Current issue

• 2015 Vol.31 No.17 Published:27 July 2015

  Variation Characteristics of the NDVI and Grass Estimation Yield in Xilingol Grassland 2015, 31 (17):  1-5.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb14120139 Abstract + ( 683 )   PDF ( 695KB )   ( 454 ) To timely and accurately understand growing conditions of grassland, EOS/MODIS remote sensing data in combination with ground synchronous survey data were used to analyze the monthly variation characteristics of NDVI and the aboveground biomass of three grassland types which were the meadow steppe, typical steppe, and desert steppe in Xilingol grassland. The results showed that monthly grass yield during the growing season could reflect the change of grass growth conditions well using the S curve regression yield estimation model, and present the distribution characteristics of aboveground biomass in all three types of grassland. For the meadow steppe, the range of NDVI and the average grass yield in the grass growing season were 0.208-0.560 and 39.8-168.6 g/m2 respectively (dry weight) with the peak value in August; for the typical steppe, the figures were 0.194-0.480 and 33.7-146.2 g/m2 (dry weight) with the peak value in July; and for the desert steppe, the figures were 0.130-0.185 and 10.0-29.8 g/m2(dry weight) with the peak value in July.

  Quantitative Analysis of Nutrition Composition in Native Grasses by Near-Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy 2015, 31 (17):  6-11.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb14120188 Abstract + ( 739 )   PDF ( 685KB )   ( 608 ) In order to evaluate the potential of using near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) in analyzing the nutrition composition of native grasses quantitatively, content of CP, NDF and EE in 210 native grass samples were tested by modified partial least square (MPLS) regression. The results showed that cross validation determination coefficients (1-VR) of CP and NDF were 0.9886 and 0.9554, standard errors of cross validation (SECV) were 0.4393 and 1.7169, and ratios of standard deviation of reference analysis data to SECV (RPDCV) were 9.3355 and 4.7194, respectively. With low value of 1-VR (0.668) and SECV (0.6264), the model of EE needed to be further optimized. This study preliminarily established model of CP, NDF and EE in native Kobresia in Henan County, and provided basic data for establishing database of native grasses in different areas in Qinghai Province.

  Measurement and Correlation Analysis of Body Weight, Body Size and Feather Production of ‘Yangzhou Goose’and Its Crossed Combinations 2015, 31 (17):  12-15.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15010220 Abstract + ( 1043 )   PDF ( 494KB )   ( 469 ) In order to provide scientific basis for improving the breeding of‘Yangzhou Goose’ , this study investigated the correlation among body size, body weight and the production of feather- down traits of ‘Yangzhou Goose’and its 70-day-old crossbred combination. Body weight, body size and feather production of 70- day- old YangYang goose (Y × Y) and its 70- day- old crossbred combination LuoYang goose (L × Y), KaYang goose (K × Y), ZheYang goose (Z × Y) were measured, and the correlations among these traits were analyzed. The results indicated that the cross combination improved body weight, body size and feather production to some extent. Body weight, semi- submersible length and chest width of the three crossbred combinations were higher than those of Y×Y group. The total weight of down and feather of the three crossbred combinations was significantly higher than that of Y × Y group (P＜0.05), and the total weight of down and feather of K×Y group was 144.71 g, which was the highest. Feather weight in L×Y group and K×Y group was significant higher than that of Z×Y group and Y×Y group (P＜0.05). Down weight of L×Y group and Z×Y group were higher than that of K×Y group and Y×Y group (P＜0.05). The relationships between feather-down traits and body weight, body size were analyzed. Body weight, semi-submerged length and chest depth had a great influence on down and feather production, body weight and semi- submerged length had extremely and significantly positive correlations with the total weight of down and feather production, feather production and down production (P＜0.01). The results indicated that crossbreed could improve the production of featherdown, and there were correlations between body size, body weight and the production of feather-down to some extent.

  Progress of Study on the Toxicity of Quinoxaline 1,4-Dioxides 2015, 31 (17):  16-21.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-2345 Abstract + ( 821 )   PDF ( 470KB )   ( 533 ) Quinoxaline 1,4-di-N-oxide type antibacterial and growth promoting agents, including olaquindox, carbadox, mequindox, quinocetone, cyadox, are widely used in livestock production and disease control. Because of their toxicity, carbadox and olaquindox had been prohibited or restricted in the market. China has successively approved the use of mequindox and quinocetone, and now is developing safer similar products such as cyadox. The toxicity of this kind of agents was reviewed in this article, including short- and long-term toxicity, genotoxicity, and photoallergic toxicity. It will provide references to evaluate safety, guide rational use and avoid the harm of these agents.

  Preparation and Identification of the Artificial Antigen of Ivermectin 2015, 31 (17):  22-27.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15020023 Abstract + ( 762 )   PDF ( 683KB )   ( 460 ) The purpose of this experiment was to prepare complete artificial antigens of ivermectin. The synthesis of ivermectin half succinate which had hapten structure was performed through introducing active carboxyl group. Artificial antigens, named IVM- BSA and IVM- OVA, were obtained by means of coupling ivermectin with macromolecular carriers, such as bovine serum albumin (BSA) and ovalbumin (OVA), using NHS method. The identification of artificial antigen was conducted by SDS-PAGE and UV scanning methods subsequently. Balb/c mice were immunized with complete antigen IVM-BSA and antiserum titer was tested by indirect competitive ELISA method. The results showed that the coupling ratio of IVM-BSA and IVM-OVA were 14.1:1 and 14.7:1 respectively. The antiserum titer was 1:12800. It came to the conclusion that IVM-BSA and IVM-OVA were synthesized successfully and had satisfied immunogenicity.

  Full-Length cDNA Cloning And Spatial-Temporal Expression Analysis Of Ubiquitin-Specific Protease 9 Gene（Usp9）In Oriental river prawn, Macrobrachium nipponense 2015, 31 (17):  28-37.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-1284 Abstract + ( 730 )   PDF ( 1817KB )   ( 478 ) In this study, the full-length cDNA sequence was cloned and spatial-temporal expression pattern of Usp9 was detected by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) for the first time from the testis of oriental river prawn Macrobrachium nipponense. The full-length cDNA sequence of Usp9 is 1259 bp, containing an open reading frame of 978 bp, 162 bp of 5’ -untranslated region (UTR), 116 bp of 3'-UTR with a poly (A) tail. The deduced amino acid sequence of Usp9 shares 99% , 97% and 95% similarity to Crassostrea gigas, Bombus impatiens and Monodelphis domestica, respectively. The phylogenetic tree based on other species Usp9 proteins showed that Usp9 from testis of M. nipponense shared the closest relationship with Daphnia pulex. qRT-PCR analysis demonstrated that the expression levels of Usp9 in M. nipponense reached the peak in the 5th day of the post- larvae (PL5), when water temperature was 28℃ . Based on the expression pattern in adult tissues, the highest expression level was observed in brain, followed by abdominal ganglion, testis, ovary, muscle and intestine. The sexually dimorphic expression of Usp9 to be significantly higher in the male mouse than female, the M:F ratios between testis and ovary, male brain and female brain were 2.86 and 2.67, the difference were extremely significant (P＜0.01). The result showed that the expression of Usp9 shared the same trend with male-biased gene (M:F≥1.5). This research could provide basic information for the function of Usp9 gene and references for further studies in genetic regulation mechanism of M. nipponense, as well as in other crustacean species.

