Current issue

• 2015 Vol.31 No.16 Published:27 July 2015

  Analysis of the Effect of Nitrogen Supply on Root Growth and Development of Picea abies Su Yan,He Qian,Yan Ziyi,Li Jiyue and Wang Junhui 2015, 31 (16):  1-5.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15010015 Abstract + ( 775 )   PDF ( 1575KB )   ( 422 ) The present study aims to reveal the implication effect of nitrogen on root growth and development of Picea abies, therefore to provide a basis for the regulation of root development with fertilizer. Three-year-old plantlets of Picea abies were employed and tested regarding their growth and development indexes of roots under different doses supply condition of nitrogen in pots. The obtained results indicated that all the tested doses of nitrogen, including N-6 (6 g urea containing 46% nitrogen for each plantlet), N-9 (9 g urea containing 46% nitrogen for each plantlet) and N-12 (12 g urea containing 46% nitrogen for each plantlet), consistently had a positive effect on roots in length, surface area, average diameter and volume, when compared to the control. The biomass and nitrogen content of roots and plantlets, the ratio of total root biomass of plants and the root-crown ratio in biomass also increased under the treatment of nitrogen. However, the regulated effect of nitrogen seemed to be different in dosage. The positive effect from N-9 appeared to be the most impressive (P<0.05) in that this dosage had a significant change of root morphology over 1.3 fold (1.38-1.89 fold) of the control, while the biomass of roots and plantlets, and the root-crown biomass ratio of plants were found to be also higher than that of the control at a significant level (P<0.05); moreover, the nitrogen content of roots and plantlets presented a 73.2% and 80.9% gains, respectively.

  Effects of Fertilization on the Growth and Soil of Middle-aged Slash Pine Forest Xiao Xingcui,Li Zhihui,Zhang Zhilan,Kang Weijing and Wu Jiyou 2015, 31 (16):  6-13.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb14120021 Abstract + ( 937 )   PDF ( 1637KB )   ( 480 ) In order to promote the growth of mid-aged Pinus elliottii forest, the influence of different fertilizing levels of formula fertilizer was studied on the growth, the soil and cost-benefit of 9 year-old Pinus elliottii plantations in the northern part of Hunan, China. The results showed that, 3 years after fertilization, the increment of DBH, height, individual volume and the stand volume, and the fertilizer benefit of different fertilization treatments were higher than that of the contrast in different degrees, 700 g/tree had the biggest role for the growth of Pinus elliottii. 2 years after fertilization, the soil nutrient was improved than before, the soil pH value of different layers decreased, organic matter and available K content increased. Available N content increased dramatically, and the increase in the upper layer was higher than that in the lower one. Available P decreased in different degrees, and reduction in the upper layer was lower than that in the lower one. The proper application of fertilizer could promote the growth of Pisolithus tinctorius, and 7 months after fertilization, the number of Pisolithus fruiting body generally increased with the increase of the fertilizer in 100-800 g/tree. Fertilization once in middle-aged slash pine plantations could increase the yield and benefit of per unit area, the best fertilizing amount was N-P-K fertilization of 700 g/tree.

  Variation of Autumn-color Leaf and the Adaptability to Environment of Quercus nuttallii Xu Xiaobo 2015, 31 (16):  14-18.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15010065 Abstract + ( 930 )   PDF ( 1540KB )   ( 536 ) In order to study the behavior of Quercus nuttallii during the autumn in city green land, the variation process of its autumn-color leaf was recorded, and the contents of chlorophyll, carotenoid and anthocyanin were measured. The main factors of climate and environment which affected the autumn-color leaf were analyzed. It showed that the whole leaf color turning phase was 30 days. The main pigments caused the variation of autumn-color leaf were chlorophyll a and anthocyanin. The average temperature had great effect on autumn-color leaf, and had a significantly positive correlation with chlorophyll a, but a significantly negative correlation with anthocyanin. The simple linear regression model between the average temperature and anthocyanin was X2=39.184077/[1 EXP(-7.317131 0.734963X1)], the correlation coefficient was 0.9523(P<0.001). Therefore, the changes of autumn-color leaf can be inferred by the change of average temperature.

