Current issue

• 2015 Vol.31 No.20 Published:28 July 2015

  Impact of Extraction Methods on Extraction Efficiency of Chlorogenic Acid and Flavonoids in Forage Ramie Liu Junhuan,Du Xiaohua,Jie Hongdong,,Jie Yucheng and Xing Hucheng 2015, 31 (20):  1-4.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15020115 Abstract + ( 757 )   PDF ( 1447KB )   ( 573 ) In order to study the impact of effective extraction method on extraction efficiency of chlorogenic acid and total flavonoids in ramie, the author extracted chlorogenic acid and total flavonoids of different parts of ramie varieties ‘Xiangsibi X1’ and Ningyuan quantitatively with the methods of vacuum freeze-drying extraction and hot air drying extraction. The results showed that the contents of chlorogenic acid and total flavonoids which were measured by vacuum freeze-drying extraction were higher than those by hot air drying extraction. Under the method of vacuum freeze-drying extraction, the chlorogenic acid content of nutritive roots, leaves, underground stems and stems increased more than 100%, and the total flavonoids content doubled that of hot air dried samples, the total flavonoids content of stems increased 6.08-fold especially. The chlorogenic acid and total flavonoids contents of Ningyuan ramie also substantially increased under vacuum freeze-drying extraction. Thus, when it comes to the extraction process of pharmacological components in forage ramie, the vacuum freeze-drying extraction was better than hot air drying extraction.

  Identification of Mink Pathogens and Detection of Its Sensitivity to Antibiotics and Chinese Medicine Yu Jie,Wang Zengchao,Zhang Yue,Li Wenli and Ren Huiying 2015, 31 (20):  5-8.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15010247 Abstract + ( 798 )   PDF ( 1529KB )   ( 460 ) To investigate the species of pathogens and their drug resistance in mink population, pathogens isolated from livers of dead minks were identified and the resistance to antibiotics and Chinese medicine was detected. The results demonstrated that 21 bacteria strains which belonged to 8 species (Aerococcus viridans, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Hafnia alvei, Pantoea agglomerans, Salmonella paratyphoid, Shigella flexneri and Yersinia enterocolitica) were identified. More than 50% of pathogens were resistant to streptomycin, erythromycin, penicillin and achromycin, and 100% of them were sensitive to cefoxitin, cefepime and ceflazidime. About 30% of them were resistant to Coptis chinensis and Golden cypress, and 14% of them were resistant to compound Chinese medicine. The results could provide information for the prevention and treatment.

  Toxicity of Huoqi Perfusate Wang Dongsheng,Zhang Shidong,Dong Shuwei,Miao Xiaolou,Wei Liqin,Kuang Xiaojiao,Na Lidong,Yan Baoqi and Yan Zuoting 2015, 31 (20):  9-13.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15030161 Abstract + ( 694 )   PDF ( 1503KB )   ( 420 ) To evaluate safety of huoqi perfusate and provide evidence for clinical dosage, acute toxicity and long-term toxicity of huoqi perfusate were determined by intragastric administration. Acute toxicity trial was taken on 20 mice which were subjected to gastric perfusion with huoqi perfusate of 40 g per kilogram body weight 3 times in 24 hours according to the maximum daily dose. To determine the maximum daily dose, the mice were observed for 10 days after the medicine was administered. Long-term toxicity trial was carried out on 80 rats which were randomly divided into three treatment groups and one control group with 10 females and 10 males in each group. The rats in three treatment groups, which were high-dose group, middle-dose group and low-dose group, were respectively administered huoqi perfusate by intragastric administration 20, 10 and 3 g per kilogram body weight everyday for 35 consecutive days. Huoqi perfusate was replaced by 20 mL/kg normal saline in the control group. To determine long-term toxicity, clinical observation, histopathological examination and the measurement of blood physiology and biochemical indicators were conducted. The results showed that the maximum daily dose of intragastric administration of huoqi perfusate in mice was 120 g/kg, which was 600 times of the daily dose of dairy cows. Huoqi perfusate did not affect foraging, activity, drinking, weight gain, organ index and blood physiology and biochemical indicators of rats, and would not cause morbidity and mortality in rats, indicating that intragastric administering huoqi perfusate by 20 g per kilogram body weight for 35 consecutive days was safe for rats.

  Detection of Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus from Rearing Soil Using PCR Tang Fenfen,Zhang Yonghong,Li Jun,Shao Yulan,Zhong Jian,Yang Daping and Bai Xingrong 2015, 31 (20):  14-17.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15020009 Abstract + ( 645 )   PDF ( 1706KB )   ( 373 ) Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus disease is the most serious disease among silkworm virus diseases. In order to prevent and control this disease, using soil representing as environment factor, feasibility of detecting pathogen BmNPV in the environment by PCR was discussed. High conserved gene of polyhedrin of BmNPV was used to design specific primers and BmNPV in soil could be detected successfully by PCR. No specific amplification was found from the other three lepidopteran-specific nucleopolyhedrovirus in soil by PCR, indicating that this method was highly specific. Sensitivity test showed that viral polyhedra number was 8.3×105 in the soil detected by PCR, and was 100-fold of that detected by microscopy.

  Effects of Environmental Factors on Behavior Preference of Aquatic Animal Chen Yongjin,Xu Dongpo and Shi Weigang 2015, 31 (20):  18-24.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15010028 Abstract + ( 1121 )   PDF ( 1377KB )   ( 426 ) Behavior is the functional regulation that aquatic animals made to adapt to the environment. This article summarized the relationship between various habitat environmental factors and swimming, reproductive, aggressive, cannibalistic and population behavior based on the main groups of aquatic animals (fish and crustaceans). Environmental factors included temperature, content of dissolved oxygen and ammonia nitrogen, salinity, turbidity, light, sound, bottom material, stream and biology. Then the author put forward the point of studying the adaptability to habitat environment through behavior preference of aquatic animals. At last, the author proposed that behavioral research methods should use multiple-factor, computer visual AIDS and wild scene building and should be more practical in the future.

  Study on Biodiversity of Benthic Macroinvertebrates in Heilonggang-Yudong River System Zhan Fanbin,Li Jie,Li Juntao,Zhong Jia,Xiao Shuang,Zhang Dalong and Wang Weimin 2015, 31 (20):  25-34.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15020032 Abstract + ( 1232 )   PDF ( 1678KB )   ( 465 ) In order to reveal the community structure and spatiotemporal patterns of macrobenthos in Heilonggang-Yudong river system, benthic macroinvertebrates in Heilonggang-Yudong river system were investigated in June 2013. Biological diversity was assessed using Margalef index, Shannon-Wiener index and Pielou index. Meanwhile, clustering and factor analysis were applied to analyze the community structure. A total of 64 species, belonging to 3 phyla, 6 classes and 21 families, were identified. Among them, the aquatic insects were the most abundant. The numbers and ratios of reported species belonging to Insecta, Gastropoda, Oligochaeta, Lamellibranchia, Crustacea and Hirudinea were 34 (53.1%), 13 (20.3%), 9 (14.1%), 4 (6.2%), 3 (4.7%), and 1 (1.6%), respectively. The highest density among the macroinvertebrates was identified for chironomids in Insecta, while the biomass composition was dominated by Gastropods. The results revealed that macroinvertebrate community structure of the system was simple with low species diversity, and biomass and density distribution were not uniform. However, species in the Zhangwei New River and South Canal were rich. The analyses indicated that pollution was slight in the middle reaches of the river system, while the presence of Tubificidae in Oligochaeta in the upper and downstream reaches indicated moderate or severe water pollution.

  Effect of X-ray on Inactivating Sperms by Radiating Intravital Macrobrachium nipponensis Yan Yuedi,Fu Hongtuo,Liang Guoxia,Qiao Hui,Bai Hongkun,Jiang Sufei,Xiong Yiwei,Gong Yongsheng,Jin Shubo,Zhang Wenyi,Lv Yang and Wu Yan 2015, 31 (20):  35-38.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15010228 Abstract + ( 720 )   PDF ( 1639KB )   ( 321 ) To investigate the effect of X-ray on sperm inactivation of Macrobrachium nipponense, male shrimps were irradiated by 100 kV-5 mA X-ray for 0, 30, 60, 90, 120 min with a distance of 10 cm. Then the male shrimps were made to mate with female soft-shelled shrimps. Broody days and aberration rate were recorded after ovulation. The results showed that there was no difference between 0 min group and 30 min group, and the aberration rate was 0. Broody days gradually decreased while aberration rate increased with increasing irradiation time from 30 to 90 min. After 90 min, broody days showed no change, and the aberration rate reached a peak of 100%. In this research, the radiation time range was 0-120 min. According to the results, the optimum irradiation time to inactivate genetic material of sperms of Macrobrachium nipponense was 90- 120 min.

