoid content than that of control or putrescine treatment. The highest flavonoid content was induced by 1 mmol/L putrescine and 5 mg/L JA, the increasing rate was 197.43% and 103.57% compared with control and putrescine treatment, respectively. At the same time, putrescine increased the content of IAA and ZR, but decreased the content of ABA and JA. To further analyze the correlation, we found the correlation between hormones or hormone ratio with flavonoid content was different, JA treatment showed the highest change from -0.883 to 0.903. It can be inferred that the interaction between putrescine and hormone (ABA, JA, IAA and ZR) regulated the flavonoid production in Betula platyphylla suspension cultured cells.

  Effects of Biochar Replacing Peat in Culture Media on the Growth of Dendrobium officinale 2015, 31 (13):  30-35.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb14120043 Abstract + ( 767 )   PDF ( 751KB )   ( 621 ) In order to improve the utilization rate of agriculture and forestry residues, and reduce consumption of peat resources, a pot experiment was carried out by using bamboo biochar from bamboo chip carbonization as alternative substrate partly replacing peat. A completely randomized block design was chosen in the experiment, with pine bark+ peat as the control group, and 3%, 6% and 10% of bamboo biochar substitution addition as the experimental group, respectively, which aimed to study the effects of different substrates on the growth of Dendrobium officinale. The results showed that there was no significant difference in yield, plant height, stem diameter, section spacing, leaf length, leaf width, root number and root length of Dendrobium officinalunder among 3% and 6% biochar alternative compared with the control treatment. However, the plant height, section spacing, section number, leaf number of Dendrobium officinale were significantly decreased with 10% amount of biochar alternative. Furthermore, the number of bud with 6% amount of biochar replacement was increased by 24.13%, while the survival rate was the lowest. Overall, in the short term, 3% amount of biochar alternative could be a new matrix to planting Dendrobium officinale, which can offer reference for the biochar utilization in crop cultivation, but the long-term effect about its utilization still needs to be further studied.

  Effects of Salt Stress on the Growth and Nutritional Metabolism of Two Dark Septate Endophyte (DSE) Fungus D575 and D377 2015, 31 (13):  36-42.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1819 Abstract + ( 861 )   PDF ( 929KB )   ( 948 ) The paper aims to research the salt resistance of dark septate endophyte (DSE) fungus. Mycology and biochemistry methods were adopted to research the salt tolerance of two dark septate endophyte fungus D377 and D575. The results showed that: under the stresses of NaCl and Na2SO4, the growth and nutritional metabolism were significantly correlated to salt concentrations. Under low salt concentration stress (CNaCl≤0.2 mol/L and CNa2SO4 ≤0.2 mol/L), the inhibitions on strain growth and utilization rates of carbon and phosphorus were lower, and had no significant different compared to control. Under the high salt concentration stress (CNaCl≥0.3 mol/L and CNa2SO4 ≥0.3 mol/L), the inhibitions on strain growth and utilization rates of carbon and phosphorus were higher. DSE strain D575 had a better salt tolerance than D377.

  Effects of PP333 Concentration on Growth and Development of Tobacco Seedlings 2015, 31 (13):  43-48.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb14100036 Abstract + ( 754 )   PDF ( 674KB )   ( 697 ) With‘Xiangyan 3’as experimental material, effects of PP333 application on the strong seedling cultivation in flue-tobacco were studied. Tobacco seedlings were treated with different concentrations of PP333 when the plants were at the three to four leaves stage, the agronomic traits and physiological characteristics were tested. The results showed that the plant height and the maximal leaf area decreased obviously, the stem diameter, root- shoot ratio and dry- fresh ratio increased with the use of PP333; while the root activity, chlorophyll and soluble sugar content of tobacco seedlings were enhanced extremely significant, the activities of SOD and POD were improved obviously, the level of MDA reduced. The comprehensive characteristics of tobacco seedlings were the best while the seedlings were treated with 100 mg/L PP333. Compared with the CK, the plant height and the maximal leaf area decreased 3.2 cm and 17.7 cm2, respectively; the stem diameter, root-shoot ratio, dry-fresh ratio increased by 12.1%, 56.1% and 24.7%, respectively; the root activity, the content of chlorophyll and soluble sugar increased by 50.8%, 41.9% and 33.0%, respectively; SOD and POD were enhanced by 0.38 and 0.32 times; MDA reduced 1.687 nmol/g. In conclusion, the application of PP333 could effectively inhibit the growth of the aerial part, promote the growth of roots, make the root grow in harmony with the aerial part, and was beneficial to cultivate healthy seedlings.

  Effects of Simulated Precipitation of Different Yunnan Tobacco Planting Area on Tobacco δ13C Values and Phyto-physiological Indicators 2015, 31 (13):  49-55.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb14100079 Abstract + ( 896 )   PDF ( 758KB )   ( 453 ) In order to investigate the effects of different precipitation of Yunnan tobacco growing areas on field cultivation of tobacco, based on average rainfalls of 34 years (1971-2004) of Yunnan tobacco growing areas, four sites including Dongchuan District of Kunming City (the average rainfalls≤500 mm), Jiangchuan County (500-700 mm), Hongta District (500-700 mm) of Yuxi City and Pu’er County of Nin’er City (≥1100 mm) were chosen because their rainfall were gradually increased from north to south. According to their average rainfalls of 34 years, tobacco‘Yunyan 87’was planted with simulated rainfalls in tunnel house in Zhaowei flue-cured tobacco test base (24°18′N, 102°29′E, 1645 m a.s.l.) of Hongta area. With non-tunnel house planted tobaccos as control(CK), the effects of different simulated precipitation of 4 sites on the tobacco leaf δ13C values and phyto- physiological indicators (PPI) and their correlation were investigated. The results showed that the mean of five treatedδ13C value of tobacco leaves ranged from -26.99‰ to -25.34‰, and the values of leavesδ13C changed as follows: Jiangchuan(T2)＞Dongchuan(T1)＞Puer(T3)＞Zhaowei(T4)＞CK(T5). As for PPI, leaf mass per area-leaf (LMAL), chlorophyll content (Chl), malondialdehyde content (MDA), flavonoid content (FC) and soluble protein content (SPC) were selected to be determined. The LMAL of five treatments have no significant change, however the maximum Chl was found in CK, while that of T4, T1, T2 gradually decreased, and minimum Chl was found in T3; for MDA, T4 was the highest, and the order was T4＞T3＞T2＞ T1＞CK; for FC of tobacco, the order was T4＞T2＞T3＞T1＞CK; and for SPC of tobacco, the order was T4＞T3＞ T2＞CK＞T1. Further statistical analysis showed that tobacco leaf δ13C values had a remarkably positive correlation with SPC and total carbon respectively, and a positive correlation with the MDA and the entire nitrogen respectively with relatively weak relevance, while leafδ13C values had negative correlation with the FC and the ratio of carbon/ nitrogen respectively with very weak relevance. Among all treatment, T2 (Jiangchuan) displayed the strongest adaptability to climate with better growth and development under the moderate rainfall condition.