  Strategic Choice of Recreational Fisheries Development in Zhejiang Province Based on SWOT-AHP Method 2015, 31 (17):  38-43.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15010158 Abstract + ( 613 )   PDF ( 560KB )   ( 491 ) In order to choose the development strategy of recreational fishery in Zhejiang Province, so as to set an example for other regions in China, AHP-SWOT analysis method was used to analyze the internal strengths, internal weaknesses, external environmental opportunities and external environmental threats combined with the current status of recreational fishery development in Zhejiang Province. Analytic hierarchy process was also used to determine the recreational fishery development strategy mode. The results showed that the current recreational fishery development in Zhejiang Province should combine the reverse strategy and defensive strategy together. It finally came to the conclusion that the province should fully explore the potential market and increase the research level of recreational fishery, as well as take advantage of the good government policies in order to better promote the healthy and sustainable development of recreational fishery.

  Determination of the Hemolymph Characteristics of Buthus martensii Karsch in Northern Shaanxi 2015, 31 (17):  44-47.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15020015 Abstract + ( 528 )   PDF ( 603KB )   ( 355 ) In order to investigate the physiological and biochemical characteristics of hemolymph in Buthus martensii Karsch in Northern Shaanxi, scorpion hemolymph was collected by acupuncture and osmotic pressure, pH, total protein content, cell quantity and type were determined. The results showed that the color of hemolymph was amber. The weight of hemolymph accounted for 4.64% of its body weight. Its osmotic pressure was corresponding to that of 0.6% NaCl. Its pH value was 6.4~6.7. Protein content in scorpion hemolymph was 27.013 mg/mL and cellulose acetate membrane electrophoresis showed 7 bands. The total number of blood cells in scorpion hemolymph was 1.79 × 107 per milliliter. Five kinds of cells and their proportions were identified, which were prohemocyte (75.37%)， oenocytoide (1.73%)， plasmatocyte (2.30%), cystocyte (21.31%) and granulocyte (1.98%). These results provided series of experimental data for artificial breeding and further develop and utilization of scorpion resources in Northern Shaanxi, and had important theoretical and realistic significance.

  Screening of ISSR Core Primer Suitable for Identifying Beet Cultivar 2015, 31 (17):  48-52.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15010006 Abstract + ( 585 )   PDF ( 721KB )   ( 365 ) The aim was to seek appropriate ISSR primers of beet identification and then build beet fingerprint. The author utilized one species to do annealing gradient experiment on 100 ISSR primers and then expanded all primers under their best annealing temperature using 16 imported beet species, appropriate beet species was selected for purity identification. As a result, 16 primers with high level of polymorphism, clear amplification bands and good repetitiveness were selected which could expand to over 100 polymorphic bands in total with PIC over 0.6 on average. Theoretically speaking, these core primers could accomplish the identification of beet species.

  Effects of Inosine on Seed Germination and Seedling Growth of Mung Bean 吕建洲 2015, 31 (17):  53-57.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15020005 Abstract + ( 619 )   PDF ( 626KB )   ( 501 ) The present experiment was conducted to study the influences of different concentrations of inosine on seed germination and seedling growth of mung bean plant, in order to provide references for its application in plant growth regulator. By using indoor hydroponic culture, five different concentrations of inosine (100- 500 mg/L) were designed to determine relevant indicators on seed germination and seedling growth of mung bean. Compared with the control, soaking in all different inosine concentrations could promote the seed germination and seedling growth of mung bean seeds, and improve the seed germination potential and rate, root length, leaf length and width, fresh weight and dry weight in various degrees, while root shoot ratio decreased. Among all inosine treatments, the seed germination and rate of 400 mg/L treatment were the highest, which were 95.8% and 97.9% , respectively. And the fresh weight, dry weight and root dry weight of 300 mg/L treatment were the maximum. Eight and ten days after seeding, seedling root length, leaf length and width of seedling of 200 mg/L and 400 mg/L treatments were also the highest. The use of inosine soaking could promote the seed germination and seedling growth of mung bean, and the inosine concentration of 200-400 mg/L can be more beneficial to the seedling growth and increase the output in varying degrees.

  Starch Discrimination with Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy(FTIR) and Two-dimensional Correlation Infrared Spectroscopy (2D-IR) 2015, 31 (17):  58-64.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb14110058 Abstract + ( 2067 )   PDF ( 2656KB )   ( 1013 ) The objective of the present study was to discriminate three kinds of starch by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR), deconvolution infrared spectroscopy, second derivative infrared spectroscopy and two-dimensional correlation infrared spectroscopy (2D-IR). The FTIR spectra of starch in the region of 1200- 900 cm- 1 were applied to deconvolution analysis; the peak ratios of 1050/1020 cm- 1 were calculated to analyze the starch ordered structure, the higher the ratios, the more contents of the ordered structure. The infrared spectra in the range of 1800- 700 cm- 1 were selected to perform second derivative infrared spectroscopy analysis. The results showed that the infrared spectra were similar on the whole; the ordered structure from high to low was lotus root starch, potato starch and sweet potato starch; the obvious differences in positions, shapes and absorption intensities of peaks of second derivative infrared spectroscopy were observed in the range of 1607-1487 cm-1, and in the wave number of 1468, 1187, 1055, 931 cm-1. 2D-IR spectroscopy showed that the automatic spectrum peak positions and intensities of three different starch were significantly different in the range of 1150-1500 cm- 1 and 860-1200 cm- 1. The results showed that the macroscopical finger print characters of FTIR and 2D-IR spectra could not only prove the information of main chemical constituents in starch, but also compare the components differences among the similar samples. In conclusion, the multistep IR macro-finger print method were rapid, effective, visual and accurate for starch research.

  Study on NIR Spectral Detection Model of Flue-cured Tobacco Cellulose Content under Different Baking Conditions 2015, 31 (17):  65-69.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15030074 Abstract + ( 630 )   PDF ( 550KB )   ( 388 ) The NIR spectral detection model of flue-cured tobacco cellulose content under different baking conditions was explored. For 85 samples under different baking conditions, partial least squares regression (PLS) was used to establish the regression model based on all wavelengths. Under common baking, the regression coefficient r=0.9949, RMSE=0.1122 in calibration set; r=0.9234, RMSE=0.4636 in cross validation set; r=0.8982, RMSE=0.6963 in prediction set. Under low temperature baking, r=0.9811, RMSE=0.3279 in calibration set; r=0.9456, RMSE=0.5290 in cross validation set; r=0.9938, RMSE=0.1608 in prediction set. Under high temperature baking, r=0.9128, RMSE=0.4381 in calibration set; r=0.8215, RMSE=0.6162 in cross validation set; r=0.9743, RMSE=0.1986 in prediction set. The results showed that using the partial least squares regression to predict the cellulose content of flue-cured tobacco under different baking conditions was feasible.

  Antioxidant Activity and Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitory Activity of Rhodomyrtus tomentosa Fruit Polyphenol 2015, 31 (17):  70-74.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15020084 Abstract + ( 805 )   PDF ( 679KB )   ( 519 ) The total phenolics were extracted from Rhodomyrtus tomentosa whole fruit with 95% methanol and quantified by Folin method. The extract was subjected to assessing its antioxidant potential using DPPH, ABTS and Hydroxyl system, and its acetylcholinesterase (AchE) inhibitory activity was tested by modified Edman method. The results showed that the fruit extract contained high levels of total phenolics (2.45 mg/g DW), and it was found to be effective scavenger against DPPH radical, ABTS and hydroxyl radical. The activities increased in a concentration dependent manner. IC50 values were 120.78, 25.44 and 194.09 μg/mL, respectively. It also exhibited strong inhibitory activity against acetylcholinesterase in a concentration dependent manner, IC50 was 15.07 μg/mL. In conclusion, the polyphenol extractives from R. tomentosa fruit had strong antioxidant potential and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity.