  Effects of Soil Water Stress on Photosynthetic Characteristics of Pistacia weinmannifolia in Dry-hot Valley Huang Junling,Wang Yan,Li Yanmei and Zhan Naicai 2015, 31 (16):  19-25.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb14120137 Abstract + ( 1030 )   PDF ( 1614KB )   ( 502 ) To study the effect of water stress on photosynthetic characteristics of Pistacia weinmannifolia, according to the soil field capacity, the author set different soil moisture content gradients (W1-W6, with soil field capacity of 100%, 80%, 50%, 30%, 10% and 5%, respectively). With Pistacia weinmannifolia as material, the author used Li-6400 to measure the net photosynthetic rate (Pn), intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci), stomatal conductance (Gs), transpiration rate (Tr) and water use efficiency (WUE) under 6 different soil moisture gradients, in order to understand the response of Pistacia weinmannifolia to too little or too much water stress, thus to provide certain theoretical guidance and technical reference for vegetation restoration, and breeding and cultivation of Pistacia weinmannifolia in dry-hot valley, Yunnan. The results showed that: (1) under different soil moisture gradients, Pn values of Pistacia weinmannifolia showed significant differences, total Pn presented a ‘down-up-down’ trend, diurnal variation curve was the ‘twin peaks’ type, with obvious phenomenon of lunch break; Pn decline was limited by stomatal and non-stomatal limitation factors, W1 and W2 were limited by stomata, W3 and W6 were limited by the non-stomatal factors; with the declining of soil moisture content, stomatal limitation tended to change to non-stomatal limitation; (2) after 18:00, except the W3, Pn of other treatments showed negative values, respiration was greater than the photosynthesis, the photosynthetic productivity of plants descended and finally the plants died; W3 was the best choice of the moderate moisture, its field capacity and soil moisture content were about 50% and 33.6%, respectively; (3) the stomatal conductance fell with the decrease of the soil moisture content, when the soil moisture content was in W3-W6, the daily change curve of stomatal conductance Gs had no obvious change, it almost had a gentle condition; the Gs value of W1-W6 was the largest at 8:00, mainly caused by air humidity; (4) the water use efficiency WUE increased with the soil moisture content, appropriate drought stress was advantageous to improve Pistacia weinmannifolia photosynthetic productivity and water use efficiency.

  Water Holding Characteristics of Litter of Six Native Trees in South China Li Wei,Zhang Cuiping and Yang Xinyu 2015, 31 (16):  26-31.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15010037 Abstract + ( 625 )   PDF ( 1510KB )   ( 406 ) Mytilaria laosensis, Pinus massoniana, Cunninghamia lanceolata, Cinnanomum camphora, Castanopsis hystrix and Michelia macclurei were used to study the litter storage, water holding capacity, water holding rate and water absorption rate, in order to understand the ecohydrological characteristics of the six typical native trees in southern China comprehensively. Field sampling and laboratory analysis were conducted to express the litter storage and water holding capacity of these trees quantitatively. The result showed that the litter storage in the six similar aged native trees decreased in order of M. laosensis (2.220×103 kg/hm2)>M. macclurei (2.105×103 kg/hm2)>C. camphora (2.051×103 kg/hm2)>C. hystrix (1.434×103 kg/hm2)>C. lanceolata(1.225×103 kg/hm2)>P. massoniana (0.898×103 kg/hm2). The order of total water holding capacity of litter was M. laosensis>M. macclurei>C. hystrix>C. camphora>C. lanceolata>P. massoniana. The water holding capacity of the litter in M. laosensis, M. macclurei, C. hystrix, C. camphora, C. lanceolata, P. massoniana six native trees was 458%, 403%, 408%, 404%, 351%, 280%, respectively. The water holding capacity and water holding rate of the litter increased with the soaking time, exhibiting a logarithmical relationship, while a power function presented the relationship between the water absorption rate and the soaking time. Our study established the foundation of evaluating the ecohydrological characteristics of the native trees in south China.