  Preparation of Functional Oligopeptides from Squid Viscera Li Shengyan,Li Xueying,Yang Xianshi,Tian Xiaoqing and Huang Hongliang 2015, 31 (20):  39-43.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15030051 Abstract + ( 649 )   PDF ( 1615KB )   ( 329 ) To select the superior protease for enzymatic hydrolysis of squid viscera, hydrolyzate of squid viscera and its DPPH free radical scavenging capacity were analyzed, and the distribution of molecular weight was determined. Alkaline protease, neutral proteinase, trypsin, animal protease, flavored proteinase, and papain were selected for enzymatic hydrolysis of squid viscera. Hydrolysis degree, nitrogen yield and hydrolysis yields of different hydrolysate were compared by measuring total nitrogen content and amino nitrogen content of the hydrolysate. Tryptic hydrolyzate was eluted with water, 20%, 60% and 80% methanol-water through macroporous resin HP-20, and then analyzed by LC-MS. The results showed that the molecular weight of short peptide in the hydrolysate was 100-2400. The samples processed by 60% methanol-water gradient was more concentrated and the molecular weight of the hydrolysates were mainly about 200. The analysis of DPPH free radical scavenging capacity of each elution gradient hydrolyzate indicated that DPPH radical scavenging capacity of the hydrolyzate eluted with 60% methanol-water was 40.21%. The superior protease for enzymatic hydrolysis of squid viscera was trypsin, and 60% methanol-water was the optimum elution concentration.

  International Competitiveness of China’ s Shellfish Products 2015, 31 (20):  44-50.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15030184 Abstract + ( 617 )   PDF ( 1506KB )   ( 486 ) To study the international competitiveness of China’ s shellfish, four indexes at two levels which were production factors and import and export were selected to analyze the competitiveness from 2001 to 2011. The four indexes included resource endowment index, international market share, revealed comparative advantage index and trade competitive index. The results showed that China’s shellfish products had outstanding resource endowment advantage in the aspect of production factors. International market share and trade competitive index showed strong advantages, but revealed comparative advantage index had weak competitive advantage. At last, the author put forward three countermeasures of reasonably adjusting export structure of shellfish products, strengthening the implementation of brand strategy and setting up shellfish production safety and health management system according to the research results.

  Optimization of Anticoagulant Substance Extraction Methods of Poecilobdella manillensis Wang Bo,Yang Siyi,Zhou Zihua,Chen Xin and Yan Hengmei 2015, 31 (20):  51-54.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15010183 Abstract + ( 634 )   PDF ( 1478KB )   ( 461 ) In order to select the optimal extraction method of anticoagulant substance of Poecilobdella manillensis, 12 kinds of extraction methods were used to extract anticoagulant substance from living (6 kinds) and dry (6 kinds) body of P. manillensis, respectively, and three kinds of extraction methods were used to extract anticoagulant substance from salivary gland secretions of P. manillensis. The results showed that 80% pre-cooled acetone were the best for extracting anticoagulant substance from living and dry body of P. manillensis, and the amount of extraction was up to (61.20±1.13) AT-U/g and (89.19±1.13) AT-U/g, respectively. As to salivary gland secretions of P. manillensis, the amount of anti-coagulant substance was up to (24.41±0.98) AT-U/g using 10% trichloroacetic acid. The research provided optimal extraction method, which was simple and practicable, of anticoagulant substance from living and dry body and salivary gland secretions of P. manillensis, and would contribute to large-scale production of hirudin.

  Optimization of Technical Parameters for Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Steam Explosion Cellulose with Sympodial Bamboo Wu Zhizhuang,Li Dingguo,Wang Shudong,Chen Jienan,Zhang Lin and Li Weicheng 2015, 31 (20):  55-60.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15010171 Abstract + ( 857 )   PDF ( 1662KB )   ( 459 ) As the energy crisis intensifies worldwide, the development of cellulose has become an important method to solve the energy problem. This study is to improve the enzymatic hydrolysis efficiency of bamboo fiber material for technical parameters optimization. With sympodial bamboo after steam explosion pretreatment as raw material, a comprehensive investigation of 4 main factors, including temperature, pH, the amount of enzyme, beta-glucosidase/filter paper which affected the enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose, was conducted to grasp bamboo enzymolysis optimizing conditions of various factors. An orthogonal optimization test was conducted with the four factors to achieve the goal of integration and optimization of enzymatic hydrolysis process of bamboo bioethanol. By analysis of the optimization test result, the optimum condition for enzymatic hydrolysis of bamboo was obtained as follows: reaction temperature was 50℃, initial pH was 5.2, substrate concentration was 10%, Tween-20 was 0.3%, the amount of enzyme was 35 IU/g, beta-glucosidase enzyme activity/ filter paper ratio was 1.0, hydrolysis time was 48 h. After fermentation condition was determined, fermentation amplified verification experiment was performed in 2.5 fermentor. 30.37 g/L of reducing sugars was generated, and the saccharification rate was 57.49%. The results suggest that the optimum condition established is useful and would benefit optimizing enzymatic catalytic hydrolysis and can provide scientific basis for bamboo fermentation process in the future.

  Identification and Pathogenicity Analysis of Cotton Verticillium dahliae Strains from Wusu of Xijiang Kong Dezhen,Li Yushun,Pei Juan,Pang Xuebing and Wang Aiying 2015, 31 (20):  61-66.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15030254 Abstract + ( 576 )   PDF ( 1899KB )   ( 432 ) In order to study the pathotype population variation and pathogenicity of cotton Verticillium dahliae in Wusu of Xinjiang, eight cotton V.dahliae strains from different cotton plants in this area were used as the materials for analyzing colony morphology, microscopic structure, pathogenicity, internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequence, evolution and vegetative compatibility (VCG). The analysis of colony morphology, microscopic structure and ITS sequence indicated that the eight collected strains belonged to non-defoliating type V.dahliae. The constructed phylogenetic tree indicated that strain evolution could be divided into two different ways. Eight strains had differences in pathogenicity, Vd-1 strain showed the highest pathogenicity, while Vd-34 strain showed the lowest pathogenicity. The vegetative compatibility analysis indicated that the strains with different pathogenicity belonged to two vegetative compatibility groups (VCGs). Cotton verticillium wilt was caused by Verticillium dahliae in Wusu of Xijiang, pathogens had significant differences in evolution.

  Preliminary Gene Mapping of a Semi-dwarf Mutant (sd-ch) in Rice Zha Renming,Chen Xiaomin,Yang Shuwei,Luo Hongfa,Zhang Xiubao and Jiang Yan 2015, 31 (20):  67-70.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15020012 Abstract + ( 1221 )   PDF ( 1641KB )   ( 544 ) Realizing directional improvement in plant height of rice by exploring and appraising the genes controlling it has very important theoretical significance and application value. One semi-dwarf mutant (sd-ch) with stable heredity was originally identified from a rice restorer line of R30 induced by ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS) treatment. Hybridization of sd-ch as female parent and ‘Luhui 17’ was produced to establish F2 population. The genetic analysis of sd-ch was conducted, and the gene of sd-ch was mapped using SSR markers. The results showed that the performance of F1 was the normal parent’s height. Trait separation of plant height was appeared in F2 population. The numbers of normal height and semi-dwarf plant were respectively 401 and 143. Their ratio was 2.8 and in accord with 3:1 by χ2 test. These results showed that sd-ch was controlled by a single recessive gene. The sd-ch was mapped by SSR markers. Two single exchange plants were checked out from 101 plants with recessive performance of F2 population by the SSR marker of RM6028 on chromosome 8. The exchange percentage was 0.99%. The gene was mapped near marker RM6028. Their genetic distance was 0.99 cM. The primary mapping of sd-ch was conducted in this research. These results laid a foundation for fine mapping, cloning and application of sd-ch.