  Determination of 6 Heavy Metal Elements in Honeysuckle from 9 Producing Areas 2015, 31 (17):  75-79.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15020081 Abstract + ( 1001 )   PDF ( 511KB )   ( 476 ) The aim was to establish a simultaneous determination method of 6 heavy metal elements including As, Cr, Cd, Ni, Pb and Se in honeysuckle by ICP- MS, and to detect heavy metal contents in honeysuckle samples from 9 producing areas. Samples were digested with microwave, and were determined by ICP- MS. Standard solvent was added to samples to investigate the accuracy, precision, linear range and limit of quantitative of the method. The average recovery rates of the 6 heavy metal elements were in the range of 97.4%-105.4% with the relative standard derivation of 0.6%-3.5%. The limit of quantitative was 0.2 μg/L. 6 heavy metal elements of 9 samples were determined with this method, and the average content of As, Cr, Cd, Ni, Pb and Se was 0.38, 0.62, 0.22, 2.02, 0.84, 0.70 mg/kg, respectively. 9 samples could be clustered into 4 kinds. The method was sensitive and accurate, and suitable for determining 6 heavy metal elements in honeysuckle, and their contents of samples from 9 producing areas were in the limit range of Chinese Pharmacopoeia Regulation.

  Study on the Spatial Distribution Pattern of Damaged Rice Hills by the Seamia inferens (Walker) and a Sampling Technique 2015, 31 (17):  80-85.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15010086 Abstract + ( 555 )   PDF ( 586KB )   ( 431 ) The rice pink stem borer (PSB) Seamia inferens (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is a disastrous species in eastern China and other tropical South- Eastern Asian rice production regions. The lack of information regarding its spatial distribution impeded the establishment of suitable sampling techniques in field and regional scales to control its damage in rice. The numbers of damaged rice hills in 50 sampling units (0.25 m2 of rice plants) from each of 10 directly- sown rice fields were counted in the north of Zhejiang Province, China, and the aggregation index, Iwao’ s index and Taylor’ s power methods were adopted. The results showed that the space distributions of dead heart caused by larvae of the 2nd generation, and white-head caused by the 3rd generation of PSB, either nearby the boundary or in the middle of field, were found to be aggregating distribution. During the 2nd generation of PSB, rice plants near the boundary were much more seriously damaged than those in central field, which implied that PSB was attracted by rice plants near the boundary (boundary phenomenon). However, there was no such phenomenon existed in the 3rd generation. A sequential sampling equation, n2=287.83/m+38.57 and n5=447.42/m+10.63, in which n=sampling size and m= mean number of damaged hills per sampling unit, was proposed for the controlling of the 2nd and the 3rd generation of PSB, respectively.

  Efficacy Assessment of 50 g/L Pinoxaden EC for the Control of Phalaris arundinacea in Barley Field 杨荣权,张丽娟 and 2015, 31 (17):  86-89.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15010169 Abstract + ( 577 )   PDF ( 498KB )   ( 355 ) The study aim was to explore the optimal dose and application time of pinoxaden in the control of Phalaris arundinacea in barley field. In the plot experiments, four doses (from 900 to 2400 mL/hm2) of pinoxaden (50 g/L) EC was applied for the control of P. arundinacea in barley field. The optimal application time of pinoxaden was 3- 4 leaf stage of P. arundinacea and 4- 5 leaf stage of barley. In this stage of P. arundinacea, the control efficacy of four doses was all more than 97% . The 50 g/L pinoxaden exhibited excellent efficacy to P. arundinacea, and the efficacy was better than that of the 69 g/L fenoxaprop-p-ethyl and manual weeding. In 4-5 leaf stage of barley and 3-4 leaf stage of P. arundinacea, when the pinoxaden was applied at the dose from 900 to 1200 mL/hm2, the efficacy for controlling P. arundinacea could be more than 97%. There was no harmful effect to other arthropods in field, and it was safe to barley.

  Resistance Level and Mechanism of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides to Thiophanate-Methyl in Zhejiang 2015, 31 (17):  90-94.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-2149 Abstract + ( 750 )   PDF ( 498KB )   ( 655 ) The study is to observe the resistant frequency and the molecular mechanism of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides to thiophanate-methyl in Zhejiang. The sensitivity to thiophanate-methyl of 62 isolates of C. gloeosporioides was determined by the method of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). The β-tubulin gene region of 12 isolates was amplified. The results showed that 56 of 62 isolates (90.32%) were highly resistant to thiophanate- methyl, and 6 isolates (9.68% ) were sensitive. The β- tubulin sequences of 12 representative isolates of C. gloeosporioides were aligned. It showed that the resistant isolates to thiophanate-methyl produced mutation (A→C), and glutamic acid (GAC) was substituted by alanine (GCG) at amino acid 198. The point mutation of amino acid at codon 198 of C. gloeosporioides β-tubulin gene was related to thiophanate-methyl resistance.

  Application Technique of 70% Imidacloprid WDG Controlling Aphids on Chrysanthemum morifolium 2015, 31 (17):  95-99.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb14120131 Abstract + ( 718 )   To effectively prevent the attack of aphids on Chrysanthemum morifolium, safety tests and field efficacy trials were carried out to optimize the application technique of 70% imidacloprid water dispersible granule (WDG) for controlling aphids. The results of laboratory safety test showed that 70% imidacloprid WDG was safe to different Chrysanthemum morifolium varieties including‘Jinju II’ ,‘Xiao Huangju’ ,‘Zao Xiaoyangju’ ,‘Yizhongdabaiju’ ,‘Futian Baiju’ , etc. The field efficacy trials in Zhejiang and Hubei Provinces indicated that 70% imidacloprid WDG had rapid and persistent control effects on aphids such as Macrosiphoniella sanborni, Myzus persicae and Aphis gossypii. The correction efficacies were above 70%, 85%, 90% and 80% after spraying 52.5 g a.i./hm2 for 1 day, 3 days, 7 days and 14 days, respectively. And no influence was observed on Chrysanthemum morifolium and non-target organisms. The results supported that 70% imidacloprid WDG was suitable to register and use widely for controlling aphids on Chrysanthemum morifolium.

  Relative Preferences of Curculio chinensis Adults for Different Varieties of Tea-Oil Trees 2015, 31 (17):  100-104.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15010218 Abstract + ( 714 )   PDF ( 527KB )   ( 459 ) To provide the base date for insect resistant breeding of tea-oil tree, the preferences of Curculio chinensis adults for different host species were studied. Adopting field investigations and laboratory tests methods which included selective and compulsivity feeding, oviposition and olfactory response test, selective feeding and oviposition of Curculio chinensis adults on different varieties of host plants were tested. The results showed that pests could damage 2 varieties and 3 species of host plants, fruit drop before fruit picking were mainly due to pests’damage; the pest preference for Camellia semiserrata was higher than for the other species or strains in June; pest did not oviposit on the leaves, and also did not oviposit when pericarp thickness was longer than the deepest wormhole; female adults preferred buds to fruits and leaves during early adult period, but preferred fruits to buds and leaves during mating and oviposition period.