  Studies on the Thermotolerance in Six Ornamental Fruit Plants 2015, 31 (16):  32-36.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15010025 Abstract + ( 783 )   PDF ( 1571KB )   ( 485 ) In order to select suitable ornamental fruit plants growing in northern summer, increase the kinds of ornamental fruit plants and enrich plant landscape in northern China, six ornamental fruit plants in different native habitats were determined the semi-lethal temperature (LT50) by electric conductivity method combined with Logistic equation. Their morphological changes were observed in the field during summer and under high temperature stress respectively. The results indicated that with the rise of treated temperature, the rate of injured cells from the leaf segments of six ornamental fruit plants was increased with trend of ‘slow-fast-slow’, the relationship between the treatment of temperature for leaf species and the rate of injured cells varied in a ‘S’ curve model. The LT50 of the tested ornamental fruit plants in descending order was Lonicera korolkowii(62.31℃), Pyracantha coccinea (61.67℃), Callicarpa bodinieri (61.10℃), Clerodendrum trichotomum (57.12℃), Tetradium ruticarpum (57.10℃), Ribes burejense (53.23℃), which was similar to the morphological observation, LT50 could be used as their thermotolerance evaluation index.

  Planting Density and Leaf Number on the Output Quality of ‘Zhongyan 103’ Zeng Qingbin,Xiang Yuhua,Lv Wanru,Guan Yu,Li Zaisheng,,Bu Xuemei and Yan Fangfang 2015, 31 (16):  37-41.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb14120206 Abstract + ( 747 )   PDF ( 1521KB )   ( 395 ) Experiment on flue-cured tobacco variety ‘Zhongyan 103’ was carried out in Panzhihua Area for the aim of researching the suitable planting patterns of this variety. Two factors random configuration design was used to study the effect of 3 planting densities and 3 kinds of leaves-keeping number of this variety on biological yield and output value. The effect on plant growing, area, dry weight of leaves was also studied. The results showed that the individual weight of leaves significantly reduced with the density increase. Leaves area of lower and middle part of plant increased, yield and output value increased in this case, but superior rate declined, there was no significant change on medium to superior rate in this case. The length and width of upper part leaves reduced significantly with the leaves-keeping number increase. When leaves-keeping number was 20 pieces, it could have the highest yield and output value, the highest rate of superior and medium to superior level’s production. In general, the planting pattern of planting distance at scope from (1.2 m× 0.5 m) to (1.2 m× 0.4 m) with leaves-keeping-number of 20 pieces was the appropriate condition under this experiment, it could get the highest rate of middle to superior, could harvest good quality and suitable yield tobacco.

  Effects of Different Kinds of Bio-organic Fertilizer on Bacterial Wilt and Flu-Cured Tobacco Growth Liu Yuehua,Sun Yuxiao,Liu Yan,Wang Junyong,Xiang Bangchu,Li Ping and Peng Wuxing 2015, 31 (16):  42-46.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb14120179 Abstract + ( 808 )   PDF ( 1395KB )   ( 363 ) In order to compare effects of applying different kinds of bio-organic fertilizer with antagonist on tobacco bacterial wilt and make proper suggestion on how to produce tobacco with the principle of ‘unpolluted, high quality and safety’, field experiment was carried out to find out the effects of different kinds of bio-organic fertilizer on tobacco growth, yield, configuration and bacterial wilt in Xuan’en County, Hubei Province. Results showed that applying the 7 different kinds of bio-organic fertilizer with antagonist could promote tobacco growth and improve the ratio of top rank by 12.80-33.59 percent point, but decrease yield by 2.91% to 38.18%. The bacterial wilt was suppressed in each treatment during resetting and fast-growing stage of tobacco, and the control efficacy in treatment 4 [3750 kg bio-organic fertilizer per hm2 (20% rapeseed meal & 20% carbonized rice husks