  Effect of nitrogen fertilizer combined with soil conditioner on fertility characteristics and yield-quality of flue-cured tobacco 2015, 31 (13):  56-61.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb14110158 Abstract + ( 1245 )   PDF ( 499KB )   ( 429 ) In order to provide theoretical and technical basis for reasonable application of nitrogen fertilizer and soil improvement of flue-cured tobacco, influence of nitrogen fertilizer combined with soil conditioner on yield, leaf-value, proportion of superior tobacco, NPK content in tobacco leaves, quality indicators content, soil available NPK content were studied through field experiment. Results showed that, no application of soil conditioner and application of soil conditioner both increased tobacco leaf yield and leaf-value with nitrogen application rate increase; average price and proportion of superior tobacco both showed a parabola change trend, which was the highest with the nitrogen application rate of 45.0 and 67.5 kg/hm2, respectively; with the same nitrogen rate, application of soil conditioner could obtain higher yield and value of flue-cured tobacco than those without the application of soil conditioner, but when nitrogen application rate was more than 67.5 kg/hm2, it reduced average price and proportion of superior tobacco. In dome period and mature period, no application of soil conditioner and application of soil conditioner significantly increased nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium content in leaf of flue-cured tobacco with nitrogen application rate increase. With the same nitrogen rate, compared to no application of soil conditioner, application of soil conditioner increased nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium content in leaf of flue-cured tobacco, decreased content of chlorine ion in middle leaf and upper leaf, increased available NPK amount in soil. In this experiment, under nitrogen application rate of 67.5- 90.0 kg/hm2 combined with soil conditioner application of 30.0 kg/hm2, the ability of soil supplied nutrient was strong, tobacco leaf quality was good, tobacco leaf yield and leaf-value were very high, which was 2487-2588 kg/hm2 and 43538-44202 yuan/hm2, respectively.

  Impact of Ecological Conditions, Varieties, Cultivation Measures and Their Interactions on the Main Chemical Components of Flue-cured Tobacco 2015, 31 (13):  62-66.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb14120167 Abstract + ( 1485 )   PDF ( 498KB )   ( 457 ) In order to indicate the effects of ecological conditions, varieties, cultivation measures and their interactions on reducing-sugar, nicotine and total nitrogen contents of flue-cured tobacco leaf, the differences of chemical components from different grade were investigated in Henan, Shandong and Shaanxi. The experiments showed the following results: the CV of the main chemical composition of flue-tobacco was the largest between ecological conditions, and least between varieties, cultivation measures. The effects of ecological conditions, varieties, cultivation measures and their interactions on reducing- sugar, nicotine and total nitrogen were significant. But their contribution rates were different. Ecological contribution rate was 53.92%, 24.33% and 77.41%, respectively, while the contribution rate of varieties, cultivation measures and their interactions were small. Rainfall and sunshine hours in tobacco vigorous growth stage and tobacco mature stage were major climate factors closely related to the contents of reducing-sugar, nicotine of tobacco leaves during their growth period. And, sunshine hours in tobacco rooting stage, vigorous growth stage and mature stage were the climate factors related to the contents of total nitrogen. Above all, effects of ecological conditions on the chemical composition of tobacco leaves are greater than that of the varieties and cultivation measures. Ecological conditions are the main factors that affect the chemical components contents of tobacco leaves. Rainfall and sunshine hours are the main factors closely related to the contents of tobacco chemical components during the whole tobacco growth periods.

  Different effects of alginic acid and KH2PO4 on flowering time and leaf quality of tobacco 2015, 31 (13):  67-71.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-2277 Abstract + ( 926 )   PDF ( 475KB )   ( 647 ) In order to research the early flowering caused by cold in high latitude tobacco field, alginic acid and KH2PO4, both increase cold resistance of plants, are used to spray tobacco leaves to investigate flowering time, leaf quality and quantities. Results showed that alginic acid and KH2PO4 delayed flowering time of tobacco 8 and 5 days, respectively. The total contents of aroma components in flue-cured tobacco leaves are not obviously affected by both treatments. The maximum production is got from alginic acid treated field, and the quantity is 2100 kg/hm2, increase 16.67% than normal field. The medium and fine levels of flue-cured tobacco leaves account for 97.86% of total production, is 3.7 percent higher than normal levels.

  Establishment of Tissue Culture Regeneration System of leaf Lettuce 2015, 31 (13):  72-75.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb14110036 Abstract + ( 721 )   PDF ( 904KB )   ( 488 ) In order to meet market demand, tissue culture technology is needed to lift the seasonal constrains of leaf lettuce production, and industrial mass production of the vegetable can satisfy people’ s daily need. In this study PS11 of leaf lettuce was used as test material, aseptic seedling was bred from the seeds; MS culture medium was used as basic culture medium with supplemental different concentrations of 6- BA and NAA. Through the callus induction, bud differentiation and rooting, a fast and efficient regeneration system of leaf lettuce was established. The results showed that: the best medium for callus differentiation was MS+0.2 mg/L 6-BA+0.4 mg/L NAA, the callus induction rate reached 100%, and the budding rate reached 71.6%.

  Cytological Observation on Anther Development of Cytoplasmic Male Sterility Line 105A in Brassica napus L. 2015, 31 (13):  76-80.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb14120025 Abstract + ( 879 )   PDF ( 1730KB )   ( 545 ) The paper aims to understand and reveal the stage of pollen abortion and the cytological character sterile of CMS 105A, and prove the basic data for studying the CMS of Brassica napus on the molecule level. Observation of anther in Brassica napus cytoplasmic male sterility line 105A and its restoring line was made by means of paraffin section method in order to determine the time when the anther development was inhibited and the sterile mode. It indicated that: one part of 105A anther development was inhibited at the time of sporogenous cell stage, the other part was inhibited at the stage of uninucleic pollen. The hypertrophic tapetal cells were abnormal enlarged, the disintegrated tapetum cells infiltrated into the location around the pollen mother cells and conglutinated with the pollen mother cells. The tapetum cells disaggregated with protoplasm shrinking and degraded into densely stained mass, they occupied too much space and compressed the microspores and caused the sterility of pollen grains.

  Effect of 0.0075% Brassinolide Water Aqua on Regulating Growth and Quality in Pakchoi 2015, 31 (13):  81-84.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb14110145 Abstract + ( 993 )   PDF ( 500KB )   ( 902 ) The paper aims to study the effect of 0.0075% brassinolideWA on growth and quality of pakchoi. A series of concentrations of 0.0075% brassinolideWA were sprayed at pakchoi seedling and growth stages. The result showed that the features of growth such as plant height, leaf width and quantity and plant biomass significantly increased after using different concentration of 0.0075% brassinolideWA. Compared with the control, the reproduction increased about 8.42%- 17.41% . The quality of pakchoi such as the content of vitamin C, soluble sugar and soluble protein also significantly increased whereas the content of crude fiber significantly reduced after using different concentrations of 0.0075% brassinolideWA. The content of crude fiber reduced from 1.12% of the control to 0.83%. The physiological indicators of pakchoi reached the better level and had no difference from the best when using 0.075 mg/kg of 0.0075% brassinolideWA. Therefore, the concentrations of 0.050-0.075 mg/kg were recommended to use in the field.

  Effectiveness of Stanley Water Soluble Fertilizer on Greenhouse Celery 卞会涛,岳玉苓,赵玉平 and 彭玉净 2015, 31 (13):  85-89.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb14100134 Abstract + ( 1113 )   PDF ( 508KB )   ( 732 ) In order to compare the fertilizer efficiency of water soluble fertilizer and traditional sulphur based fertilizer, greenhouse experiments were conducted to study the effects of 20-20-20 water soluble fertilizer of Stanley, urea and 15-15-15 sulfur fertilizer on celery. The results showed that the celery plant height was the highest under the 20-20-20 water soluble fertilizer of Stanley treatment during the whole growth period, and when harvested, the plant height was 12.9% and 4.0% higher than those under urea and 15-15-15 sulfur fertilizer treatments, respectively. The fresh weight, theoretical yield of celery treated by 20- 20- 20 water soluble fertilizer of Stanley were significantly higher than those of other treatments, the theoretical yield was 81.7% higher than that under urea treatment, and 15.7% higher than that under 15-15-15 sulfur fertilizer treatment. The economic income of celery treated by 20-20-20 water soluble fertilizer of Stanley was also the highest, increased 36765 yuan/hm2 than urea treatment (increase rate was 98.7%) and increased 9840 yuan/hm2 than 15-15-15 sulfur fertilizer treatment (increase rate was 15.3%). The results indicate that although the application of water soluble fertilizer costs greatly, its efficiency is also the highest.