  Effect of Phenolic Acid and Ginsenosides in American Ginseng on the Growth of Pathogenic Fungi 2015, 31 (17):  105-110.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15030090 Abstract + ( 635 )   PDF ( 556KB )   ( 426 ) This study aimed to investigate the roles of major secondary metabolites in American ginseng (Panax quinquefolium L.) defensing against pathogens infection. Contents of three kinds of phenolic acids in the root of American ginseng, including p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid and benzoic acid, were determined by using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Sensitivities of four pathogenic fungi, including Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium solani, F. oxysporum and Cylindrocarpon destructans, to phenolic acid or ginsenosides were analyzed using flat growth restraint method. The results showed that contents of p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid and benzoic acid were (1.37±0.07), (2.80±0.04), and (6.07±0.24) mg/kg in three-year-old American ginseng root, respectively. All the three kinds of phenolic acids showed no effect on the growth of the four pathogenic fungi under these concentrations. However, R. solani, F. oxysporum and C. destructans were significantly inhibited by ginsenosides at concentration of 4~40 mg/mL, which were corresponding to the concentrations of ginsenosides in roots (P＜0.05). Inhibition ratios on R. solani, F. solani, F. oxysporum and C. destructans were 100%, 83%, 77% and 58%, respectively, when concentration of ginsenosides was 40 mg/mL (P＜0.05). The results indicated that ginsenosides was important in inhibiting pathogenic fungi as a kind of chemical defense compounds.

  Progresses of the Microbial Control of Tomato Early Blight 2015, 31 (17):  111-115.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15010113 Abstract + ( 855 )   PDF ( 510KB )   ( 1294 ) Tomato early blight, also known as‘ring rot’or‘summer disease’ , is a serious worldwide plant fungal disease caused by Alternaria solani. The applications of yeast, actinomycetes and bacteria in the microbial control of tomato early blight are reviewed in this paper. With the continuous progress of science and technology, microbial control, which has a good control effect on the disease and is harmless to human being and the environment, will replace chemicals and become the main control means to tomato early blight, but its large-scale exploitation as biocontrol agents is still a problem. The prospects and potential problems in future research on the microbial control of tomato early blight are also discussed.

  Study on Amicarazone Photolysis Kinetics 2015, 31 (17):  116-120.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15010097 Abstract + ( 565 )   PDF ( 643KB )   ( 423 ) In order to study the photochemical degradation law and the environmental impact of amicarbazone, the author used the method of HLPC- UV, studied the photolysis dynamics of amicarbazone in different environmental water, different pH, different surfactants, different humic acids through laboratory simulation experiments. The results showed that the photolysis of amicarbazone was faster in alkaline solution than in neutral condition, and the half-lives were 2.9 h and 6.4 h. The photolysis was the slowest in acidic condition and the half-live was 7.6 h. The photolysis rates in 4 different types of water were : river water＞field water＞ lake water＞distilled water. The photolysis half-lives in different concentrations of humic acid were 1.3, 3.5 and 5.8 h. In the experiment of different types of surfactant, the photolysis rates were: Span 60＞SDBS＞ Tween 80, and the half-lives were 2.1, 2.5, 10.2 h, respectively. The amicarbazone was not stable in alkaline and neutral conditions, and it had a fast photolysis in river water. Low concentration humic acid could accelerate photolysis process of amicarbazone. Amicarbazone was not stable in Span 60.

  Research on Landscape Pattern Change of Cultivated Land in Country on Medium Time Scale——A Case of Longhai City (County) Fujian Province 2015, 31 (17):  121-126.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15030209 Abstract + ( 541 )   PDF ( 767KB )   ( 420 ) Cultivated land is the essence of land, as well as the guarantee for national food security. Based on the theory of landscape ecology, the author analyzed the utilization of cultivated land in Longhai City in 1998, 2007 and 2013, with the selected indices of fractal dimension, spatial structure stability index, contagion index, Shannon’ s diversity index and Shannon’ s evenness index. The research results showed that the effect of human interference on studied cultivated land could be both positive and negative. The regularity of patches increased, the antijamming capability and stability of cultivated land were strengthened, the types of cultivated land patches tended to be homogenization, but the continuity of high quality patches went down and the degree of crushing increased. It is concluded that while positive effects of land consolidation and structural adjustment of agriculture should be recognized, county-level land development which is a negative human activity should also be avoided and standardized.

  Land Use Change and Its Effects on Ecosystem Service Value in Resource Province 2015, 31 (17):  127-133.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15010104 Abstract + ( 572 )   PDF ( 1309KB )   ( 521 ) In order to study land use change and its effects on ecosystem service value in resource province, the author took land cover/use data (2000—2005—2010) and digital elevation model(DEM) as the basis, analyzed the change of ecosystem service value in Shanxi Province under land cover/use change through the method of remote sensing and GIS. The results showed that: (1) during 2000—2010, the main types of land use were woodland and farmland, accounting for over 65% of the total land use; (2) during 2000—2005, farmland contributed the most to other natural resources in land use change; during 2005—2010, grassland contributed the most to other natural resources in land use change; (3) farmland was the most active land use type, farmland and woodland showed an expansion trend between 2000 and 2010; (4) land use changes caused the regional eco-environmental effects. The total value of ecosystem service rose 10.01% during the ten years. The value of ecosystem service of grassland decreased the most by 78.81% , and that of woodland increased the most by 34.25%. The total value of ecosystem services was increasing in Shanxi Province, except the service value of waste treatment.

  Ecological Adaptability Evaluation and Planting Division of Epimedium in Gansu Province 2015, 31 (17):  134-138.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15010083 Abstract + ( 753 )   PDF ( 789KB )   ( 652 ) On the basis of field investigation and the theory of ecological suitability evaluation, the author used GIS technology and the method of fuzzy mathematics, selected 8 potential factors which affected Epimedium planting distribution, built ecological suitability evaluation model and researched artificial planting suitability distribution of Epimedium in Gansu Province. The results showed that the suitable planting area of Epimedium was 4.0342 million hm2, accounting for 66.07% of the total area of forest land in Gansu Province; the planting areas were mainly distributed in Gannan, Longnan, Xinglong mountain in Yuzhong county and Maxian mountains in the south of Qilihe district of Lanzhou, and Min county, Zhang county and parts of Weiyuan county of Dingxi, Huating county of Pingliang, and along the route of the Guan-Taitong-Kongtong mountain. Through the appropriate division of planting areas, the author provided theoretical basis for cultivating Epimedium from wild germplasm in Gansu Province.

  Study on Sludge Reduction by Bioleaching Technology 韩德周 and 2015, 31 (17):  139-144.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-0124 Abstract + ( 632 )   PDF ( 992KB )   ( 475 ) The paper aims to study sludge reduction in municipal wastewater treatment plant by bioleaching technology and ultimately achieve the purpose of resource utilization, and has practical significance. Three sequencing batches of bioleaching experiments were conducted in two local sewage treatment plants in Tianjin with a movable container testing machine. The results showed that under the condition of 15-25℃, 1.2 L/min of aeration rate and 72 h of reaction time, inputting 260 L initial inoculum and 0.73 kg nutrients into 400 L original mud, 3 batches of leaching experiments were conducted with reflux ratio of 40%. When the reaction time was 72 h, pH value of two kinds of sludge in 3 batches could be reduced from around 5 before leaching to 3 or less. Dissolution rates of cadmium, copper, zinc and nickel of both kinds of sludge reached more than 80% on average, of which, the dissolution rate of zinc and cadmium reached 94.26% and 86.67% . The average dissolution effect from high to low was as follows: zinc ＞ cadmium ＞ Cu＞ Ni. Mercury, lead and arsenic had the lowest average dissolution rate, which was 21.42%, 20.4% and 23.52%, respectively. After bioleaching solid-liquid separation, solid sludge moisture rate was 53% or less. Respectively adding 4 kg/t and 2 kg/t of lime to the liquid after condensation, ammonia, COD of sludge 1 and 2, and SS of sludge 1 exceeded pollutant emission standards in the upper part of the supernatant. Compared with the original mud, fecal coliform kill rate of bioleaching sludge was 99.99% . In the end of the bioleaching process, the total nutrient loss was 24.89% and 9.31% , respectively, and there was also certain loss of organic matters, while solid sludge salt content was more than 2.00%. Therefore, bioleaching technique had good application effect and prospect, and the study provided basis for further local engineering applications.