  Effect of Exogenous Calcium Chloride on Tomato Seedlings Under Chilling Injury Stress Lian Jie,Gu Jiantian and Zhang Xichun 2015, 31 (16):  47-51.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb14100095 Abstract + ( 753 )   PDF ( 1391KB )   ( 372 ) This experiment aimed to study the role of calcium chloride in improving the chilling tolerance mechanism of tomato seedlings. The author conducted the chilling injury index survey and the measurement of physiological indexes. The materials, which were cold-resistant ‘O-33-1’ and cold-sensitive ‘NY2000’, were treated with light culture box for low temperature treatment. The treatments were named CK, T1, T2, T3 according to different concentrations of calcium chloride. Cold damage index, Chl content, MDA, POD, SOD were measured. When applied with calcium chloride, the cold damage index, MDA and POD of ‘O-33-1’ decreased first and then increased, Chla, Chlb and SOD increased first and then decreased. The cold damage index of ‘NY2000’ decreased first and then increased, SOD increased first and then decreased, MDA content kept an increasing trend, Chla and Chlb were stable. Different tomato varieties had different responses toward exogenous calcium chloride treatments. Under chilling stress, exogenous calcium chloride treatments could protect the stabilization of membrane via enhancing the antioxidant enzymes activities, thus enhance chilling tolerance.

  Influence of N, P, K, Ca Deficiency on Growth of Moringa oleifera Lam Seedlings Li Ling,Yin Zhenhua,Ya Huajin,Li Haiquan and Liu Changfen 2015, 31 (16):  52-56.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15010084 Abstract + ( 833 )   PDF ( 1572KB )   ( 636 ) This study was conducted to explore the effects on Moringa oleifera seedling growth and nutrition deficiency symptoms under the cultivation condition of nutrient elements N, P, K, Ca deficiency, provide theory basis for Moringa oleifera nutrition diagnosis as well as high quality and efficiency cultivation. Sand pot method was used to carry out the experiment and five treatments were set to find out the response of Moringa oleifera seedling to different nutrient deficiency. The treatments were as follows: vegan (CK), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) deficiency, lack of potassium (K) and calcium (Ca). The seedling’s high net growth, the number of thick stems and leaves were measured. The results showed that the earliest deficiency symptoms of Moringa oleifera seedlings, which were the most obvious, were observed in N deficiency, and mainly appeared on leaf, the whole plant was light yellow, looked like a small plant and weak. No obvious symptoms were observed in seedlings that were lack of P and K. As to the treatments of N, P, K and Ca deficiency, Moringa oleifera seedlings’ high net growth and stem diameter were lower than that of vegan treatment groups, in which, N deficiency had the most significant influence on seedling high net increment and thick stems, suggesting that N element was the primary limiting factor to Moringa oleifera elongation and stem diameter growth. The effects of deficiency on Moringa oleifera seedling leaf number were not obvious. The results indicated that N, P, K, and Ca deficiency would have impact on Moringa oleifera seedlings to some extent, but not obvious, while nitrogen deficiency had the greatest impact on Moringa oleifera seedlings.

  Analysis of Factory Cultivation Environment and Yield of Agaricus bisporus Wu Xinrui,Qin Gaijuan,Tong Jiaxing,Zhang Guoqing,Chen Qingjun,Wei Jinkang and Li Yungang 2015, 31 (16):  57-61.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15020025 Abstract + ( 1000 )   PDF ( 1578KB )   ( 657 ) In order to provide the basis to increase the productivity of Agaricus bisporus, the author made yield graph through the observation and recording of the condition change in mushroom house in the factory production. The author conducted tunnel fermentation with the materials of wheat straw and manure, mushroom house temperature was adjusted by air-condition, and the environment factors and yield of the 4 rooms were measured in one production cycle. The results showed that the overall environment condition met the needs of mushroom growth. From after sowing period to cooling period, the room temperature was maintained at 16-21℃, the differences of material temperature among layers were significant, and material temperature of the upper layer was higher than that of the lower layer. The room temperature was maintained at 16-18℃ and the material temperature was at 18-20℃ in the harvest period. The material temperature of different layers had no significant difference. The humidity and CO2 were maintained at a good level and the sporocarp grew normally in the harvest period. Under the same condition of cultivation and management, the yield of A15 was higher than that of 192, and the yields of mushroom houses with 600 m2 cultivation area all reached more than 12 t. The highest yield was 14.6 t, which equaled to 21-24.3 kg/m2.