  Bio-concentration of Cry1Ab Protein in Drosophila melanogaster and Its Effect on Endogenous Enzymes of Protective System Li Qinjin,Wei Baoyang and Wang Zhi 2015, 31 (20):  71-75.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15040015 Abstract + ( 693 )   PDF ( 1646KB )   ( 397 ) To study the effects of Cry1Ab protein on ecology security of non-target organisms, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was applied to test Cry1Ab protein of Drosophila melanogaster and ultraviolet spectroscopy was applied to test the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in Drosophila melanogaster. The results showed that Cry1Ab protein continuously accumulated in the first 10 days. Compared with the normal level, specific activity of AChE, SOD and GSH-Px were inhabited. The inhibition on the activity of AChE was strengthened, and the activities of GSH-Px and SOD were reduced with the increasing content of Cry1Ab protein. After 10 days, content of poisonous protein was reduced, inhibitions on AChE, SOD and GSH-Px were reduced, but activities of the three enzymes were still lower than those of the control groups. These results suggest that there is bio- concentration of Cry1Ab protein and specific activity of AChE, SOD, GSH-Px can be inhabited.

  Pricing Strategy of Agricultural Products with Health Care Effect——Taking Honey as an Example Gao Yun and Zhao Zhijun 2015, 31 (20):  76-81.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15030126 Abstract + ( 901 )   PDF ( 1434KB )   ( 527 ) To get information of honey price and discuss the pricing strategy of agricultural products with health care effect, the team of Research of National Bee Industry and Technology System carried out investigation on honey price in Beijing, Hangzhou, Qingdao, Zhengzhou and Chengdu from 2012 to 2014. Based on the investigated data, the paper analyzed the characteristics of honey market and its influencing factors. The paper also made a comparison of the same quality honey products sold in difference cities. Then the author discussed the reasons for continuous rise of honey price considering the cost structure collected by fixed observation points located in 11 provinces all over the country. At last, the paper took honey as an example to analyze the pricing strategy of agricultural products which had health care effect. The results showed that prices of all kinds of honeys increased, especially those with low yield and scarce nectar source, such as nest honey, honey produced by local bee varieties in China and bass honey, etc. And price differences of the same kind of honey were gradually widening among different cities, and also between local produced and imported honey. Low procurement price of high quality raw material and the uneven quality of products were problems of the current honey market. The author held the opinion that the keys to solve these problems were to build up quality and price mechanism in the whole process which was from raw material purchase to the terminal market, publicize more products information and improve customers’ awareness of health care effect of honey.

  Detection of Cucumber Mosaic Virus Infecting Vegetable Crops Grown in Beijing Suburban Greenhouses Chen Liu,Xing Dongmei,Liu Zhengxiong,Chen Xiaoyu,,Yang Jianqiang,Hu Xuejun and Shang Qiaoxia 2015, 31 (20):  82-85.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-2495 Abstract + ( 921 )   PDF ( 1413KB )   ( 431 ) Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) was detected by ELISA and RT-PCR methods to investigate the distribution and diversity of viruses infecting vegetable crops grown in Beijing suburban greenhouses. Leave samples of 10 vegetable crops were collected and then tested. Identical results were obtained by both ELISA and RT-PCR methods showed that 6 samples of celery, ornamental pumpkin, lettuce, peppers, eggplant and tomato ‘Dahongpao’ were positive while the other 4 samples of great pumpkin, brussels sprouts, four winged bean and tomato ‘Rome red’ were negative to CMV. In our study, the reliability of the results was confirmed by sequencing and sequence analysis of the RT-PCR products from the positive samples.

  Geostatistical Study on Spatial Pattern of Sesamia inferens Walker Larvae in Sugarcane Seedling Stage Luo Zhiming,Yin Jiong,Huang Yingkun,Li Wenfeng,Wang Xiaoyan,Zhang Rongyue and Shan Hongli 2015, 31 (20):  86-90.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15020090 Abstract + ( 1594 )   PDF ( 1653KB )   ( 436 ) To determine spatial pattern of Sesamia inferens Walker larvae in sugarcane seedling stage, research of sugarcane seedling stage dead heart in YSRI research and demonstration base were conducted in 2012. Spatial pattern of S. inferens larvae was studied by geostatistical methods in different cultivated forms of sugarcane. The results showed that the S. inferens larval density in plant cane (1.07 larvae per site) was significantly lower than that in ratoon cane (1.91 larvae per site), and the variable coefficient, kurtosis and skewness in plant cane were higher than that in ratoon cane. This indicated that the occurrence of the larval population in ratoon cane was more severe than that in plant cane, and the aggregation degree in plant cane was higher than that in ratoon cane. Semivariogram of S. inferens larvae in the four directions in plant cane field could be described by spherical model. Semivariogram of S. inferens larvae in ratoon cane could be described by spherical models in the 45° and 90° directions, Gaussian model in the 0° direction and random distribution in the 135° direction, indicating that larval population showed an overall clumped distribution both in the plant and ratoon cane field, but aggregation degree in plant cane was higher than that in ratoon cane. In the 0° and 45° direction, moderate spatial correlations were found both in plant and ratoon cane, and the correlation distance in ratoon cane was significantly longer than that in plant cane, indicating a stronger spatial correlation in ratoon cane than that in plant cane. The Kriging interpolation diagrams showed that severe occurrence of the larvae was found in the marginal areas in plant cane with a major insect source from the circumjacent cane fields. More and evenly distributed centers could be seen in ratoon cane, suggesting an insect source within the cane field.

  Effect of Neoseiulus cucumeiris Carry Paecilomyces fumosoroseus on the Prevention of Aphids and Spider Mites in Eggplant Sun Li,Zhang Yanxuan,Zhao Lingling,Lin Jianzhen,Chen Xia and Ji Jie 2015, 31 (20):  91-96.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15020107 Abstract + ( 1500 )   PDF ( 1708KB )   ( 371 ) Using Neoseiulus cucumeris carry Paecilomyces fumosoroseus is a new idea of biological control of aphids and spider mites in eggplant, in order to verify its feasibility, the germination condition and toxicity of P. fumosoroseus were studied. The optimum germination temperature and humidity were tested by the method of small container air humidity control, and the toxicity to aphids and spider mites with 1×104-1×108 spore/mL was also tested under optimum conditions. The pot experiment had 6 treatments: (1) CK; (2) released 50 N. cucumeris; (3) sprayed 20 mL spore suspension liquid of 107 spore/mL; (4) sprayed 20 mL spore suspension liquid of 107 spore/mL then released 50 N. cucumeris; (5) released 20 N. cucumeris with conidia powder; (6) released 50 N. cucumeris with conidia powder. The results showed that the optimum germination condition of P. fumosoroseus conidia was 25-30℃ and RH 95%-100%, the accumulated revised mortality of aphids and predatory mites was 86.52% and 41.78%, respectively, under this condition and spore suspension liquid of 108 spore/mL in ten days, the toxicity on aphids was far more than that on predatory mites, which met the condition of a kind of carrier to prevent aphids. From the pot experiment, the number of aphids of treatment (3), (4) and (6) was close to 0 at the 8th day, and the method could also save labor and time. The study proved that using Neoseiulus cucumeiris carry Paecilomyces fumosoroseus to prevent aphids and spider mites in eggplant was a feasible method.

  Study on Root-knot Nematode Disease of Angelica dahurica Han Feng,Lin Maoxiang,Yu Zhonglian,Cao Houqiang,Li Juan,Xiao Jieyi,Xiao Zhong and Quan Jian 2015, 31 (20):  97-100.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15030043 Abstract + ( 851 )   PDF ( 1445KB )   ( 441 ) In order to grasp the occurrence and harm rule of root-knot nematode disease and provided theoretical basis to control it, the author investigated the condition of root-knot nematode disease of Angelica dahurica in Nanchuan from 2012 to 2014. Five-sampling method was used to collect soil and Angelica dahurica with root-knot nematode disease in different periods, sucrose centrifugal flotation method was used to separate root-knot nematodes. The results showed that the root-knot nematode disease in loam, sandy and sandy loam soil was more serious than that in clay soil. Meanwhile, disease occurrence in continuous cropping land was more serious than that in intercropping and crop rotation land. The density of second-stage juveniles of nematodes increased from 71 individuals/1000 g dry soil in January to 1615 individuals/1000 g dry soil in October, and March was the peak period. Nematodes centralized around the root in horizontal level, and decreased with the increase of depth.