  Breeding Status and Research Progress on Related Molecular Markers of Hawthorn in China 2015, 31 (13):  90-94.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb14120077 Abstract + ( 641 )   PDF ( 504KB )   ( 875 ) Hawthorn (Crataegus spp.) is an important plant of the Rosaceae family. There are abundant hawthorn germplasms in China and many varieties are selected. But the germplasm research of hawthorn is always dominated by the traditional classification and research methods are relatively backward. Breeding methods are mainly clonal selection and appear to be single. To better carry out the Chinese hawthorn classification and breeding research, the breeding condition and application of molecular markers in variety identification, genetic diversity and origin of evolution are briefly summarized in this paper. And hawthorn germplasm research and breeding in the future are also brought forward.

  Anatomical Research on Leaves and Branches of Apple Cultivars Grafted on Different Interstocks in Relation to Dwarf Potentiality 2015, 31 (13):  95-99.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-2031 Abstract + ( 645 )   PDF ( 723KB )   ( 736 ) In this study, the rootstock was Malus micromalus, 5 interstocks were M26, SH1, Y-1, Y-B094 and Y- C002, respectively,‘Fuji Nagafu No.2’grafted on 5 interstocks was taken as material. Anatomical structures of the leaves and branches were compared using permanent paraffin section and optical microscopy. The results showed that there were differences among epidermis thickness, palisade tissue thickness, spongy tissue thickness, palisade tissue/ spongy tissue ratios, and leaf thickness of‘Fuji Nagafu No.2’leaves grafted on 5 different interstocks. There was a positive correlation between palisade tissue thickness and dwarf potentiality, Y- 1, M26 and Y- B094 showed dwarf, SH1 showed semi- dwarf, and Y- C002 tended to be standard. There were also differences among cross-sectional diameter, cortical thickness, phloem thickness, xylem thickness, xylem thickness/ phloem thickness, pith diameter of‘Fuji Nagafu No.2’branches grafted on 5 different interstocks. There was a positive correlation between xylem thickness / phloem thickness ratio and dwarf potentiality, the dwarfing ability of 5 interstocks was in an order as: Y-B094 ＞Y-1 ＞ M26 ＞SH1 ＞ Y- C002, consistent with actual field performance. Different interstocks influenced structures of leaves and branches of aboveground scion, thereby affected their physiological metabolism, and demonstrated standard or dwarf traits.

  Establishment of Adventitious Shoot Regeneration System from Leaves of 4 Pomegranate Cultivars in Vitro 2015, 31 (13):  100-107.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb14100049 Abstract + ( 949 )   PDF ( 1619KB )   ( 1106 ) Studies were carried out in order to improve regeneration rate of pomegranate leaves, increase the number of adventitious buds and reduce the regeneration cycle. The tested materials were the leaves of potted seedlings and aseptic seedlings from 4 pomegranate cultivars‘Taishanhong’ ,‘Taishansanbaitian’ ,‘Pyaman’ and‘Peony’ . The effects of medium type, mixture ratio of growth regulator, source of leaves, and training steps on adventitious bud regeneration were investigated. The results showed that MS medium was the most suitable for leaves regeneration, besides, leaves from aseptic seedlings produced shoot easier than that from potted seedlings. BA 3.0 mg/L+ KT 1.0 mg/L+ IBA 0.3 mg/L was the best mixture ratio of growth regulator in the process of leaves callus induction and differentiation and formation of adventitious buds. The leaves cultured in liquid medium for 3-5 days at first and then transferred to solid medium showed stronger regeneration ability than that cultured in the solid medium only. In this way, the ratio of leaf regeneration reached up to 98.47%, with an average of 7.51 adventitious shoots on each leaf. For leaves adventitious buds, the best single bud culture medium and proliferation medium were B5+ BA 0.6 mg/L+ IBA 0.5 mg/L + CW(coconut water)100 mL/L+ PVP 2.0 g/L+ GA3 1.0 mg/L and B5+ BA 0.8 mg/L+ IBA 0.5 mg/L + CW 100 mL/L+ PVP 2.0 g/L. The optimum rooting medium was B5+ IBA 1.0 mg/L+ CW 100 mL/L, of which the rooting rate was 89.63%. So the high frequency regeneration system from pomegranate leaves was established.

  Study on Difference of Photosynthetic Characteristics Between Female and Male Actinidia arguta (Seib.et Zucc.) Plangch.ex Miq 2015, 31 (13):  108-112.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb14110123 Abstract + ( 861 )   PDF ( 605KB )   ( 479 ) In order to compare the difference of photosynthetic characteristics between female and male Actinidia arguta, the wild female and male Actinidia arguta of mature plant were used as materials and the photosynthetic characteristics were measured by the CI-340 portable photosynthetic system. The results stated that: the daily variation of net photosynthesis rate of female Actinidia arguta appeared a bimodal peak, on the contrary, the male Actinidia arguta showed a triple one. However, both female and male showed obvious characteristics of photosynthesis mid-nap; the daily variation of transpiration rate of female Actinidia arguta revealed a unimodal peak while a bimodal peak could be seen in the male Actinidia arguta. Nevertheless, both female and male showed less obvious characteristics of transpiration mid- nap; the diurnal variations of stomatal conductance of female and male Actinidia arguta demonstrated the same phenomenon as net photosynthesis rate; the curvilinear trend of diurnal variations of internal CO2 between female and male Actinidia arguta was basically consistent. And both of them showed three peaks whose time and values were different; the diurnal variations of leaf temperature of female and male Actinidia arguta both showed a bimodal peak, but the time and value of it had significant differences. The photosynthetic characteristics of female and male Actinidia arguta have a significant difference which includes not only the daily variation tendency, but also the value of the peak, so it can be used as an effective method for sex identification of Actinidia arguta.

  Cluster Analysis of Characteristic of Variety among Different Sweet Cherry Varieties 2015, 31 (13):  113-117.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1846 Abstract + ( 815 )   PDF ( 536KB )   ( 529 ) In order to compare the characteristic of different sweet cherry varieties and formulate corresponding pruning scheme, hierarchical cluster analysis method was used to study 14 sweet cherry varieties which were mainly planted in Shanxi Province. The results showed that the 14 varieties of sweet cherry could be divided into two types,‘Hongmanao’and‘Ranier’ . Fruit setting rate, branching rate, medium fruit shoots proportion, spur proportion and grain yield per plant were significantly different between these two sweet cherry types. The key point of pruning management to improve the yield of the‘Rainier’type was to increase the fruit setting rate and spur proportion and properly control the long fruit shoots and medium fruit shoots proportion.

  Effects of Different Fruit Thinning Methods on Growth, Development, Yield and Quality of Melon Cultivated in Uncovered Field 2015, 31 (13):  118-121.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb14100005 Abstract + ( 870 )   PDF ( 522KB )   ( 994 ) The paper aims to study the effects of different fruit thinning methods on dry matter, yield and quality of melon simplified cultivated in uncovered field. In the condition of simplified cultivation, took ‘Huangpi 9818’as the experimental material, the author set three treatments as each plant with two fruits, three fruits and arbitrary bear fruit, made a comparative analysis of dry matter amount difference, fruit characteristics and yield and quality in maturation stage. The results showed that there were some differences of dry matter amount, fruit characteristic and yield quality among three fruit thinning methods. Amounts of dry matter accumulation in each treatment presented as T3 (887.1 g/plant)＞ T2 (860.2 g/plant)＞ T1 (771.2 g/plant), and T2, T3 reached the significant difference with T1, refraction sugar content of T1 was higher than that of T2, T3 in two harvesting periods. To integrate high-yield characteristics and economic benefits, treatment of arbitrary bear fruit (T3) has high yield to 31200 kg/hm2, and the economic benefits is 62400 yuan/hm2.