  Tolerance and Accumulation Ability of Ramie to Heavy Metal Cadmium Pollution 林欣,张兴, and 2015, 31 (17):  145-150.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15030175 Abstract + ( 595 )   PDF ( 580KB )   ( 371 ) In order to study the difference in accumulation and tolerance ability of Cd in wild and cultivated ramie, based on previous studies, the author used wild and cultivated ramie as the research objects, and conducted pot experiment with Fushun ramie,‘Xiangzhu III’ , Lengshuijiang wild ramie and Liuyang wild ramie. The author studied the accumulation and tolerance characteristics of the tested materials in order to lay the foundation for ramie Cd resistant germplasm screening. The results showed that the Cd accumulation coefficient sequence of different organs and Cd contents were the same, under 2 kinds of high concentration treatments, the accumulation coefficients of the aboveground part were less than 1, and decreased with the increase of concentration; the Cd transport coefficients of Fushun ramie, Lengshuijiang wild ramie and ‘Xiangzhu III’were greater than 1, which indicated that they had better ability to transport Cd up. This indicated that ramie had tolerance to Cd and it also had accumulation capacity. As one kind of economic crops, the ramie had the potential to repair the heavy metal pollution.

  Effect of Applying Agriculture-used Magnesium Hydroxide on the Yield of Cabbage, Late Rice and Content of Soil Magnesium 2015, 31 (17):  151-155.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15020065 Abstract + ( 560 )   PDF ( 438KB )   ( 378 ) 78.3% of arable land in Mingqing, Fujian is deficient in magnesium. In order to explore the effects of agriculture-used magnesium hydroxide on the yield of cabbage and late rice and soil magnesium content, field experiments includes 5 different levels of application rates of magnesium were conducted, and magnesium hydroxide fertilizer was basal applied, cabbage and late rice were chosen as materials, which had large cultivated area and sensitive to magnesium. The results showed that the application of magnesium hydroxide increased rice chlorophyll content in tillering stage and full heading stage. Under proper dosage, the application of magnesium hydroxide could increase the yield of cabbage and late rice, and the best application amounts were 225 and 120 kg/hm2, which could increase economic benefit 12423.9 and 1410 yuan/hm2, and the increase rates were 12.7% and 9.1% , respectively. The late rice yield decreased significantly when the application amount of magnesium hydroxide was above 120 kg/hm2. The contents of available magnesium in cabbage and late rice soil under the highest yield magnesium hydroxide application level increased 14.3 and 11.3 mg/kg, respectively. Late rice was more sensitive to magnesium than cabbage under the same soil available magnesium level, too much available magnesium could lead to the reduction of yield. Proper application of magnesium hydroxide in cabbage and late rice could increase yield and soil available magnesium amount and promote the balance of soil nutrient.

  Effects of Wheat Straw Returned to Field and Combined Fertilizer Application on Growth and Yield of Summer Maize in Lime Concretion Black Soil Area 王伟中 2015, 31 (17):  156-162.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb14120124 Abstract + ( 1118 )   PDF ( 661KB )   ( 432 ) In order to explore the promotion of technology of wheat straw returned to the field in lime concretion black soil area of northern Jiangsu plain,‘Suyu23’ , a maize variety, was adopted in the experiment. Five different treatments including no wheat straw returned to field, and wheat straw returned to field combined with organic and chemical fertilizer were applied to study the effects of different combinations of wheat straw returned to field and fertilizer on emergence, stem morphology, dry matter accumulation and distribution, yield and its component of maize. The results showed that no wheat straw returned to field and no fertilizer treatment (T0) hampered plant growth, dry matter accumulation and distribution, ear traits, yield formation and emergence of maize. Wheat straw returned to field and combined fertilizer treatment (T2, T3, T4) significantly improved emergence and seedling quality, as well as plant growth. Comparing to control (chemical fertilizer only, T1), wheat straw returned to field and chemical fertilizer treatment (T2) influenced ear traits and yield of maize adversely. T2 treatment shortened spike length, decreased 1000-grain weight by 6.7%, and resulted in yield loss by 8.4% . However, wheat straw returned to field and organic fertilizer treatment or optimized fertilizer treatment (T3 and T4) promoted plant height, chlorophyll content, dry matter accumulation and distribution, ear traits and yield, raised emergence quality of maize. The wheat straw returned to field and optimized fertilizer treatment (T4) was the most significant combination. Comparing to control (chemical fertilizer only, T1), T4 treatment raised the number of grain per ear and 1000- grain weight by 24.0% and 6.7% , respectively, and finally increased yield by 5.8% . 15 days after sowing, the emergence rate of T4 treatment achieved 77.9% which was 4.9% more than that of control, its emergence uniformity was increased by14.4%, hence T4 treatment ensured yield increase of maize. Therefore, the wheat straw returned to field in lime concretion black soil area could improve seedling quality, promote plant growth and the transfer of dry matter to grain of maize, and yield of maize would be raised with the combination of organic fertilizer and optimized fertilizer. Furthermore, the optimized fertilizer treatment had better effects than organic one.

  Effect of Slow/controlled Release Fertilizers on N uptake of Spring Maize and Their N Releasing Characteristics in Soil 2015, 31 (17):  163-168.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15010182 Abstract + ( 601 )   PDF ( 594KB )   ( 374 ) The study aim to investigate the N releasing characteristics and biological effects of several slow/ controlled release fertilizers in light sierozems in Ningxia, and find the suitable combination of materials for slow/controlled releasing. A pot experiment was conducted under the same N, P, K nutrients input to study the effect of five fertilizer treatments on the growth, N uptake and utilization of spring maize, and simultaneously investigate N releasing characteristics of these slow/controlled release fertilizers in soil. The results indicated that the plant height, shoot biomass and total biomass of spring maize more or less increased after applying slow/controlled release fertilizers in contrast to treatment of no N fertilizer, and shoot N uptake, root N uptake and total N uptake also significantly increased in treatments of slow/controlled release fertilizers; N use efficiency ranged from 33.9%-39.7% in these treatments of slow/controlled release fertilizers, which increased by 2.4%-8.2% compared with that of balanced fertilization of NPK (31.5%). There were about 65 days of N releasing in soil for self-developed slow/controlled releasing fertilizers, and the N releasing peak was before and after 32 days; however, N releasing peak was before and after 17 days for commodity coated urea, there was still high N releasing after 65 days in soil. Therefore, in contrast to commodity coated urea, the N releasing days should be extended in self-developed slow/controlled release fertilizers, but they could supply enough N for spring maize during the early growing period.

  Study on the Application Effect of Nitrogen Fertilizer Synergist on Wheat 2015, 31 (17):  169-173.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15010041 Abstract + ( 973 )   PDF ( 505KB )   ( 368 ) In order to know scientific efficacy of nitrogen stabilizer and apply this kind of product in Jiangnan band region, we explored its field performance on winter wheat. Based on the same use rate of Phosphate and Potash fertilizer, we studied the effect of nitrogen stabilizer on wheat yield, agronomic characteristics, nitrogen agronomic efficacy and fertilization benefit under different application methods. Trial results showed that yield performance of treatment with nitrogen could increase 3075- 4410 kg/hm2 compared with untreated, the increase rate at least reached 88.9%. Treatment with nitrogen stabilizer averagely increased productive ear 1 million/hm2, the increase rate could reach 15.61% . The average yield could increase to 528.25 kg/hm2 and increase rate was 7.74%. Nitrogen agronomic efficacy averagely increases 3 kg/kg and the increase rate was 16.75% . Decreasing 25% of nitrogen with nitrogen stabilizer had the highest wheat product efficacy, which could reach 25.36 kg/kg. Treatment 50% nitrogen as base fertilizer mixed with nitrogen stabilizer following other 50% nitrogen as side- dress fertilizer had the highest yield and income results, which could reach 7869 kg/hm2 and 8524.50 yuan/hm2 respectively. Based on our trial results, nitrogen was the most important factor on wheat growth under this trial soil fertility. Nitrogen stabilizer facilitated the increase of productive ear number and percentage of ear bearing tiller. Nitrogen stabilizer increased the utilization of nitrogen and productivity of wheat, which turned out to save fertilizer use rate and cost. Application 50% nitrogen as base fertilizer mixed with nitrogen stabilizer following other 50% nitrogen as side-dress fertilizer is recommended.