  Water Resource Carrying Capacity in Zhengzhou City Wang Limin,Sun Huan,Yang Hong,Zhang Jia and Zhu Jiawei 2015, 31 (20):  101-108.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15010115 Abstract + ( 603 )   PDF ( 1580KB )   ( 371 ) The aim of the study was to evaluate water resource carrying capacity in Zhengzhou City, analyze problems in development and utilization of water resource and provide advice for sustainable utilization of water resource. Water availability and demand of water resource were chosen as indexes to build evaluation model and define hierarchical system. By calculating and predicting water availability and demand in the current year (2011) and target years (2020, 2030), water resource carrying capacity of each county in Zhengzhou was evaluated. The results showed that water resource in Zhengzhou was overloaded in 2011. The gap between supply and demand reached up to 1.133 billion cubic meters. Contradiction between water supply and demand from 2020 to 2030 would be alleviated with the implementation of water conservation measures. However, water demand exceeded supply in Gongyi, Xinmi and Dengfeng County because of the rapid development of economy and society and the influence of mountain topography, meaning that severe contradiction between water supply and demand would still exist in the near future in these regions.

  Evaluation on Sustainable Utilization of Land Resources Based on the Benefits and Coordination Degree of Land Use: A Case Study of Yumen City Zhang Wenbin and Xu Haiyang 2015, 31 (20):  109-112.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb14120213 Abstract + ( 569 )   PDF ( 1620KB )   ( 308 ) In order to provide decision making basis for the sustainable use of land resources, we established evaluation system based on efficiency of land use and coordinated degree. Entropy value method was used to carry out the comprehensive evaluation on the sustainable utilization of land resources in Yumen City from 2002 to 2012. The results indicated that: (1) integrated benefits of land use increased from 55.74 in 2002 to 88.89 in 2012, representing an overall increase trend year by year, and the status of land use changed from starting to the basic stage of sustainable utilization; (2) coordination degree of land use benefit decreased from 0.68 to 0.20, changing from relatively coordinated stage to uncoordinated stage. It was concluded that the overall status of land use turned to be good during the study period, but the one-sided pursuit of economic benefit in the process of social and economic development damaged the ecological and social benefits of land use. Simply pursuit of economic development without taking ecological benefits into consideration in land use was more and more obvious in Yumen City.

  Dynamic Evaluation of Resource-Environment Carrying Capacity Based on Fuzzy Matter Element in Chongqing City Liu Ming,Liao Heping,Li Tao,陈天才,Chu Yuanheng and Shi Jin 2015, 31 (20):  113-118.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15030217 Abstract + ( 700 )   PDF ( 1559KB )   ( 374 ) To provide policy basis for effectively protecting the ecological environment and sustainable development of Chongqing City, resource-environment carrying capacity was evaluated comprehensively. Based on the supporting system, economic system, dissipative system and conservation system of resources and environment, the indicator system of resource-environment carrying capacity was built. Then resource-environment carrying capacity from 2002 to 2013 in Chongqing City was evaluated and analyzed by the method of fuzzy matter element. The results showed that the resource-environment carrying capacity from 2002 to 2013 in Chongqing City presented an upward trend, and the protection of resources and environment was coordinated with social-economic development. The sustainable development was becoming optimized. The results provide the policy basis for protecting the resource-environment and sustainable development of Chongqing City.

  Dynamic Assessment of Ecological Security of Urban Agriculture in Lanzhou City Based on PSR Model Lin Dong,Ma Huiling and Liu Xiaoni 2015, 31 (20):  119-125.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15020056 Abstract + ( 1008 )   PDF ( 1695KB )   ( 484 ) In order to assess the effect of urban agriculture development on ecological environment, and regulate the structure and function of agricultural ecosystem, dynamic of ecological security of urban agriculture was analyzed. Based on the Pressure-State-Response (PSR) model, 24 indexes were selected from 4 levels to build an assessment system to analyze the dynamic and influencing factors of ecological security of urban agriculture. It could serve as an early warning and system identification on ecological security of urban agriculture. Taking Lanzhou City as an example, this paper researched the ecological security trend at time scale (1989—2009) by PSR model. The results showed that ecological security of urban agriculture in Lanzhou was in level II in 1989, level III in 1999 and level IV in 2009. Index value of ecological security increased by 46.7% in the past 20 years and the status of ecological security was improved gradually. The dynamic degree of ecological response was 31.50% from 1989 to 2009. There were 5 factors which had significant effects on ecological security of urban agriculture in Lanzhou, including primary industry output value, total retail sale of consumer goods, cultivated area per capita, secondary industry output value and net income of farmers. Cultivated land transferring into construction land and unused land was the most important factor for change of ecological security pattern of urban agriculture from 1989 to 2009 in Lanzhou. This empirical study provided an effective way to assess the ecological security level of urban agriculture in ecological fragile region dynamically and construct the early-warning system and ecological security pattern. The dynamic analysis also provided the evidence for monitoring and improving agricultural sustainable development.

  Classification of Arid Sand Remote Sensing Image Based on Pleiades-1 High Resolution Satellite Image: A Case Study of Qingtu Lake in Minqin County of Gansu Province 2015, 31 (20):  126-130.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15040132 Abstract + ( 733 )   The paper aims to study the application of high resolution remote sensing satellite image to the investigation, monitoring and statistics of arid sand vegetation. The author took Qingtu Lake located in the downstream of Shiyang River in Minqin County of Gansu Province as the study object, used the French Pleiades-1 satellite image data, and adopted the object oriented classification method, to extract and classify information of vegetation in desert area and evaluate the accuracy of the classification results. The results showed that the overall classification accuracy of object-oriented information extraction reached 95%, Kappa coefficient reached 0.8035. The classification results had high accuracy, effectively avoided the noise and spectral image based on pixel classification method, and had very strong practicability, providing a new idea and method for the high resolution satellite image classification.

  Correlation Between Particle Fractal Dimension and Heavy Metal Content in River Sediment: A Case Study in Tangliu Pond of Nandu River in Hainan Island Liu Yongbing,Li Xiang,Zhuo Zhiqing,Liu Yongjie,Cheng Yanjun,Zhang Jianzhong,Zang Zhenyuan and Hong Wenliang 2015, 31 (20):  131-136.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15020051 Abstract + ( 810 )   PDF ( 1655KB )   ( 399 ) In order to illustrate the quantitative correlation among heavy metal content, particle fractal dimension and organic matter content, particle fractal dimension features of 52 sediment samples in Tangliu Pond of Nandu River were evaluated using statistical analysis and soil fractal dimension analysis. Correlation analysis, principal component analysis and regression model analysis were also conducted. According to the results, the investigated sedimentary particle fractal dimension ranged from 2.453 to 2.971, with different mean values due to different particle types. There were obviously positive correlations between heavy metal content and organic matter content, the fractal dimensions of very fine sand and fine sand, while there were negative correlations between heavy metal content and the fractal dimensions of clay and silt. Particle size had very small influence on contents of Zn and Hg. Organic matter and clay fractal dimension could be considered as key indicators characterizing the properties of the sediment. Content of heavy metal (except Zn and Hg) had a linear correlation with organic matter, while had a binary logistic correlation with organic matter content and clay fractal dimension. The results have great significance for the study on the properties of the sediment.

  Effects of Biology Humic Acid on the Component of Soil Carbon Yang Haibo,Chen Yun and Hou Xianwen 2015, 31 (20):  137-141.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15030243 Abstract + ( 878 )   PDF ( 1379KB )   ( 538 ) The content of soil carbon is an important indicator for the evaluation of soil quality, it could significantly affect the physical, chemical, and biological properties of soil. The increase of soil carbon content not only contributes to the sustainable development of agricultural production, but also plays a vital role in maintaining the cycle of the earth ecosystem. The author studied the effects of biology humic acid, which was extracted from the tunning of organic waste, on the component of soil carbon. The results showed that humic acid and organic fertilizer could significantly increase the content of soil total organic carbon to a certain extent. The treatment of humic acid chemical fertilizer could maintain soil organic carbon content in a long time (10-40 d), and the soil organic carbon content increased by 1.6%-10.5%. The contents of soil water soluble organic carbon were different in different fertilizer treatments, compared with CK, the soil water soluble organic carbon content increased by 2.7%-20.1% in the treatment of humic acid chemical fertilizer. Fertilization treatments could maintain the content of soil microbial biomass carbon, which was significantly higher than that of CK under humic acid content of 400 mg/kg.