  Influence of Waste Liquor of Wood Processing as Root Irrigation Fertilizer on Root System Characteristics of Strawberry 2015, 31 (13):  122-125.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1444 Abstract + ( 1050 )   PDF ( 580KB )   ( 548 ) The paper aims to study the waste liquid of wood as an effective way of plant source biological fertilizer. By the experiment in field, the author collected waste liquid of wood carbonizated under 150℃ & 250℃ and wood vinegar in the process of pyrolyzation of wood. Then, the author diluted the waste liquid of wood and wood vinegar in different ratio (100, 800, 1500) as strawberry plant irrigation fertilizer. After that, the author studied the effect which the waste liquid had on the strawberry roots. The results showed that the weight of roots prayed by waste liquid of wood under 150℃

  Effects of Temperature and Different Plant Growth Regulators and Presoaking Time on Seeds Germination of Canna indica 杨锋利 and 2015, 31 (13):  126-129.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1716 Abstract + ( 1035 )   PDF ( 515KB )   ( 535 ) In order to give a better understanding the factors which influenced the seeds germination and to optimize the germination system, the effects of different plant growth regulators with different concentration, as well as different soaking time and temperature on seeds germination were conducted. The results showed that temperature was the crucial factor dominating germination, and the optimal temperature was 25℃. The highest germination rate of 73.3% was achieved after soaking in 0.02% NAA for 24 h and cultivated under 25℃. Soaking in low concentration of IAA, NAA or GA3 for 12 h could highly enhance the germination rate.

  Research Advances on Breeding Technology of Rosa hybrida L. 2015, 31 (13):  130-134.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb14110081 Abstract + ( 1375 )   Rose breeding technology has made great progress in recent years and has achieved fruitful results. This paper aims to summarize research achievements and the characteristics of each breeding technologies (introduction breeding, hybridization breeding, bud sport breeding, mutation breeding, molecular breeding) of recent years. The author proposed the view of combining hybridization breeding technologies with molecular breeding techniques, paid attention to international exchanges to learn advanced technology and experience, studied of cellular and molecular biological mechanism for the development of the rose at the same time, so as to give some references for rose breeding and narrow the gap between domestic and high international research levels.

  Research on Diurnal Photosynthetic Dynamics characteristics of Rhododendron rivulare and Its Correlation with Environmental Factors 2015, 31 (13):  135-138.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-1540 Abstract + ( 703 )   PDF ( 621KB )   ( 475 ) Through the study on photosynthetic characteristics of Rhododendron rivulare, the research aims to provide the theory basis for the garden application and genetic resources protection of Rhododendron rivulare. In this paper, the photosynthetic diurnal variation and its correlation with environmental factors of Rhododendron rivulare were studied under the natural conditions by using Li- 6400 portable photosynthesis measurement system. The results showed that the curves of diurnal variation of photosynthetic rate and stomata conductance of Rhododendron latouchea leaves had two peaks and the peaks and depression occurred in accordance with each other, peaks at 11:00 and 15:00, and depression at 13:00. Correlation analyses showed that there was a significantly positive correlation between photosynthetic rate and conductance to H2O (P＜ 0.05). Based on the photosynthetic characteristics, Rhododendron latouchea cultivars were suited to growing in Hunan Province, and appropriate to be planted in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River region.

  Study on Application of Novel Radiation (CCFL) Resource in Spathiphyllum in vitro Chen Xingxing,Yang Huifang and He Songlin 2015, 31 (13):  139-143.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-xb0499 Abstract + ( 926 )   PDF ( 683KB )   ( 531 ) To get high-quality in vitro and large-scale production, adopt the affects of cold cathode fluorescent lamp (CCFL) as light emitting materials, the author used bright leaves of Spathiphyllum as the experiment plant material to explore the effectiveness of the cold cathode fluorescent lamp in the production for Spathiphyllum jamesonii in vitro, discussed the best light quality for Spathiphyllum in vitro large-scale production, discussed the perspective of novel radiation resource CCFL in Spathiphyllum in vitro production. The results showed that: the affects of cold cathode fluorescent lamp (CCFL) as light source on Spathiphyllum in vitro culture: the stem length, leaf blade, blade width, roots and root length all reached the maximum in the white CCFL light, and the fresh weight also reached the maximum, followed by the CCFL of the red/blue ratio of 7:3, and they were better than the CK. The dry matter rate and root vigour reached the maximum in the CK, but the soluble sugar content reached the maximum in CCFL of the red/blue ratio of 7:3. The Spathiphyllum in vitro grew best in CCFL of the red/blue ratio of 7:3. White light consisted of plantlets and 70%R 30%B treatment under the best grown status, and was better than the control treatment.

  Effect of Paclobutrazol and chloride on the growth of Lily Plantlets 2015, 31 (13):  144-149.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb14100017 Abstract + ( 912 )   PDF ( 643KB )   ( 616 ) Exploration of paclobutrazol and chloride on growth of lily plantlets optimal concentration, improve quality and transplant survival rate of test-tube plantlets of Oriental Lily. This test using test-tube plantlets of Oriental Lily as test materials, setting single-factor variables, respectively in MS basal medium with different concentrations of PP333 (0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0mg/L) and CCC (5, 10, 15, 20mg/L), in the control group without any plant growth retardants. Explore the most appropriate Lily plantlets growth and concentration of PP333 and CCC. The result indicates the appropriate PP333 and CCC can increase the concentration of rooting and adventitious bud differentiation of lily plantlets number, plant height, blade increase, well developed roots. But after the high concentration, blade negative volumes, or even yellowing phenomenon. Best fit for Oriental lilies grown PP333 concentration is 1.0mg/L, CCC is for 10mg/L.

  Effect of Different Ratios Biogas Fertilizer on Yield and Quality of Cut Lily 2015, 31 (13):  150-154.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb14120080 Abstract + ( 773 )   PDF ( 611KB )   ( 479 ) Biogas fertilizer is a kind of high-quality and total effects organic fertilizer. In order to understand the effect of different ratios of biogas fertilizer on cut lily growth, quality and yield, the author conducted experiments. The experiments were designed with same amount of nitrogen fertilizer, 2 levels of basic fertilizer and 3 levels of additional fertilizer, total 6 treatments with 3 replicates, all treatments followed randomized block arrangement. The variety of cut lily was‘Sorbonne’and biogas fertilizer was biogas residue and biogas slurry after fully rotten. The results showed that the cut lily’ s yield of B1A1 and B2A3 (CK) reached extremely significant level, B1A1 had the highest yield of 16 branches per m2 the application of 1.06 kg/m2 biogas residue as basic fertilizer and 2.7 kg/m2 biogas slurry as additional fertilizer. Biogas fertilizer had obvious effects on aboveground part dry weight, plant height, flag leaf width, flower number, flower size, the rate of cut flower and so on, and it could improve plant characteristics and quality of cut lily. B1A1 had the best biological yield, plant height, flower number of per plant and the rate of cut flower. Biological yield and cut lily yield were B1＞ B2 under different ratios of biogas residue as basic fertilizer, and biological yield and cut lily yield had the highest amount under biogas residue treatment. The cut lily plant height and the length of the first bud were A1＞A2＞A3. With the application amount of biogas slurry increased, the cut lily plant height and the length of the first bud increased. The results could provide technical guidance for efficient production of cut lily.