  Study on Soil Water Dynamic Change of Cultivated Land in Different Areas 2015, 31 (17):  174-179.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15010179 Abstract + ( 590 )   PDF ( 694KB )   ( 466 ) In order to verify variable features of soil water in different regions, soil samples were collected from Weinan plateau land and farmland near Weihe in October and November of 2011 and February March, April and May of 2012, and the water content of soil was measured. The result showed that, because of the influence of precipitation and groundwater level, the water content of farmland near Weihe was higher than that of Weinan plateau land. The change of soil water content at farmland near Weihe was greater than that of Weinan plateau land. In October, November and February, as a result of the effects of winter climate, the figure of soil water content was relatively high. While in March, April and May, affected by drought, the figure of soil water content was generally low.

  Analysis and Test of Two Precipitation Processes in Shenyang with ANC and TRACER 李大为,李典,, and 2015, 31 (17):  180-185.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb14120150 Abstract + ( 506 )   PDF ( 5366KB )   ( 306 ) With the development of big cities and the requirement of society for refined weather forecast, weather nowcasting, especially nowcasting of sudden disaster weather, has become the focus of social attention. In order to improve the nowcasting ability, the Shenyang Meteorological Bureau has introduced ANC and TRACER system. But due to the short time of practical use, correction technology of the two systems has not been summed up. This paper studied the rainstorm weather processes of October 10, 2013 and August 24, 2014 in Shenyang, summarized the differences of ANC and TRACER in nowcasting, and pointed out that the advantage of ANC was more obvious in local strong convection weather forecast and TRACER was more conducive to the continuous and relatively large range precipitation forecast. This paper could provide correction methods and basis for refined weather forecast in Shenyang with ANC and TRACER.

  Comparative Analysis of Two Processes with Significant Differences in Precipitations Occurred in a Similar Circulation Background 苗爱梅,,刘婉莉 and 2015, 31 (17):  186-195.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb14110038 Abstract + ( 663 )   PDF ( 2152KB )   ( 345 ) In order to figure out the problem of summer rainstorm false forecast, we used the data from conventional meteorological observation, FY-2D meteorological satellite, radar, automatic weather stations and NECP reanalysis, to analyze two processes with great differences in precipitations in a similar circulation background in July, 2012. The results showed that the main reasons of great differences in two precipitations were the system configuration of upstream and downstream and generation of meso- scale system under the background of similar large scale circulation. On July 6, the cold air weakened while the short wave trough moving eastward, at the same time the dynamic conditions of precipitation, water vapor and instability conditions weakened, shower appeared in south central Shanxi. On July 8, the cold air strengthened while moving eastward, the height and wind fields showed apparent ageostrophic characteristics. Meso-scale shear line, jet stream and vortex were generated, the water vapor transport and convergence that influencing the precipitation strengthened, the convection developed, which leaded the emergence of regional rainstorm weather in south central Shanxi. Therefore, in a similar circulation background, the numerical weather forecasting products should be revised by analyzing the evolution of the upstream and downstream system, and the upper and lower configuration of the meteorological elements fields to reduce rainstorm false forecast.

  Feature Analysis of Mesoscale Convective System and Discussion of a Torrential Rain in the Summer of 2014 in Tongliao City, Inner Mongolia 2015, 31 (17):  196-201.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15010031 Abstract + ( 560 )   PDF ( 3608KB )   ( 359 ) In this paper, using data of conventional observation, satellite, radar and ground automatic stations on July 15, 2014 in Tongliao City, Inner Mongolia, local rainstorm process was analyzed and discussed. The results showed that the rainstorm had significant characteristics of strong intensity, small range, short duration; it was local and burst, and difficult to forecast. The local heavy rain mainly caused by the medium and small scale systems, satellite cloud pictures showed a performance of meso γ scale, meso β scale to meso α scale convective clouds, which finally developed to mesoscale convective system (MCS), and the merging, development and strengthening of convective clouds led to the short-time strong rainfall. Radar echo form had a good corresponding relationship to the convective clouds. Strong vertical wind shear and the middle dry cold air intrusion provided favorable conditions for the rainstorm. The surface mesoscale convergence and system were the trigger mechanism of local heavy rain. Therefore, analysis and interpretation of high resolution monitoring products, combining with understanding and grasp of weather situation and characteristics of the surrounding environment can effectively improve the forecast ability of strong local weather.

  Preliminary Application of Satellite Data in Numerical Prediction of Torrential Rain in Shanxi 2015, 31 (17):  202-208.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15030150 Abstract + ( 605 )   PDF ( 2909KB )   ( 441 ) In order to improve the water vapor initial field of numerical model and QPF (quantitative precipitation forecast) with the satellite data fusion, the numerical simulation and sensitivity experiment were made on a short-term severe precipitation process occurred in southeastern Shanxi Province at night of July 9, 2013. The results showed that: the northwest low vortex moving eastward with the upper-level trough guiding was the circulation background for this severe precipitation, and the short-term severe precipitation process was mainly affected by the low-level vortex accompanied by wind shear, while the meso- β scale convection cloud system which generated near the shear line was the direct system. Precipitation forecast for 24 hours, especially forecast of severe precipitation, could be improved significantly by cloud top data fusion. Further study indicated that: cloud top data fusion could contribute to obtaining the information of mesoscale systems and finding out the meso- β scale convection cloud cluster; with the cloud top data fusion, numerical model could better depict the mesoscale characteristic of real humidity field, significantly enhance the analysis of high humidity regions which had an important influence on the severe precipitation; numerical model could more effectively forecast the change and movement of precipitation for 3 hours, which would significantly improve the effect of rainstorm nowcasting.

  Analysis of the Effects of Fung-wong Track and Strength Variation on North Bank of Tai Lake 2015, 31 (17):  209-216.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15010193 Abstract + ( 603 )   PDF ( 2092KB )   ( 405 ) The paper aims to investigate the characteristics of unusual track and strength of severe tropical storm Fung- wong (1416), as well as the rainfall and wind caused by it in 2014. By analyzing the weather environmental fields around Fung-wong and diagnosing its physical quantities, the path variation and strength change as well as structure characteristics were studied. Results showed that: Fung-wong was influenced by the change of subtropical high and steering flow, moved along the subtropical high periphery, travelled westward first, then headed northward and moved eastward out to the sea finally. The deep steering flow played a good role in indication. In strength aspect, Fung-wong owned a small size, the previous sea temperature was low so as to reduce the heat capacity level, herein, strength of Fung-wong could not be enhanced by these conditions. Meanwhile, the structure of Fung-wong was asymmetric by studying the wind filed characteristics. Fung-wong was weakened after the boost of vertical wind shear, its structure was also broken after several landings. Overall, Fung- wong tracked eastward with a week strength to make limited effect. The vapor transport condition was unfavorable with no cooperation of the cold air, and therefore the rainfall on the north bank of Tai Lake was mainly moderate, the wind was concentrated around Fung-wong’ s center circulation. The effect caused by Fung-wong was limited.