  Study on K-releasing Bacteria’s Inoculation Mode in Co-composting of Residual Sludge and Nutrient Soil 2015, 31 (20):  142-147.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15010226 Abstract + ( 829 )   PDF ( 1802KB )   ( 366 ) In order to explore the united recycling approach of RD wet thermal decomposition of residual sludge and household garbage in sewage plant, the author used these 2 kinds of garbage as compost material, and conducted moderate temperature composting experiment added with potassium feldspar powder and K-releasing bacteria, studied potassium and phosphorous activity in 2 kinds of inoculation modes (I, II) compost system. The results showed that: (1) K-releasing bacteria separated from soil could convert insoluble potassium into soluble K in potassium feldspar powder in liquid batch culture experiment, the converting rate was 9.20 μg/h and K decomposing ratio was 7.83%; spores appeared after 8 h and reached culmination after 32 h; (2) after 15 d composting, the content of total phosphorus(TP) and total potassium(TK) of Mode I increased slightly, the content of available potassium (AK) and available phosphorus (AP) were 97.75% and 19.77% higher than that of CK; (3) the highest fermentation temperature of 2 modes appeared after 5 d and 7 d, and 5℃ and 3℃ higher than that of CK, respectively; (4) the inoculation of K-releasing bacteria had a toxic attenuated effect, especially Mode I; (5) compared with CK, the K-releasing bacteria densities of 2 fermentation products increased by 105.42% and 8.81%, respectively. In total, the inoculation of K-releasing bacteria was beneficial to compost. After weighting evaluation, the evaluation value of 2 modes was 0.57 and 0.29, Mode I was better than Mode II.

  Studies on Correlation Between Arsenic Forms in Soil and Safety of Crop Quality Li Zhenli,Zhang Biao,Jiao Yuzi,Miao Xiangqian and Yang Suqin 2015, 31 (20):  148-152.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15040029 Abstract + ( 519 )   PDF ( 1439KB )   ( 371 ) In order to investigate the relationship between the arsenic forms in soil and arsenic accumulation in grains, provide scientific basis for the safe use of the contaminated farmland, reducing arsenic transport to the food chain and the safety production of grain, the author measured the total, available and carbonate-bound arsenic content in soil and analyzed the arsenic content in wheat and maize grain in the corresponding points. The results showed that the arsenic content of different forms in soil varied significantly, which was induced by exogenous pollution. Arsenic content in wheat collected from moderately and severely polluted points exceeded the national standards, the accumulation of arsenic in maize grain was lower than that in wheat. Arsenic accumulation in wheat grains was stronger than that in maize grains. Arsenic content in wheat grain was obviously correlated to the contents of all arsenic forms in soil. However, arsenic value in maize was slightly correlated to different forms of arsenic in soil. The difference was related to the growth cycle and physiological characteristics of wheat and maize.

  An Experience Estimation Model of Soil Available Water-holding Capacity: A Case Study of Black Soil Bai Zhiwei,Duan Xingwu,Ding Jianhong,Liu Gang,Shi Xiaoning,Feng Detai and Han Xu 2015, 31 (20):  153-159.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15030063 Abstract + ( 1428 )   PDF ( 1653KB )   ( 537 ) Soil available water-holding capacity (AWC) is a key index for soil productivity assessment and plays an important role in agricultural production, while AWC values of different soil types were not available in current soil database. The author took black soil as an example, measured AWC of different positions, analyzed the characteristics of spatial distribution of AWC and built the empirical model of AWC related to soil physicochemical properties. The results showed that: (1) the AWC of the research area varied from 10.62% to 30.98%, with an average value of 20.06%, and AWC in the middle slope was significantly lower than that in other landform positions; (2) there was a negative correlation between AWC and sand content, whereas there was an significantly positive correlation between AWC and soil bulk density, powder (sand) content, clay content and organic matter content, and AWC and soil bulk density had the most significant correlation; (3) the inspection results of 2 pedotransfer functions for estimating AWC based on mathematical statistics analysis showed that there was no significant difference between measured AWC and calculated AWC. This study could provide an AWC estimation equation for black soil and a reference method for AWC estimation of other soil types.

  Grey Correlation Analysis of Influence of Meteorological Factors on Shallow Soil Moisture Wu Yanjuan and Lv Jinghua 2015, 31 (20):  160-165.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15020041 Abstract + ( 643 )   PDF ( 1611KB )   ( 381 ) Based on the continuous observation data from April to September in 2012 of Tumotezuoqi Meteorology Station, the author discussed the influence of meteorological factors on shallow soil moisture with grey correlation analysis. The results showed that, under rainfall weather condition, the order was daily average wind speed>daily average relative humidity>daily average air temperature>daily average ground temperature, and under no rainfall weather condition, the order was daily average relative humidity>daily average wind speed>daily average air temperature>daily average ground temperature. The research showed that one meteorological factor might have different impacts on soil moisture of the same layer under different weather conditions. In order to understand the change of soil moisture and make full use of water resource in soil, detailed research on major influencing factors and their influencing degree should be conducted according to different weather conditions.

  Analysis of Cd Dynamic of Soil-crop System and Sensitive Period of Winter Wheat with Micro-polluted Water Irrigation Hu Yanling,Qi Xuebin,Li Ping,Li Zhongyang,Hu Chao,Zhao Zhijuan and Fan Tao 2015, 31 (20):  166-170.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15040173 Abstract + ( 565 )   PDF ( 1335KB )   ( 415 ) In order to explore the dynamic balance of heavy metals in the soil-crop system and the sensitive period of heavy metal uptake, field plot test was conducted with micro-polluted water of different concentrations of Cd. The results showed that, compared with the treatment of clear water, the Cd content of 0-10 cm soil layer significantly increased under micro-polluted water irrigation treatment. The take away Cd content of the aboveground part was far less than the irrigation input Cd content, which affected the balance of the soil Cd. The filling stage was the sensitive period of winter wheat and not suitable for micro-polluted water irrigation. The winter wheat grain plumpness was reduced with micro-polluted water irrigation, and the yield of the winter wheat was significantly reduced. In conclusion, Cd micro-polluted water irrigation could influence Cd balance in soil-crop system, especially in the filling period.

  Characteristics of Soil Enzyme Activities under Artificial Grasslands and Crop in Agro-pastoral Transitional Zone 2015, 31 (20):  171-176.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15010170 Abstract + ( 1083 )   PDF ( 1503KB )   ( 397 ) Soil enzymes directly affect the material circulation and energy flow in artificial grassland ecosystem, it is an index to evaluate the quality of soil biological activity. Soil samples were collected from the artificial alfalfa grassland and farmland in agro-pastoral transitional zone, through the determination of soil organic matter, pH, available nutrient elements (N, K, Ca, Mg, etc.) content and activities of 4 soil enzymes (urease, alkaline phosphates, catalase and sucrase), the author analyzed the influence of soil physic-chemical properties on soil enzyme activities under artificial alfalfa grassland and farmland. The results showed that: (1) in artificial alfalfa grassland, the activities of soil urease and alkaline phosphatase had the same variation trend, the activities reduced obviously with the increase of planting year, and a significant difference was between varieties (P＜0.05), the average soil enzyme activity had an order as follows: 3 years＞6 years＞10 years grass; the activity of catalase increased gradually with the increase of planting year and there was significant difference between varieties (P＜0.05); (2) soil enzyme activities were different among different types of farmland, the activities of soil urease and alkaline phosphatase of maize field were only 24% and 70% of that of potato field; (3) by comparing the soil enzyme activities in artificial grassland and farmland, these enzyme activities (urease, alkaline phosphatase and catalase) were in the older of potato field＞3 years Ameristand grassland＞ maize field≥3 years Ladak grassland＞6 years Ladak grassland＞6 years Ameristand grassland＞10 years Ladak grassland≥10 years Ameristand grassland; (4) the results from correlation analysis showed that there were significantly negative correlations between urease, catalase and alkaline phosphatase, significantly positive correlation between sucrase activity and pH, significantly negative correlation between urease, alkaline phosphatase and pH, significantly negative correlation between available nitrogen and total nitrogen, and significantly positive correlation between catalase and organic matter, available nitrogen, total nitrogen and water soluble magnesium.