  Study on Different Understory Cultivation Techniques of Paris polyphylla Smith 2015, 31 (13):  155-158.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb14100143 Abstract + ( 1110 )   PDF ( 530KB )   ( 683 ) The paper aims to reduce consumption of wild resources of Parispoly phylla Smith, satisfy the market demand, save the production cost, improve the utilization rate of forest land, increase the income of forest, and protect the ecological environment. The author selected three types of forest land, the evergreen forest land (China fir forest), deciduous forest land (nut forest) and shrub land (honey suckle forest.), and used two kinds of seeds and roots slices materials of Paris polyphylla Smith which were produced in Bamian Mountain, Hunan, to carry out the study on forests seedling and cultivation techniques. The results showed that: when using different propagation materials, seed propagation should be adopted, which could reduce the consumption of wild resources and provide a large number of seedlings, this technique was beneficial to largescale planting. When using different breeding materials with seedling transplanting and live straight planting in large-scale understory cultivation, live straight planting was appropriate, it could save the production cost and put into production early. Among the 3 different types of forest land cultivation, the best choice was broadleaved forest land, it could achieve better economic benefit because of conforming with Paris polyphylla Smith ecological habit and its growth and development rule.

  Response and Molecular Mechanisms of Plants to Enhanced UV-B Radiation 2015, 31 (13):  159-163.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1871 Abstract + ( 829 )   PDF ( 498KB )   ( 627 ) In this paper, many recent studies on the morphological and physiological characteristics and the molecular mechanisms of plants exposed to the enhanced UV- B radiation were summarized. Moreover, the effects on plant growth and development, DNA damage and repair, photosynthesis, antioxidant system, and secondary metabolism were analyzed in detail. The previous studies showed that the morphological and physiological characteristics of plants exposed to the enhanced UV-B radiation were influenced to different degrees, while some protective mechanisms were also activated to maintain the normal performance. In addition, some issues worthy to be further studied in this field were put forward, which could provide theoretical basis and practical guidance on investigating the response mechanisms of plants to the enhanced UV-B radiation.

  Study on Principal Bionomics and Effective Accumulated Temperature of Eotetranychus sexmaculatus (Riley) on Rubber Trees 朱国渊,普妹 and 2015, 31 (13):  164-168.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15020066 Abstract + ( 716 )   PDF ( 525KB )   ( 537 ) Eotetranychus sexmaculatus (Riley) is an important mite pest of rubber tree in Xishuangbanna. To study its principal biological characteristics, developmental durations of Eotetranychus sexmaculatus (Riley) in different stages were studied under a range of constant temperatures. Developmental zero and effective accumulated temperature were calculated with linear models. The results indicated that the relationship between temperature and development rate, each stage fitted well when the temperature was from 18℃ to 30℃. The developmental zero for eggs was (12.32±1.33)℃ and the effective accumulated temperature for eggs was (62.52±6.69)℃·d. The developmental zero from larva to adult was (9.38±3.30)℃ and the effective accumulated temperature from larva to adult was (153.79±33.46)℃·d. The developmental zero of the whole generation was (9.52±1.70)℃ and the effective accumulated temperature of the whole generation was (233.18±26.25)℃·d. The results provided a scientific basis for monitoring and integrated management of Eotetranychus sexmaculatus (Riley).

  Diversity and growth promoting effects of endophytic bacteria in plant roots 2015, 31 (13):  169-175.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb14120081 Abstract + ( 905 )   PDF ( 562KB )   ( 1392 ) The existence and function of endophytic bacteria have been widely recognized with the in-depth study of plant micro- ecosystem. The number of endophytic bacteria in different organs has significant differences. Endophytic bacteria in plant roots are much more abundant than those in other plant organs, and they have the host and species characteristics, which are caused by the coefficient complex influences of biotic and abiotic factors. Endophytic bacteria can colonize in the host plant roots from rhizosphere through many media, such as wind, soil particles, water, agriculture machinery, human, bird, insect and elegans and so on. They also play diversified roles in plant growth, such as solubilizing phosphate, producing of plant hormone, fixing of nitrogen, synthesizing the siderophores, inducing plant resistances and antagonism against pathogen fungi and so on. In order to understand the resources of endophytic root bacteria and provide a reference for development and utilization, the authors reviewed the diversity of root bacterial endophytes, the process of their colonization, the growth promoting activity and their potential applied prospects in this paper.

  Study on the Biological Characteristics of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Penz. of Chinese Wolfberry in Gansu Province 2015, 31 (13):  176-181.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb14120157 Abstract + ( 618 )   PDF ( 856KB )   ( 423 ) The purpose of this paper was to make clear the biological characteristics of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Penz. of Chinese wolfberry in Gansu Province. Biological characteristics of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Penz. were studied by mycelia growth method and spore germination method. In this study, mycelia growth, spore production and spore germination were detected in relation to temperature, illumination, pH, relative humidity and nutritional conditions. The results showed that the optimum temperature for mycelia growth was 25℃; 10% wolfberry juice of PDA in the 8 culture medias was the best; the optimum pH value was pH 6; the optimum carbon source was glucose and mannose; the optimum nitrogen source was Gly. 25℃, pH 6, light condition, sucrose and NaNO3 were the best condition for spore production. Conidia germination rate was the highest at 30℃, pH 5 and 100% relative humidity condition. The mycelium and conidium could not survive at 50℃ for 10 min and 55℃ for 10 min respectively. The results of this study provide the basis for control of anthracnose of Chinese wolfberry.

  A Method for Mass Rearing of Small Brown Planthopper (Laodelphax striatellus ) in Laboratory 2015, 31 (13):  182-186.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb14120005 Abstract + ( 637 )   PDF ( 545KB )   ( 553 ) Small brown planthoppers (Laodelphgax striatellus) are agricultural pests and mediators to spread plant virus. In order to provide sufficient insect materials in vivo for correlational research, a method for mass rearing of small brown planthopper in laboratory was presented. We optimized the temperature, light intensity, rearing density and fixed the time of laying eggs, changing seedlings through a series of biological tests. Results showed that temperature of 24-28℃, light intensity of 5000-7000 lx, rearing density of 300-400 SBPH per beaker (nymph), 200-300 SBPH per beaker (3th-4th instar), and 100-200 SBPH per beaker (adults) were the best condition for rice growing, SBPH development, breeding and hatching eggs of each rearing batch. For the consistency of instars between different batches, the times of 48 hours and 8 to 10 days were respectively fixed for laying eggs and changing seedlings. Factors of rearing condition were explicit using this method, and were easy to operate. It was also not limited to space, time, environment and other natural conditions and could provide enough insects at standard experimental age at any time.

  Selectivity of Grain Weevil on Different Food 2015, 31 (13):  187-190.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb14120111 Abstract + ( 939 )   PDF ( 549KB )   ( 455 ) The food preferences and harm of Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky and Callosobruchus chinensis were studied in this paper. The results showed that the selectivity and harm of S. zeamais to waxy maize, sorghum and wheat were higher than that to coin seed and common corn. The S. zeamais like higher starch food. The egg laying amount of C. chinensis on the black beans, red bean and green bean were higher, which were 78.75 eggs, 77.75 eggs and 75.75 eggs, respectively, but on the great white kidney bean was 0 egg. Therefore, in order to reduce the harm to the corn caused by the two kinds of insect, we proposed that the high content of starch grain should be stored separately and the great white kidney bean should be used as the cover on the other beans.