  Study on Frost Variation Characteristic and Effect on Agriculture in Recent 50 Years in Wuhu City 2015, 31 (17):  217-221.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15030010 Abstract + ( 640 )   PDF ( 626KB )   ( 649 ) The study aims to provide some scientific basis for the agricultural production and disaster prevention in Wuhu City. Based on the surface minimum temperature data of Wuhu Meteorological Station from 1960 to 2011, the author researched the frost variation characteristics and analyzed its impact on agriculture in Wuhu City by linear trend estimation, anomaly analysis and other methods. The results showed that: (1) the average date of the first and the last frost events were November 19th and March 17th, and the average frost-free period was 247 days; (2) in recent 50 years in Wuhu, the first frost date appeared later and later with a rate of 2.4 d/10 a; the last frost date appeared earlier and earlier with a rate of 2.1 d/10 a; frost-free period extended at a speed of about 4.9 d /10 a; (3) the overall trend of frost-free period turned from being shorter to being longer in 1981, but did not reach the standard of abrupt climate change; (4) in general, it was conducive to agricultural production that extreme (partial) early fall frost and extreme (partial) late spring frost reduced the probability of frost occurrence and the frost-free period prolonged; however, due to the damage of frost and its instable occurrence, prevention of frost disaster was still needed.

  Characteristics Analysis of Wind in Zhangjiakou 2015, 31 (17):  222-227.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15010128 Abstract + ( 856 )   PDF ( 656KB )   ( 895 ) In order to reveal the main characteristics of spatial-temporal distribution and change trend of wind direction and wind speed, and to provide the reference for rational utilization of resources and reduction of disaster in Zhangjiakou region, the wind observation data from 14 ground meteorological stations in Zhangjiakou region from 1960 to 2013 were statistically analyzed by mathematical statistics, linear fitting, climate trend rate method and so on. The results showed that the annual average wind speed in Zhangjiakou was 3.6- 4.1 m/s, higher than that in Baxia area, which was 1.8- 3.0 m/s. The annual average wind speed showed a declining tendency, with the reduction of 2.21 m/s in Bashang area and 0.92 m/s in Baxia area during the 54 years. The maximum decrease appeared in the 70's of last century. The annual average wind speed showed the type of‘spring strong, summer light’ , and the maximum and minimum of average wind velocity occurred respectively in April and August. The annual average wind speed decreased with the maximum rate in winter and the minimum rate in summer. The wind speed reached the maximum from 13:00 to 15:00 in Bashang area and about 15:00 in Baxia area and the smallest was at 5:00-7:00. The rate of growth and decline of wind speed in Bashang were greater than that in Baxia. The gale days reached 48.5 d/county in Bashang and 31.8 d/county in Baxia. The peak occurred between 1963 and 1974 and was reducing at a tendency of 9.4 d/10 a in Bashang and 7.1 d /10 a in Baxia. The prevalent wind directions were NW, N and W in Zhangjiakou region throughout the year, spring and winter had a consistent dominant wind direction, while the dominant wind direction in summer was in accordance with that in autumn. In summer, with the enhancement of warm air, the southerly and easterly wind increased.

  Analysis of Change Characteristics of Four Seasons in Linyi City During 1962-2013 2015, 31 (17):  228-235.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb14120104 Abstract + ( 603 )   PDF ( 912KB )   ( 414 ) In order to reflect the impact of climate warming on season changes in Linyi, so as to give a better service to the local seasonal agricultural production, disaster prevention and mitigation, using the daily temperature data in Linyi from 1962 to 2013, the start dates and lengths of four-season in recent 52 years in Linyi were analyzed according to the national standard of climatic season division. The results showed that spring started earlier obviously while autumn and winter started later in varying degrees, which was most obvious in the 1990s and the beginning of the 21st century, the trend of summer start date was not significant. Studies over the four- season length showed that the length of spring and summer had a slightly increasing trend while that of winter showed an obviously shortening trend. The mutation of four-season length mostly occurred in the late 1980s to early 1990s, and after 1980s the length of spring and summer showed an increasing trend while that of winter had a continuously shortening trend, especially after 1998. The fourseason length all had a cycle of 3 years, 6 years and 9 years, and the 3 years cycle was most obvious in spring while 6 years cycle was most obvious in summer, autumn and winter. In addition, there was a cycle of 12 years In order to reflect the impact of climate warming on season changes in Linyi, so as to give a better service to the local seasonal agricultural production, disaster prevention and mitigation, using the daily temperature data in Linyi from 1962 to 2013, the start dates and lengths of four-season in recent 52 years in Linyi were analyzed according to the national standard of climatic season division. The results showed that spring started earlier obviously while autumn and winter started later in varying degrees, which was most obvious in the 1990s and the beginning of the 21st century, the trend of summer start date was not significant. Studies over the four- season length showed that the length of spring and summer had a slightly increasing trend while that of winter showed an obviously shortening trend. The mutation of four-season length mostly occurred in the late 1980s to early 1990s, and after 1980s the length of spring and summer showed an increasing trend while that of winter had a continuously shortening trend, especially after 1998. The fourseason length all had a cycle of 3 years, 6 years and 9 years, and the 3 years cycle was most obvious in spring while 6 years cycle was most obvious in summer, autumn and winter. In addition, there was a cycle of 12 years

  Comparative Analysis of Climate Change in Mountain and Piedmont of Shijiazhuang 吴云龙,李珊,李静,刘胜尧,范凤翠 and 李志宏 2015, 31 (17):  236-240.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15010003 Abstract + ( 693 )   PDF ( 677KB )   ( 577 ) The paper aims to find out the difference of climate between mountain and piedmont of Shijiazhuang, and promote a better distribution and a more balanced development of regional modern agriculture. By using the meteorological data of 3 stations in mountain and 3 stations in piedmont of Shijiazhuang in 1964-2012, and trend analysis, standard deviation, Mann-Kendall mutation testing, Pearson coefficient, the difference of climate in mountain and piedmont were analyzed. The results showed that: the annual average temperature and seasonal average temperature increased in both the mountain and the piedmont, the trend of temperature variation and the volatility in the piedmont were higher than that in the mountain, the mutation was later than that in the mountain, the temperature increase was significantly earlier than that in the mountain. The precipitation trend in the mountain all decreased and the precipitation trend in the piedmont all increased except winter, although the precipitation trend of the two regions did not vary significantly, the volatility of precipitation in the mountain was higher than that in the piedmont. The sunshine hours decreased in both the mountain and the piedmont, the volatility of sunshine hours in the mountain was higher than that in the piedmont. The mutation of the sunshine hours in the mountain was later than that in the piedmont with time sequence. The research can provide climate analysis reference for agricultural production and ecological construction in the Taihang mountain and its piedmont.

  Effects of Climate Changes on Major Grain Yields of Yibin City 2015, 31 (17):  241-245.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15010094 Abstract + ( 693 )   PDF ( 705KB )   ( 490 ) In order to assess the effects of climate change on grain production, find out the internal relations between them and guide local agricultural activities, the author analyzed the variation tendency of 3 main climatic factors (average temperature, precipitation and sunshine duration) in recent 21 years in Yibin City. The results showed that all the 3 factors had an increase tendency, and the fluctuant range of sunshine duration was comparatively small. The grey correlation analysis method was used to analyze the effects of climate change on grain yield. The results showed that the precipitation had the biggest influence on wheat yield with the correlation degree of 0.869; sunshine duration and per unit area yield had the biggest relevance with the correlation degree of 0.736. Therefore, climate change influenced grain yield significantly, especially climate yield. The results could provide basis for agricultural deployment.