  Study on Controlled-release Properties of Coating-agent for Controlled-release Fertilizer 2015, 31 (20):  177-180.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15010093 Abstract + ( 588 )   PDF ( 1565KB )   ( 441 ) In order to explore the controlled release properties of coating- agent, the author carried out pretreatment of the samples referring to the national standard GB/T 8572-2001 and measured N, P, K content in the samples. The initial release rate, differential release rate and cumulative release rate of coated fertilizer nutrients were detected. The results showed that the initial release rates of N, P, K in the coated fertilizer were less than 15%, and the initial release rate of N was greater than that of P and K. Compared to the uncoated fertilizer, the initial release rates of N, P and K of the coated fertilizer were significantly lower, nutrients in the coated fertilizer could release more evenly, and could meet the nutrients demand of crop growing and improve the fertilizer use efficiency. The data proved that the controlled-release fertilizer had good controlled-release properties.

  Phenology Characteristics Analysis of Chinese Pear Florescence of Laohekou Deng Huan,Ma Deli,Xu Honghai and Hong Guoping 2015, 31 (20):  181-185.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb14100007 Abstract + ( 959 )   PDF ( 1532KB )   ( 376 ) In order to understand the phenology rules of Chinese pear florescence of Laohekou in Hubei Province, the author calculated the effective accumulated temperatures greater than or equal to 0, 5 and 6℃ from beginning of spring and rain water to phenologies and its standard deviations based on phenology data of Chinese pear florescence including splitting, budding, early flowering and flowering and meteorological data mainly including temperature, precipitation, humidity and sunshine hours in the past 20 years and the 24 solar terms. The correlations between phenology sequence, days and corresponding meteorological factors were analyzed. The results showed that there were smaller effective accumulated temperatures and standard deviations from rain water to splitting, early flowering and flowering than from beginning of spring to them. As a consequence, the beginning of bud germinating of Chinese pear of Laohekou came closer to rain water. There was a decreasing trend for the standard deviation of the effective accumulated temperature greater than or equal to 0, 5 and 6℃ from beginning of spring and rain water to phenologies. The effective accumulated temperature greater than or equal to 7℃ was 0℃ in some years. Therefore, about 6℃ was ascertained as the minimum biological temperature to decide Chinese pear florescence’ s flowering. The meteorological factors in winter had no significant influence on Chinese pear florescence. However, the effective accumulated temperature after the beginning of spring affected phenologies significantly. Moreover, there were significant impacts of sunshine hours, precipitation and average relative air humidity on Chinese pear florescence during budding to early flowering and splitting to budding, respectively. Finally, the early flowering of Chinese pear was 5 to 16 days later than that of elm and Canadian aspen. The results of this research may provide a good basis for forecasting Chinese pear florescence of Laohekou.

  Variation Characteristics of Sunshine Hours in Growing Season in Qinghai Plateau in Recent 50 Years Qi Donglin,Su Wenjiang,Li Fan,Xiao Hongbin,Li Xiaodong and Zhou Wanfu 2015, 31 (20):  186-194.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15010150 Abstract + ( 1043 )   PDF ( 2038KB )   ( 674 ) The paper aims to clarify distribution regular pattern, variation trend and reason of changing of sunshine hours in growing season in Qinghai plateau. Based on general meteorological data recorded by 43 stations, the author analyzed variation trend and changing reasons of sunshine hours in growing season over the past 50 years in the whole region and 4 different ecological functional areas. The results showed that sunshine hours in growing season decreased significantly in the whole region and Qaidam Basin and the variation was not significant in the other 3 functional areas. Sunshine hours decreased from northwest to southeast on the spatial distribution, and the variation trend differed greatly. The mutation of sunshine hours was in 2004 and 1999 in the whole region and Qaidam Basin, while the mutation time of the other three areas was in 2006 to 2008. The main impact factor of sunshine hours in growing season was cloudiness, and the secondary factors were slightly different. The sunshine hours were decreasing with the increase of longitude and altitude, and decreasing with the decrease of latitude, the influence of longitude was the largest.

  Establishment of Freezing Injury Risk Evaluation Index for Winter Wheat in Jiangsu Province Li Yachun,Wu Hongyan,He Jinfang,Wang Youmei and Gao Ping 2015, 31 (20):  195-201.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15030204 Abstract + ( 668 )   PDF ( 2341KB )   ( 394 ) Based on the meteorological and agro-meteorological observation data and winter wheat freezing injury data and winter wheat yields in Jiangsu Province from 1960 to 2010, the main factors causing freezing injury was screened and freezing injury index sequences were established. According to the risk analysis principle, combined with the index and winter wheat yield reduction rate, the winter wheat freezing injury risk estimation model was established by the grey correlation method. The freezing injury risk estimation index was applied to determine the risk grades of wheat freezing injury of different regions in Jiangsu Province and evaluate their risks. The high risks of such freezing injury mainly occurred in the north part along Huaihe River and irrigation canal and northeast of Yancheng, where the risk value was more than 50% and the possible yields loss was 3%-6%. The low risks mainly occurred in the most of south part along Huaihe River and irrigation canal, where the risk value was lower than 35% and would lead to small loss. And the moderate risks mainly occurred in the?transition zone between the above two areas and the possible yields loss was 0-3%. The results could reflect the historical and actual situation and used as the basis for the evaluation and prevention of winter wheat freezing disaster in Jiangsu Province．

  Analysis of Climatic Characteristics of Fog and Its Contrast to Haze in Yangquan Zhang Fengsheng,Wang Yan,Yan Shiming and Li Ying 2015, 31 (20):  202-207.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15010114 Abstract + ( 595 )   PDF ( 1675KB )   ( 473 ) In order to master the occurrence rule of fog and difference between fog and haze in Yangquan, the observed fog data and haze data, the conventional meteorological data were studied with statistical analysis method to analyze the climatic features of fog. The difference of climatic features between fog and haze was also revealed. The results indicated that: owing to effects of temperature rise, decline of annual relative humidity and precipitation, the number of fog days of the whole year and every season increased firstly and then decreased from 1955 to 2012. Fog days increased significantly in the 1970s and decreased conspicuously in the first decade of the 21st century. The seasonal and monthly variations of fog occurrence were obviously. By the comparison between fog and haze, during 1975 to 2012, fog days decreased notably, while haze days increased significantly. Fog days and haze days showed obvious seasonal and monthly variation characteristics, in every season, fog days were less than haze days, and except August and September, fog days were less than haze days in other months. The study of difference between fog and haze climatic characteristics could provide a scientific basis for their observation and forecast.

  Spatial and Temporal Variation Characteristics of the First Saturating Rain of Spring in Recent 30 Years in Tianshui Ma Jie,Li Xiaojing,Wang Hongbin,Liu Liang,Zhao Ning and Ye Xiaowen 2015, 31 (20):  208-212.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb14100030 Abstract + ( 769 )   PDF ( 1459KB )   ( 377 ) In order to explore the variation characteristics of the first saturating rain of spring, its spatial and temporal variation was analyzed with the precipitation data during March to May of 7 meteorological stations located in Tianshui from 1981 to 2010. The results showed that the date of the first saturating rain delayed from southeast to northwest in Tianshui. The earliest time was on 7th March and the latest time was on 31th May. The precipitation of the first saturating rain in March was below 15 mm, and the saturating rain with the precipitation of 15-20 mm and ≥20 mm appeared during April to May. The trend of the first saturating rain is turning to be earlier and its precipitation amount is decreasing in recent 30 years.