  Indoor Toxicity Bioassay of 5 Insecticides to Opisina arenosella Walker 2015, 31 (13):  191-195.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15010011 Abstract + ( 1321 )   PDF ( 506KB )   ( 666 ) The coconut black- headed caterpillar, Opisina arenosella Walker (Lepidoptera: Coleoptera), is a kind of invasive pest discovered in palm trees in 2013 in Hainan and has caused critical harm and threat to palm trees in tropical and subtropical areas in south China. In order to protect the crop farming development of palm trees, it’ s urgent to screen out some kinds of insecticides which can control it well. The leaf dipping method was used to test the toxicities of 5 insecticides to the third instar larvae of O. arenosella Walker under laboratory conditions. The dead numbers of caterpillars after 24, 48, 72 h were counted separately. The death rate, revise death rate, LC50, the toxicity regression equations, the correlation coefficient and the 95% confidence interval were calculated under different concentrations. The results showed that the order of toxicities of 5 insecticides after 48 h was Dursban (0.82 mg/L)＞Avermectin (0.87 mg/L)＞Beta-cypermethrin (1.55 mg/L)＞Acetamiprid (5.74 mg/L)＞Imidacloprid (10.35 mg/L). LC50 of Avermectin and Dursban to the caterpillar after 24 h and 48 h were the lowest, they were 3.69, 0.87 mg/L and 5.67, 0.82 mg/L, indicating that those two insecticides had the highest toxicity to the caterpillar. Although Imicacloprid had the highest LC50 after 72 h, it was the lowest after 24, 48 h of the 5 insecticides, suggesting that the caterpillar had poor sensibility to Imicacloprid. Therefore, Avermectin and Dursban were recommended as the best pesticides for controlling the caterpillar. The results could be used to provide reference for the prevention of O. arenosella Walker in the field.

  Farmland Grain Potential Productivity of Guanzhong, Shaanxi Province Shi Yuqiong and Li Tuansheng 2015, 31 (13):  196-204.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb14110134 Abstract + ( 1218 )   PDF ( 602KB )   ( 928 ) Scientific calculation of grain potential productivity for country or area can provide the theory basis for reasonable formulation of approaches to ensure increase in grain production and food safety. Using the results of agriculture classification, the farmland grain potential productivity, farmland use intensity and the increase potential for future in Guanzhong were calculated. The result showed as follows: for the total of Guanzhong Area, natural potential productivity, utilization potential productivity, achievable potential productivity and real per unit area yield were 30.09 t/hm2, 18.74 t/hm2, 9.57 t/hm2 and 7.34 t/hm2, respectively. Theoretical use intensity, achievable use intensity and real use intensity were respectively 0.623, 0.511 and 0.767. Theoretical increase potential productivity, achievable increase potential productivity and real increase potential productivity were 11.35 t/hm2, 9.17 t/hm2 and 2.23 t/hm2, respectively. The difference among counties was great. Natural potential productivity, utilization potential productivity, achievable potential productivity and real per unit area yield in Weihe River Plain were more than those in Weibei Upland and Qinling Mountains. The theoretical use intensity didn’t appear to be much different all over the Guanzhong, and that of Xianyang Region was generally higher. But the achievable use intensity appeared to be much different, and that of Tongchuan Region was generally higher, and that of Xi’an Region was generally lower. The actual utilization intensity of most counties of Guanzhong was high, and that of Xi’an Region was the maximum. There was great room for improvement of actual utilization intensity in 16 counties such as Weibin, Jintai, Wugong, Dali, etc. Theoretical increase potential productivity, achievable increase potential productivity and real increase potential productivity were great in counties of Weihe River Plain. In the future, the increase potential was mainly in the counties of Weihe River Plain.

  Effects of Different Mulching Patterns on utilize of Soil Phosphorus in the Macadamia Mountain Orchard 2015, 31 (13):  205-210.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15020059 Abstract + ( 963 )   PDF ( 692KB )   ( 466 ) The paper aims to solve the problem that some mature orchards of ten years and older have become inefficient in absorbing phosphorus fertilizers. In this study, the author took mature macadamia husk and plastic film mulching as the material, and investigated the utilization of phosphorus in hill macadamia orchard for two consecutive years. The results showed that, compared with the control, macadamia orchard mulched with macadamia husk and plastic film mulching could improve root biomass, and mulched with macadamia husk could significantly increase the generation rate of proteoid roots and fine root biomass, significantly increase the proportion of fine root in roots. With the extension of mulching time, the macadamia husk could significantly reduce the total phosphorus content of macadamia orchard soil, improve the phosphorus content of macadamia leaf, reduce the concentration of soil available phosphorus, and enhance the conversion efficiency of soil available phosphorus. Soil phosphorus content and soil available phosphorus content had an increasing trend under both plastic film mulching and the control, but the phosphorus content of leaves had a reducing tendency. Mulching with macadamia husk could significantly improve the rate of fruit and macadamia nut production, but the macadamia fruit set and yield were reduced by plastic film mulching. This research suggests that husk mulching should be a useful management approach in hill macadamia orchard.

  Research on Adjustment of Land Expropriation Section in Gushi County 2015, 31 (13):  211-216.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb14100094 Abstract + ( 758 )   PDF ( 1996KB )   ( 548 ) In order to find out a reasonable method to divide land expropriation section, provide easy operation for the implementation of land expropriation section comprehensive price and built a fair land safeguard mechanism for compensation system, the author took Gushi County of Xinyang as an example, using the method of multi-factor comprehensive evaluation and comprehensive judgement, designed and analyzed the projects from 3 aspects: all township administrative region, key township administrative region and urban builtup areas. The results showed that the third project was more equal and efficient, had relatively small number of land expropriation section, and overcomed the weak point of the same land with different price. The results also showed that in the process of region land partition, except scientificity, it was also necessary to have fair and reasonable management practices and protect famers’ rights and interests.

  Analysis of Plant Phenotypic Plasticity Around the 309th National Highway 2015, 31 (13):  217-223.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb14120177 Abstract + ( 817 )   PDF ( 813KB )   ( 463 ) Phenotypic plasticity is a given genotype which can produce different phenotypes in various environmental conditions. Due to traffic pollution from highways, the change of plant phenotypic plasticity comes as the response to the heterogeneous habitats. Plant phenotypic plasticity is an important ecological index to reflect the biological adaptive capacity of plants to different environmental conditions. Based on the survey of plant diversity in sample areas around the 309th national highway, the author not only measured several phenotypic plasticity indexes including the plant height, root length, leaf area and root-shoot ratio, but also investigated environmental parameters such as soil water content, traffic volume and the amount of dust absorption. The effects of traffic pollution on the plant phenotypic plasticity were analyzed in details. The results indicated that there were five kinds of plant in the sample areas including Artemisia capillaris Thunb., Chenopodium glaucum L., Artemisia argyi H. Lév. & Vaniot, Geranium carolinianum L., Rubus idaeus L., among which the dominant species were Artemisia capillaris Thunb., Chenopodium glaucum L. and Artemisia argyi H. Lév. & Vaniot. Through the traffic volume statistics, sample highway section was classified as twolane secondary roads. The distance from highway had a close relationship with the dust absorption amount of the leaves of Chenopodium glaucum L.. The correlation between the soil water content and the plant phenotypic plasticity index was that many phenotypic plasticity data, such as the plant root length, leaf area, root to shoot ratio and the plant multifarious index, increased with the decreasing of soil water content, while the plant height decreased. Several plants showed significant differences of phenotypic plasticity in different sample areas, such as plant height, root length, leaf area, root-shoot ratio and etc., indicating their unique suitability to heterogeneous habitats.