  Investigation on the Isolation of Pleurotus sp. from a Bacteria Contamination Sawdust-based Production Spawn Liu Shengrong,Zhang Weirui,Ruan Junfeng and Jiang Shengtao 2015, 31 (16):  62-65.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-2512 Abstract + ( 841 )   PDF ( 1469KB )   ( 411 ) The work aimed to isolate the Pleurotus sp. from a bacteria contamination sawdust-based spawn. The number of bacteria was determined with the plate count assay. For the isolation of Pleurotus sp., the spawn was initially suspended in sterile water and then treated as follows: (1) vigorously mixed on a vortex mixer within five minutes; (2) kept continuously shaking at 180 r/min for 1-4 days; (3) kept to be static at 4℃ for 1-4 days. Next, the suspended spawn was collected by filtering using sterile gauze, and washed with sterile water. Finally, each slant was inoculated with a sawdust, allowing for growth at 25℃. As the control, the sawdust was directly inoculated into slants with one piece of sawdust per slant. The bacteria in the spawn determined were 15500 cfu/g. All the slants were found to be contaminated in the control. With the spawn vigorously mixed for 5 minutes before the isolation, no purified slants were observed. With shaking of 1, 2, 3 and 4 days, the success rate was 20%, 30%, 46.67%, and 63.3%, respectively. With kept to be static at 4℃ for 1, 2, 3 and 4 days, the success rate was 3.3%, 10%, 46.67%, and 60%, respectively. We conclude that mushroom strain can be effectively isolated and purified from bacteria contamination sawdust-based spawn using sawdust as inoculums by keeping spawn static or shaking in sterile water for 1-4 days before the isolation with the method of substrate mycelium isolation.

  Research on Storage Characteristics of Edible Seed Watermelon Varieties Wang Cheng and Zhang Jiannong 2015, 31 (16):  66-72.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15010075 Abstract + ( 717 )   PDF ( 1701KB )   ( 366 ) The study aims to compare the quality, physiology and storage characteristics of different edible seed watermelon varieties, and provide theoretical basis for storage and marketing of edible seed watermelon. Four varieties of edible seed watermelon, ‘Tianzi-1’, ‘Shuangyue’, ‘Xizi-1’ and ‘Linzi-3’, were taken as the test materials, and a flesh watermelon variety ‘Xinong-8’ was used as the control, to study the change of quality and physiology of edible seed watermelon that stored at room temperature. The results showed that the peel thickness of ‘Tianzi-1’, ‘Shuangyue’, ‘Xizi-1’ and ‘Linzi-3’ decreased by 33.6%, 44.2%, 31.3% and 39.2%, respectively; the peel firmness dropped from 12.08, 11.67, 11.27, 11.85 kg/cm2 to 6.78, 6.33, 5.60, 6.65 kg/cm2; the weight of fruits decreased by 3.1%, 3.5%, 3.8%, 2.8% after storage for 70 d. The cell membrane permeate rate of ‘Shuangyue’ rose to 83%, flesh degenerated into watery and lost edible value. In general, the storability of edible seed watermelon is better than that of flesh watermelon, and there are differences in storage characteristics among different varieties of edible seed watermelon. The ‘Tianzi-1’ is the best, followed by ‘Xizi-1’, and the ‘Shuangyue’ and ‘Linzi-3’ are less suitable for storage and transportation.