  Climate Change and Abnormal Years’ Circulation Characteristics of the Beginning and Ending Dates of Freezing Rain in Guizhou 2015, 31 (20):  213-218.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15040040 Abstract + ( 613 )   PDF ( 2032KB )   ( 393 ) The paper aims to supplement and improve the features of the freezing rain in early (end) days and the height field in Guizhou, by using the observation data and NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data of freezing rain in Guizhou from October 1964 to April 2014, this article researched climate characteristics of freezing rain’s beginning date, ending date and freezing rain period, also the features of northern hemisphere’s height anomaly fields at 500 hPa of anomalous years in high correlated seasons. Results showed that: the beginning dates of freezing rain were gradually became later, the periods were became short, and the ending dates did not change significantly. The beginning dates usually appeared between mid November to early December, and the ending dates appeared in the March. In summers of years with abnormal beginning dates of freezing rain, the northern hemisphere’s height anomaly mainly presented the characteristic of trough-ridge strength’s abnormal in mid-high latitude, with changes opposite the intensity of north American trough; in winters of years with abnormal ending dates of freezing rain, height anomaly featured mainly by the position and intensity variability of the polar vortex in high latitude. Freezing rain period showed different teleconnection, as the PJ wave appearing in shorter years, and ANA, NEP and AWE coexisting in longer years. Combined with these characteristics, the beginning & ending date and period of freezing rain could be long-term predicted in practice.

  Variation of Snow Cover in Dalian Under Global Climate Warming Zhang Lihong,Yin Yuanyuan,Zhu Qinglin and Hou Yanze 2015, 31 (20):  219-223.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15010154 Abstract + ( 750 )   PDF ( 1666KB )   ( 417 ) The paper aims to clearly understand the characteristics of temporal and spatial variation of snow cover in Dalian Area under global climate warming, and serve agricultural production. Based on observation data of snow cover days from 1960 to 2013, the author analyzed temporal and spatial variation of snow cover days, first and last snow cover date in Dalian Region. The results showed that: monthly mean snow cover days had a temporal variation of single peak type, mainly concentrated in January. In recent 54 years, there were more snow cover days from the late 1960’s to the early 1970’s, and abnormal minimum snow cover days in the middle of 1990’s. The temporal variation of snow cover days was well consistent with the variation of winter temperature; both of them had the abrupt change in 1998. Spatial variation of snow cover days was similar to the spatial variation of temperature, but was not consistent with the snowfall frequency distribution.

  Analysis of Two Cold Wave Processes with Gale and Snow in Inner Mongolia in the Spring 2014 Ma Suyan,Han Jingwei,Song Guiying and Shi Jinli 2015, 31 (20):  224-232.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb14120195 Abstract + ( 1007 )   PDF ( 1841KB )   ( 438 ) The cold wave process with similar circulation characteristics have similar outburst pattern, climate and range of influence, but there are also unique characteristics for individual cold wave process and the difference can result in the wrong judgment in forecast. In this special case, based on routine observation, automatic meteorological observing station and NCEP 1°×1° 6 h interval reanalyzed data, two cold waves occurred in April 24 (process 1) and May 1 (process 2) in 2014 in Inner Mongolia were comparatively analyzed on circulation situation, system, thermodynamic and the dynamic mechanism of the cold wave outburst, utilizing synoptic and diagnostic analyses method. The results are as follows: in middle and high altitudes of northern hemisphere, the circulation patterns of the two cold waves showed ‘one trough and tow ridge’ at 500 hPa. Based on the temperature rising strongly in prior period of the two cold waves, the average temperatures were 1.0-7.3 and 0.1-10.7℃ higher than the same period. The cold trough and strong frontal zone at 500 hPa were accumulated in the north of Xinjiang, and the cold wave broke out and invaded to the south. There were discrepancies between the burst and cause of the two cold waves: process 1 belonged to the revising of the transverse trough, and the trough was strengthened to vortex meanwhile moved to southeast because of evacuation structures and the positive vorticity advection before the trough, when the cold advection center moved to the front of the trough, transverse trough was revised and the cold wave broke out. Process 2 belonged to the small trough moving eastward, and the cold trough deepened after moving across the Altai Mountains and Mongolia plateau, finally the cold air invaded to Inner Mongolia and the cold wave broke out. Although strong cooling borough-wide was caused by the two cold waves, the gale, sandstorm and precipitation showed different characteristics because of the different influence ways and causes. The gale and sandstorm were correlated with not only the cold advection but also when and where the momentum disseminated. In terms of the precipitation of the two cold waves, the characteristics of water vapor transport and temperature stratification in the low layer were favorable to precipitation and precipitation transformation. Focusing on the burst and dynamic process of the similar cold waves was good for the forecasting of cooling, gale, sandstorm and precipitation.

  Effect of Different Sizes of Shed Dry Nursery on Greenhouse Temperature and Seedling Quality Meng Lingjun,Li Yanli,Han Kangshun,Jia Yumin,Shi Yu and Shao Xiwen 2015, 31 (20):  233-238.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15010231 Abstract + ( 1153 )   PDF ( 1545KB )   ( 449 ) To investigate and indentify the superior mode among big, middle and small shed dry nursery methods in japonica rice regions in North China, taking ‘Tongyin58’,‘Tonghe836’ and ‘Tonghe835’ as test materials, the author conducted statistic analysis of the active and effective accumulated temperature, seedling quality of big/middle/small shed dry nursery methods, which were used at present in japonica rice regions of Jilin Province. The active and effective accumulated temperature levels at given time were the same of different dry nursery methods, and the result was as follows: big shed>middle shed>small shed. The times when the thermometer reading above the biological high temperature of rice of different dry nursery methods showed the result as: big shed>small shed>middle shed. The times when the thermometer reading below the biological low temperature of rice of different dry nursery methods showed the result as: small shed>middle shed>big shed. There were significant differences of rice seedling quality of different dry nursery methods on plant height, root number, aboveground dry weight and emergence rate, and the performance trend was as follows: big shed>small shed>middle shed. The leaf age and stem number in the big shed had the highest value among the three nursery methods, while there was no significant difference between the small and middle shed. The aboveground dry weight between big shed and middle shed also showed no obvious difference, but the one of small shed was significantly lower than that of the other two. The big shed dry nursery method was promoted to be used in production, followed by the middle shed dry nursery method. But for the big shed dry nursery method, we should move up and extend the time of ventilation hardening-seedling. Small shed dry nursery method was suggested not to be used or used less in areas of low night temperature in Jinlin Province, if it was used, we should pay attention to the low temperature at night and take the insulation measures.

  Research on Apple Grading Based on the Minimum Circumscribed Circle Diameter Liu Xinting,Kuang Yingchun,Chen Shang,Ou Mingwen and Zeng Wenhui 2015, 31 (20):  239-243.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15020043 Abstract + ( 1023 )   PDF ( 1582KB )   ( 517 ) Apple size is an important factor for quality classifying. In order to realize the size grading of apple, a set of apple size sorting system based on image processing was designed according to the ball shape characteristic of apple. The study selected 30 apples with the fruit diameters of 65-95 mm, simulated the multiple random status of the apple in the conveying flip device, took photos for each test sample in nine angles, and transmitted all images to the computer for pretreatment, such as binarization, denoising and edge processing, to draw the diameter of fruit surface of the apple. According to the image edge, apple’s centroid was determined, then the author sought the longest distance between the center and edge as the radius of the minimum circumscribed circles of apple image and the image in which the area between pixel and minimum circumscribed circle were closest from nine apple images, and calculated the minimum circumscribed circle diameter of surface of fruit diameter in the apple samples. Apples’ actual size was compared with the measuring size, research showed that the separation accuracy was 96.67%. The study could provide a reference for automatic sorting of apple size.

  The Research Progress on Machine Recognition of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests Cao Leping 2015, 31 (20):  244-249.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb14120117 Abstract + ( 717 )   PDF ( 1357KB )   ( 750 ) Plant diseases and pests is one of the three major natural disasters in China, its identification, monitoring and early warning is the information source of decision-making for prevention and control. The research results from Food and Agricultural Organization of United Nations show that natural loss rate of crop is more than 37% just because of crop diseases and pests. And China is a country with frequent and grave disasters of plant diseases and pests, without prevention and control measures against crop diseases and pests, about 150 billion kilograms of food crops, 6.8 billion kilograms of oil crops, 190 million kilograms of cotton, 100 billion kilograms of fruit and vegetables will be lost every year, and the economic loss will be more than 500 billion yuan. A low-cost nondestructive online real-time machine recognition system of plant diseases and pests will provide information for prevention and control of plant diseases and pests, set aside time for pest control system, minimize the economic loss, and improve quality and quantity of plants especially agricultural products. Research on machine recognition of plant diseases and pests is reviewed in this paper. Problems in recognition are summarized and analyzed, and solutions and future direction are presented, including recognition combined with prediction and pest control; fusion with remote sensing, global positioning system, geography information system, acoustics, machine vision, network technology; providing identification information about diseases and pests, plant growth and growth environment.