  Effects of Biological Bacterial Manure on Soil Nutrient and Nitrate-N Accumulation in Greenhouse 2015, 31 (13):  224-228.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb14120113 Abstract + ( 727 )   PDF ( 640KB )   ( 714 ) The author used biological bacterial manure to improve a 2 hm2 greenhouse which was abandoned for a long time. The soil heavy metal contents, the pesticide residue condition, the soil basic physical and chemical properties before the test, and soil pH, EC, organic carbon, available P and nitrate-N changes after the test were measured. The author analyzed the soil nutrient improvement effect and nitrate-N accumulation after different treatments. The results showed that the contents of heavy metal were lower than the secondary limit level of“Environmental Quality Standard for Soils”and the“Controlling Standards for Pollutants in Agricultural Sludge” . The contents of pesticide residue were also lower than the secondary limit level of “Environmental Quality Standard for Soils” . Soil pH in 0-5 cm layer of CK, organic fertilizer and biological bacterial manure treatments increased. Soil EC and soil nutrient of organic fertilizer treatment, microorganism fertilizer and organic fertilizer treatment and biological bacterial manure treatment increased. They all had differences with CK. The contents of nitrate-N in topsoil in those 3 treatments increased and showed a surface aggregation phenomenon. But the contents of nitrate-N in 5-30 cm layer were less than before in this test. From the results we could come to the conclusion that this plot was not polluted by heavy metal and pesticide residue. The organic fertilizer and biological bacterial manure treatment could increase soil pH, organic carbon, available P content and decrease nitrate-N content in 5-30 cm layer.

  Effect of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens Biofertilizer on Brassica juncea var. multiceps Growth and N2O Emission from Soil 2015, 31 (13):  229-235.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-2479 Abstract + ( 1007 )   PDF ( 820KB )   ( 446 ) With the increasing cost of chemical fertilizers and their negative impacts on environment, the research on biofertilizer which could improve soil fertility and promote plant growth has attracted wide attention. In this study, the Bacillus amyloliquefaciens A3 was continually cultured in shaked-flasks containing wastewater from sweet potato starch production and the B. amyloliquefaciens A3 was used as an effective biofertilizer to cultivate vegetable. The objectives of this greenhouse randomized pot experiment were to determine the effect of chemical fertilizers (CN), biofertilizer (BF), bacteria inactivation culture solution (BI), the starch water (SW) and the combination of biofertilizer and chemical fertilizer (BC) on the yield and NO3- and NO2- content of the vegetable; NH4+, NO3-, total dissolved nitrogen (TDN), dissolved organic carbon (DOC) of the soil, and N2O emissions during the experimental period. The results showed that CN and BC increased the yield 5 times higher than CK and there was no significant difference between BC and CN on the effect of increasing the vegetable yield. The effect of BF treatment on the yield of vegetable was not obvious, while the effect of the biofertilizer added with half application rate of chemical nitrogen fertilizer (BCL) on plant yield was similar to that of CN , the NO3- content of vegetables and soil was 16.4%- 73.6% and 22%- 29% , respectively, lower than that of vegetables treated with CN. BC treatment also reduced the risk of N leaching from the soil and the average N2O discharge fluxes (FLUX30) were 58.3%-73.1% lower than those of the CN. The B. amyloliquefaciens was found to be a feasible low-cost biofertilizer for sustainable vegetable farming and showed the potential for starch wastewater utilization.

  Effects of Different Planting Years on Soil Structure in Vegetable Fields 2015, 31 (13):  236-243.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-2232 Abstract + ( 1036 )   PDF ( 645KB )   ( 568 ) In order to explore the effects of different planting years on soil structure in vegetable fields and provide feasible strategies of soil fertility to government, in this paper, different planting years of vegetable fields (1 year, 5 years, 10 years) were chosen according to ecosystems in Vegetable Base of Baishiyi Town, in Chongqing. Contents of water-stable aggregates in soil layers were measured for studying soil structure characteristics and compositive difference of soil aggregates. Results showed that, water-stable aggregates content, composition and stability are quite different among the soil of different planting years. For 0-20 cm soil layer, water-stable aggregates content of 1-0.25 mm, > 3 mm and > 5 mm were all appeared as 1 year > 5 years > 10 years, 20-40 cm soil layer had similar changes, showing that with the increase of planting years, water-stable aggregates content decreases gradually. For 0-20 cm soil layer, the rate of > 0.25 mm soil aggregate damage was 27.78%, the rate of > 3 mm and > 5 mm soil aggregate damage was as high as 49.86%, 58.74% respectively, the same as 20-40 cm soil layer. The experimental results showed that with increase of planting years, soil aggregate damage rate was increased, soil structure stability was reduced. Correlation analysis showed that there was a remarkable negative relevant relationship between soil organic matter content and planting years, the average damage rate (correlation coefficient was -0.880*, - 0.897*, n=6), a stable positive relationship between soil organic matter content and > 0.25 mm water stable aggregates content, > 3 mm water- stable aggregates content, > 5 mm water stable aggregates content,3~1mm water- stable aggregates content，1~0.25mm water- stable aggregates content (correlation coefficient was0.897*, 0.868*, 0.859*, 0.835*, 0.829*, n=6), and a stable positive relationship between MWD and > 0.25 mm water stable aggregates content (correlation coefficient was 0.985**, n=6). Showing that with the increase of planting years, soil organic matter content reduced, water -stable aggregates content increases, the average damage rate gradually increased. The more > 0.25 mm water stable aggregates content get, the more the value of the soil mean weight diameter (MWD) increased, the stronger the stability of soil aggregates became. The organic matter content is responsible at a certain extent for the contents and stability of purple soil water-stable aggregates.

  A Probability-matrix Evaluation Method of Economic Effects of Meteorological-ecology Information:Principle and Applications 2015, 31 (13):  244-248.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb14110087 Abstract + ( 799 )   PDF ( 604KB )   ( 482 ) This paper aims to make an objective and quantitative assessment of the economic benefits of meteorological forecasts in serving agro-ecology. The author built an information-state matrix, and provided the general mathematical formulae for the probability sets of the product- events of information- state probabilities. The result showed that the general methods were applicable to such an assessment. The authors described the basic principles on the concept of meteorological yields. Those practical observation data in Kazuo of 1999-2013 were taken as information resource to forecast fresh gale and serve sun-light greenhouses in Kazuo, and the authors obtained the following computed results: (1) the total economic benefit in Kazuo was 6304×104 yuan/a; (2) the benefit-cost ratio was 65.6:1. From the above research, the author drew conclusion that both principles and methods mentioned above might be applied to the relevant fields of evaluations on meteorological- ecology economic benefits.

  Temporal-spatial variation characteristic of temperature in Henan province during 1961-2013 Zhao Guoyong,Han Yan,Guo Xuelian,Yan Junhui,Xiang Mei and Jiang Leilei 2015, 31 (13):  249-257.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb14110125 Abstract + ( 1176 )   PDF ( 2629KB )   ( 502 ) Henan Province is one of the big agricultural provinces and commodity grain production bases in China. At the same time, its capacity of farming activity to resist natural calamities is low. In order to understand the rule of climate changes, increase the accuracy of forecast and reduce the damage, intensive study on temperature variation in Henan Province is needed. The monthly average temperature of 17 observation stations in Henan Province during 1961-2013 were selected as study objects in this paper, the author conducted the research by analyzing the temperature variation characteristics from spatial and temporal aspects, using Mann-Kendall test, R/S analysis, and inverse distance weighted methods. The results showed that: (1) the average temperature of year, spring, autumn, winter and January presented an increasing trend during the past 53 years, and the average temperature of summer and July decreased; (2) the average temperature of year, spring and autumn abruptly rose at 1990s, and the winter abrupt change occurred in 1984; the average temperature of year, spring, autumn and winter indicated a remarkably increasing trend during 2000- 2013; (3) warming trend in Henan Province would go on in the future through R/S analysis; (4) the distribution of annual and seasonal average temperature implied that there were two important zonality rules in geography, the rate of temperature was lower in the high altitude, and the rate was higher in the low altitude; the rates of annual and seasonal average temperature were all the highest in Zhengzhou, Kaifeng and Xinxiang Area, which meant that the temperature rising was relate to the humans activity; (5) in the past 53 years, the 0℃ isotherm of January was with large amplitude and located in the north of the Huaihe River, it could not reflect the actual conditions. So it should be cautious when using the 0℃ isotherm of January as the boundary of southern and northern in the future.