  Effects of Meteorological Factors on the Southern Rice Black-streaked Dwarf Virus Disease and the Establishment of Prediction Model 2015, 31 (17):  246-250.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15020022 Abstract + ( 676 )   PDF ( 523KB )   ( 481 ) Southern rice black- streaked dwarf virus disease was an important fresh viral disease in the southern China recently. In order to clarify the relationship between meteorological factors and the incidence and improve the prediction ability and avoid heavy losses, this paper studied their relationship based on the meteorological data and the rice black- streaked dwarf virus disease occurring data by stepwise regression analysis and path analysis. After selecting the factors, we established a regression model: y? =- 531.9999- 4.4850x1+1.0238x2+3.6891x3+7.0837x4+1.0286x5-2.8431x6. It showed that the regression prediction model matched effectively and had a strong forecast ability. This provided reference not only for Huazhou, but also for western Guangdong region.

  Theoretical Research on Lateral Pressure Coefficient in Castor Seeds Plunger Pressing 2015, 31 (17):  251-254.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb14120184 Abstract + ( 574 )   PDF ( 578KB )   ( 462 ) To legitimately determine the parameters of pressing cylinder, theoretical formula of lateral pressure coefficient regarding to axial stress of castor seeds was set up through plunger type uniaxial pressing tests on castor seeds, and density of compacted residues of castor seeds, lateral stress and axial stress were obtained. The relation curve about density of compacted residues and axial stress obtained by tests was approximate to the pressing curve of metal powders. Thus we utilized the density formula in the process of pressing metal powders to fit the data, and the relation curve about lateral pressure coefficient and axial stress obtained by tests was built. The maximum relative error of theoretical and measured values was 24.74% and the average error was 7.56%, which proved that theoretical model of lateral pressure coefficient based on the process of deducing the plastic model could well describe the changes of lateral pressure coefficient of castor seeds.

  Establishment and Application of the Interactional Mechanical Model Between Hole Forming Device and Soil 2015, 31 (17):  255-261.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15020014 Abstract + ( 694 )   PDF ( 1109KB )   ( 576 ) In order to satisfy the agronomic requirements of the planting hole formed by the hole forming device of rape transplanter, and provide theory basis for a new design of transplanter, the study of the interaction between pore forming mechanism and soil was conducted according to different soil types with different physical and mechanical properties. The formulas of ultimate shear bearing capacity Qu and soil frictional resistance Qf were deduced, the mechanical models of interaction between hole forming device and soil were established, the parameters of soil physical and mechanical properties of different soil types were determined. Combined the structural parameter of hole forming device, the ultimate shear bearing capacity of soil Ff1 which was produced when the cylindrical hole thorn thrust into soil depth of 75 cm and the soil frictional resistance Ff2 which was produced when the cylindrical hole thorn out of soil were calculated. The results showed that the maximum ultimate shear bearing capacity of soil was up to 1139.7 N and the maximum soil frictional resistance was up to 107.6 N when the cylindrical hole thorn thrust into soil and out of soil. The research provided data and theory for designing hole forming device and further study on the interaction force between different kinds of soil and hole forming device.

  Preliminary Study on Characteristics of Water Evaporation of Floating Seedling Greenhouse 2015, 31 (17):  262-266.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15010087 Abstract + ( 567 )   PDF ( 627KB )   ( 487 ) For guiding precise dehumidification in floating seedling greenhouse, based on Penman formula, this paper took the evaporation of the nutrient solution, the evaporation of the medium moisture and the crop transpiration as main recourses of evaporation. The author analyzed and described the suitability of various parameters in particular environment, established the model of evaporation in floating seedling greenhouse. The experiments under artificial lighting condition of sunny and cloudy day showed that the value of model predict was in good agreement to the observed value. The regression estimation standard error was ＜0.02 kg/(m2·h), the relative error was ＜8.9% and the coefficient of determination R2 was between 0.92- 0.94. The accuracy of parameter selection of water evaporation model of greenhouse and the prediction of model were both good, and could be a very good guide for dehumidification.

  Research on Color Identification of Fresh Pepper Based on TCS230 Colorimeter Sensors 2015, 31 (17):  267-271.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15020042 Abstract + ( 1040 )   PDF ( 665KB )   ( 438 ) To achieve the purpose of pepper automatic classification using machines instead of human eyes, based on color feature of red, green and versicolor pepper, we design and build a hardware system that combines high- resolution programmable TCS230 color sensor with high frequency STM32 microcontroller. Meanwhile we design recognition experiments for more varieties of pepper, compare the results of system identification with eye recognition feelings, and draw the conclusion that the accuracy of system recognition is above 94%.

  A Research on Suitability Evaluation of Rural Residential Consolidation in Yumen City 2015, 31 (17):  272-278.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15020020 Abstract + ( 616 )   PDF ( 563KB )   ( 465 ) In order to carry out the rural residential consolidation project legitimately and guide the rural residential consolidation sequentially, the author used rural settlement land in Yumen City as study object, evaluated the suitability of rural residential consolidation by the method of multi- factor comprehensive evaluation method. The results showed that the suitability of rural residential consolidation of Yumen City could be divided into 3 types. The suitable arrangement type of rural residential area was 1573.58 hm2, which accounted for 56.93% of the total area of Yumen City and mainly distributed in Qingquan, Liuhe, Changma, Huahai and Chijin. The basically suitable arrangement type of rural residential area was 908.90 hm2, which accounted for 32.98% and mainly distributed in Xiaxihao, Huangzhawan and Yumen. The unsuitable arrangement type of rural residential area was 281.48 hm2, which accounted for 10.18% and mainly distributed in Liuhu and Xiaojingwan. The suitable degree was closely related to the economic development, the condition of transportation and the dispersion of settlement. The research results could provide reference for the development of rural residential consolidation in Yumen City.

  Research on Managing Farmers’Behavior About Agricultural Non-point Source Pollution in the Urban and Rural Balancing Development 2015, 31 (17):  279-284.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb14110144 Abstract + ( 614 )   PDF ( 653KB )   ( 376 ) The study aims to bring famer’ s“bounded rationality”into the government’ s management frame of farmers’behavior about agricultural non-point source pollution and offer policy reference for the government’ s control of agricultural non- point source pollution. Based on farmer behavioral“collective performance”in urban and rural balancing development and used the method of“replicator dynamics” , the author studied the evolutionary process of famers’behavior controlled by non- point pollution and analyzed the effect of government on famers’behavior process from original state to“replicator dynamics”under the assumption of “bounded rationality” . The results showed that the famers’production activities and living behavior controlled by agricultural non-point source pollution became random under“bounded rationality” , but in the long-term game with the government, this behavior had“evolutionary stable strategy (ESS)” . The government should take active action to accelerate ESS and adopt measures to stimulate famers to take production activities and living behavior which can make discharge from agricultural non-point source pollution reach the standard.

  A Study on Tourism Host-Guest Conflict Perception from Resident in Agricultural Heritage Areas 2015, 31 (17):  285-290.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15010175 Abstract + ( 588 )   PDF ( 580KB )   ( 402 ) In order to solve tourism host-guest conflict in agricultural heritage areas and construct harmonious tourism destination, the article took the resident in agricultural heritage areas of Ziquejie Terrace as the investigation respondents, and studied the host- guest conflict perception through questionnaire survey. According to the study, host- guest conflict could be classified into environmental conflict factor, social atmosphere conflict factor, cultural conflict factor, individual economy conflict factor, normal behavior of tourists conflict factor, attitude conflict factor, socioeconomic conflict factor, tourists' uncivilized behavior conflict factor. Then the paper drew a conclusion that the tourism host-guest had a strong will to interact. The tourism host-guest conflict was universal and the management of tourism host-guest conflict was necessary.