  Selection of Artificial Light in Flue-cured Tobacco Space Seedling He Fen,Bao Shunshu,Li Sibo,Ma Ning,Zhou Changji and Liang Yongjiang 2015, 31 (20):  250-253.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15030098 Abstract + ( 601 )   PDF ( 1383KB )   ( 392 ) In order to select the artificial light which is fit to flue-cured tobacco space seedling, the light environment index of 4 different artificial lights were tested in black laboratory, the light intensity and uniformity were analyzed when the distance between light and test sensor was 20, 30 and 40 cm. The author set 4 flue-cured tobacco plant areas with different light intensities, the physiological and ecological indexes were analyzed. The results showed that: (1) the average light intensity order of 4 artificial lights was: red and blue LED ＞ full spectrum fluorescent lamp ＞ warm white LED ＞ three color fluorescent lamp; (2) when the distance between light and test sensor was 30 cm, the light uniformity was the best, followed by 20, 40 cm; (3) the red and blue LED lamp with the light intensity of 150 μmol/(m2·s) in plant area could obtain the best seedling quality. The results could offer theoretical proof for the artificial light scheme in flue-cured tobacco space seedling.

  Patented Technology Layout in Chinese Fishery and Aquaculture:A Case Study of Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences Yan Xue,Ouyang Haiying,Chen Baisong,Hu Jing and Zeng Shouying 2015, 31 (20):  254-260.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15030006 Abstract + ( 796 )   PDF ( 1747KB )   ( 412 ) The objective of this paper was to provide useful advices for optimizing industrial distribution, promoting the utilization of patent and leading industry innovation. This paper took Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences as an example and used quantitative analysis to elaborate the time distribution of the fishery patent, research on the IPC classification, theme words, the top ten fishery research fields and percentage of valid patent. The results showed that the developing process could be divided into three periods which were slowly, fast and fluctuated developing period, respectively. Most patents were related to traditional aquaculture technics such as feed processing and breeding or traditional fishery technics such as offshore cage. But patents related to industrial aquaculture were not much. Besides, fishery patent authorization rate was higher than the overall patent authorization rate in China. But the technology transformation of the granted patent was not optimistic, maintaining time of valid patent was short and technic exportation was insufficient.

  Research on WSN Routing Algorithm for Vegetable Greenhouse Liu Yong,,,Xu Shipu,Wang Yunsheng,, and Yu Huan 2015, 31 (20):  261-266.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15020034 Abstract + ( 683 )   PDF ( 2163KB )   ( 493 ) For the purpose of application of wireless sensor networks in vegetable greenhouses’ environmental monitoring, the author studied several ad hoc routing algorithms. Through the classification and comparison the advantages and disadvantages of different routing algorithms such as ABR, TORA, DSR, DSDV, AODV and so on, the author came to a conclusion that the AODV routing algorithm was suitable for application in vegetable greenhouse because it could reduce the overhead and communication delay at the same time, and therefore, selected the working principle of AODV algorithm for deep research. By simulating the wireless sensor network which using the AODV algorithm by NS2 and NAM network simulation tools, the author analyzed the simulation data by gwark and gnuplot tools, researched the changes of network transmission delay and packet loss rate when the number of nodes were increasing in a certain area, and found the relationship between the number of nodes and the quality of communication, thus to provide a theoretical evidence for the practical application of this wireless sensor network algorithm in vegetable greenhouses.

  Research on the Original Plant of ‘Fragrant Plantain Lily’ in the Chinese Traditional Culture Liu Haiming,Xia Xiaofei,Wang Lingling,Han Dong and Li Yameng 2015, 31 (20):  267-270.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15010162 Abstract + ( 589 )   PDF ( 1339KB )   ( 548 ) Fragrant plantain lily is a usual ornamental plant in China nowadays, with some interesting historical records in the traditional literature. The records related to the ‘fragrant plantain lily’ were settled together, and the morphological characteristics, the original recordation, the original illustrations were studied carefully in order to make sure the clear systematic positions of the original plant. At the same time, the method of plant taxonomy, and comparative morphological analysis were used in the research work. The result showed that the original plant of the ‘fragrant plantain lily’ belonged to Hosta plantaginea (Lam.) Aschers. in Liliaceae. The investigation on the original records of the ‘fragrant plantain lily’ showed that there were some clear taxonomic features that were recorded although no integrated and precise plant taxonomy system was established in the past in China. At the same time, as there was the record of the ‘make-up’ function of the ‘fragrant plantain lily’, the information of the Chinese ancient cosmetics was analyzed, and the plant-based materials in the rouge were selected. The knowledge on the ‘fragrant plantain lily’ of the Chinese in the past, accompanied with the use of the plant in daily life, revealed that the botanical features of the ‘fragrant plantain lily’ were the main reason for human choice.

  Research of Development Motivation of New Type Rural Share Cooperative in Chongqing——Based on Survey Data of 500 Households and 100 Grassroots Cadres Xiao Yi 2015, 31 (20):  271-277.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15010126 Abstract + ( 520 )   PDF ( 1339KB )   ( 343 ) In order to explore a new rural cooperative in urban and rural areas, this study researched development motivation of new type rural share cooperative in Chongqing based on random sample survey data of 500 households and 100 grassroots cadres in 12 counties (cities, districts) from the perspective of institutional economics. The results showed that low economic efficiency of agriculture and the income gap between urban and rural residents were the root causes of cooperative system innovation. As the most direct producer and operator of agriculture, farmers thought that they could get high and stable income through the formation of new type rural share cooperative. Thus, farmers tended to form a primary action group to chase more external profits. Most rural grassroots cadres believed that new type rural share cooperative was an effective way to promote the integration of resources, improve the level of agricultural industrial management and speed up the construction of new countryside. Thus, both primary and secondary action group showed the willingness to participate actively, and a new type of rural share cooperative system innovation will come out.

  Coupling Analysis of Population Structure and Development of Regional Economic Society——Taking Heilongjiang Province as an Example Ren Yongtai,Ma Wenhao and Xing Jinge 2015, 31 (20):  278-283.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15030084 Abstract + ( 756 )   PDF ( 1469KB )   ( 452 ) In order to better coordinate the change of population structure and the development of regional economic society, this paper made quantitative analysis of population structure and development of regional economic society for Heilongjiang Province with the method of combining Grey Correlation Analysis and Analytic Hierarchy Process, and finally got the weighted correlation degree between different indicators of regional economic and social development system and the population structure. The results showed that correlation degree between social development indicators and the population structure in Heilongjiang Province was generally high, and the correlation degree between economic development and the population structure was relatively low. The economic development model of Heilongjiang Province is in urgent need of transformation and upgrading.

  Optimum-scale Family Farm Management: An Empirical Study Based on Rice Family Farm in Poyang Lake Ecological Economic Zone 2015, 31 (20):  284-290.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15040150 Abstract + ( 582 )   PDF ( 1389KB )   ( 433 ) The scale management of family farm has been one of the hottest topics, which is drawing attention from academics and policy-makers. The paper sorted and summarized factors and research methods on family farm, and constructed the production function about family farm and the model between the optimum-scale and TFP based on the 60 sample data from Poyang Lake Ecological Economic Zone. The empirical study showed that: (1) natural resources, project, technical equipment, management ability, social service and social stability and other factors affected the scale of family farm; (2) the return to scale of Rice Family Farms in Poyang Lake Ecological Economic Zone was 1.0412, indicating the existence of economies of scale; (3) the relationship between the scale and TFP was an “inverted U-shaped” curve, and at the same time, there was the maximum value of the TPF of family farm; when the TFP of family farm was the maximum value, the scale of family farm was 7.79 hectares. Finally, the author put forward policy recommendations and opinions based on research findings.