  Spatial and Temporal Distribution Characteristic Of Summer Precipitation and Air Temperature Field in Northeast China 吕志红,全美兰,吴春英 and 张莹 2015, 31 (13):  258-266.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb14110002 Abstract + ( 981 )   PDF ( 1026KB )   ( 1193 ) In order to study the spatial and temporal distribution characteristic of summer precipitation and air temperature in northeast China, based on the 160 stations monthly precipitation and temperature observations in national climatic data center from 1951 to 2010, we used empirical orthogonal function analysis and wavelet analysis method to discuss it. The results show that the summer precipitation in northeast China mainly exist the same anomaly in whole area, opposite anomalies in the south and north or in the east and west or in middle area , the air temperature in northeast China mainly exist the same anomaly in whole area, opposite anomaly in the south and north, and there is significant changes in volatility. Summer precipitation and air temperature in northeast China exist significantly different time scales oscillation period, the precipitation has 29a primary period, the temperature has 28a primary period.

  Analysis of Occurrence Pattern of Brown Planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) in 2008 and Its Climate Background in Guangxi 2015, 31 (13):  267-272.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb14100136 Abstract + ( 614 )   PDF ( 1109KB )   ( 408 ) In order to provide scientific basis for monitoring and preventing and wiping out of the brown plant hopper (BPH) pests by analyzing the pattern of BPH’s occurrence and its climate background of catastrophic immigrations in Guangxi based on the pest data of 13 plant protect stations combining climatological data of temperature and rainfall and NCEP/NCAP through ArcGIS and GrADS. The results showed that: the BPH’s immigration beginning date in 2008 in Guangxi was in early and the immigration ending dates postponed, the pest boom period lasted as long as 222 days; The quantity of immigration BPH was large and took high percentage of plant hoppers, it also had a tendency of advance year by year; The high temperature from March to April was the primary reason of the early immigration of BPH in Guangxi; The appropriate intensity and multi-frequency of rainfall at nights from June to October was the leading factor which caused the multi BPH immigration peak time and great amount of pest in that year; The warm and moist southerly airstream at 850 hPa from April to August was an important driving force for the BPH’s immigration into Guangxi from the south central peninsula while the frequent northerly airstream at the height of 925 hPa provided the condition for the BPH’s moving back to Guangxi from provinces of Jiangxi and Hunan.

  Variation Characteristics and Influencing Factors of Sunshine Duration in Shiyang River Basin 2015, 31 (13):  273-278.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb14100024 Abstract + ( 1039 )   PDF ( 777KB )   ( 496 ) The paper aims to rationally adjust planting structure, optimize agricultural production layout, protect ecological environment and improve utilization efficiency of solar energy. Using daily sunshine duration and annual mean total cloud amount, low cloud amount, precipitation, relative humidity, sand dust days and average wind speed observation data of 5 meteorological stations in Shiyang River Basin during 1961-2010, characteristics of space-time distribution and intensity of sunshine duration were systematically analyzed with trend coefficient method, then meteorological influencing factors of sunshine duration were analyzed with correlation coefficient method and standardized regressive coefficient in multiple linear regression. The results showed that: sunshine duration was longer in low altitude area than in high altitude area because of altitude difference, landform and weather system in Shiyang River Basin. Sunshine duration of year and age had an overall increasing trend except Liangzhou, the increasing trend was very obvious in Minqin and Yongchang. Time series of sunshine duration had 5 to 8 years quasi-periodic variation. Variation trend of sunshine duration was inconsistent in each season, presenting an overall increasing trend, the increasing trend was the most significant in spring. Monthly variation of sunshine duration also had certain differences except Tianzhu, one peak was in June. and two troughs were in September and December to January of next year. Change rates of various intensities of sunshine days were bigger. Sunshine days increased first and then reduced along with the sunshine duration’s increase, the main influencing factors of sunshine duration were total cloud amount and low cloud amount, the second were relative humidity and sand dust days, the effects of precipitation and average wind speed were the weakest in Shiyang River Basin. Sunshine duration was positively correlated with low cloud amount and average wind speed, and showed negative correlation with total cloud amount, precipitation, relative humidity and sand dust days. Main influencing factors of sunshine duration were different in each region.

  Agricultural Insurance Analysis Under the Complete Information Static Game——Taking Gansu Province As An Example 2015, 31 (13):  279-283.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15020019 Abstract + ( 720 )   PDF ( 526KB )   ( 634 ) In order to perfect the policy of Gansu agricultural insurance, improve the farmers’ effective demand for agricultural insurance and then promote the sustainable development of Gansu agricultural insurance. This research analyzes the profits of the major interest subjects in agricultural insurance market by constructing the complete information static game model, which is based on the interplay among the government, insurance companies and farmers. And combined with the survey data of Gansu province, this research concludes the main factors which influence farmers to buy agricultural insurance by constructing Logistic regression analysis model. The conclusion is that in the game between insurance companies and farmers the positive response for insurance companies is not to operate agricultural insurance when farmers have insured-willingness, if the insurance companies choose to operate agricultural insurance, it will cost more(-M-P C<0), C is insurance expenses of farmers, M is farmer’s insurance claim, P is insurance company’s operational cost; farmers should be active to insure to take profits when insurance companies choose to operate agricultural insurance, farmers would definitely cost N to prevent the disaster when insurance companies choose not to operate agricultural insurance and farmers would cost more if they choose to insure agricultural insurance; in the game between the government and insurance companies, the government’s best interest is 0 and the government’s optimal strategy is not to support the insurance company to operate agricultural insurance; but insurance companies will get the best interest (-M-P C Q)(Q is government’s cost to support insurance company) only when the government support agricultural insurance, so the insurance companies will not improve the enthusiasm to operate agricultural insurance unless the government provide support. Logistic regression analysis proves that farmer’s education degree, the number of farming in a family, farmland area, agricultural income proportion and the knowledge about agricultural insurance mainly influence farmers’ behavior to purchase agricultural insurance.

  Study on the Status of the Elderly with“Five Guarantees”in Rural Seniors’ Home Under Demand Perspective 2015, 31 (13):  284-290.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb14120170 Abstract + ( 854 )   PDF ( 611KB )   ( 501 ) In order to improve the level of rural“Five Guarantees”and meet the material and spiritual needs of the elderly with“Five Guarantees”that nursed in rural seniors’home, this paper took seniors’homes in Chakouyi as a case, using the method of observation and interview from the demand perspective, to investigate living conditions of the elderly with“Five Guarantees” . The results showed that most elderly with“Five Guarantees”in the seniors’home had problems such as lacking life and medical care, lacking spiritual comfort and social interaction and so on. The key to solve the above problems was to increase government financial input, update ideas, pay attention to spiritual support and strengthen on-the-job personnel training, etc.