  Analysis of Inheritance in Flesh Texture Phenotype of Table Grape Hybrids Li Xiaomei,Tan Wei,Dong Zhigang and Tang Xiaoping 2015, 31 (16):  73-77.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb14120019 Abstract + ( 1019 )   PDF ( 1388KB )   ( 446 ) In order to get the heritability index in flesh texture of testing varieties, as well as estimate combined heritability and narrow sense heritability, the variety of ‘Guibao’ was used as testing variety to calculate combined heritability and narrow heritability of crisp flesh texture trait of different combinations by method of parent-child regression coefficient estimation. The results showed that when ‘Guibao’ was the male parent, ‘Christmas Rose’ topped the heritability index of crisp flesh texture trait, ‘Ruby Okuyama’ was the second and ‘Muscat Hamburg’ was the minimum. When ‘Guibao’ was the female parent, the flesh texture of hybrids was connected with the male parent. The order of seven varieties’ heritability indexes of crisp flesh texture trait was ‘Christmas Rose’＞ ‘Autumn Royal’＞ ‘Taifei Rose’＞ ‘Flame Tokay’＞ ‘Centenniai Seedless’＞ ‘Tamina’＞ ‘Muscat Hamburg’. According to the heritability comparison among different hybridized combinations, for the combination heritability, soft flesh× crispest flesh was the highest, the crisp flesh× near crisp flesh was the second, while the near crisp flesh× soft flesh was the lowest. Through the method of parent-child regression coefficient estimation, the narrow heritability of crisp flesh texture (h2) was calculated as 0.9816. Analysis showed that crisp flesh texture possessed considerable heritability. Estimation of the heritability index in flesh texture and the combined heritability of grape can be the guidance for breeding and parent choice.

  Effect of Different Fertilizer Amounts on the Growth and Fruit Quality of Seedless ‘Big Ten’ Mulberry Han Chuanming,Wang Cuixiang,Liu Fangchun,Zhao Dengchao,Wang Xiaofang,Qiao Yanhui and Sun Lei 2015, 31 (16):  78-82.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb14100093 Abstract + ( 759 )   PDF ( 1551KB )   ( 504 ) This study was conducted to quantify the impact of different fertilizer amounts on the growth and fruit quality of mulberry. A field experiment with treatments of different fertilizer amounts at germination stage was performed and single fruit weight, yield per plant, new shoot, soluble solids, as well as hydrogen ion concentration index of seedless ‘Big Ten’ mulberry were determined. Membership function formula of fuzzy mathematics was used to compare and explore the best fertilizer amount which could improve the growth and fruit quality of mulberry. Result showed that fertilizer amount had no significant effect on hydrogen ion concentration, but it could improve mulberry growth and fruit quality. Along with fertilizer amount increasing from 100 g to 150 g per plant, the single fruit weight, yield per plant, and soluble solids increased by 23.51%, 26.69%, and 39.63%, respectively. However, new shoot growth and hydrogen ion concentration index had no significant difference. Additionally, no significant difference of new shoot growth, hydrogen ion concentration index as well as soluble solids of mulberry was found between fertilizer amount of 100 g and 150 g per plant. When fertilizer amount increased from 150 g to 250 g per plant, the yield per plant increased by 8.32%, while the soluble solids decreased by 18.60%. According to the analysis of membership function, appropriate fertilizer amount of mulberry was 150 g per plant.

  Effect of Plant Growth Regulators on Fruiting Conditions and Nut Quality of Chestnut Kou Yanru and Su Shuchai 2015, 31 (16):  83-87.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15010092 Abstract + ( 629 )   PDF ( 1437KB )   ( 520 ) In order to reduce the empty shell ratio and improve nut quality of Chinese chestnut, to seek suitable growth regulator spraying method, with chestnut ‘Zunyu’ as test material, the author sprayed different growth regulators at different stages of chestnut, and explored the impact of growth regulators on fruiting conditions and nut quality. The results showed that: at the beginning of full bloom, spraying SA could significantly improve the fruiting rate, the number of nuts in each bud, soluble sugars content, starch content and protein content of chestnut, which could be increased by 15.50%, 79.64%, 19.20%, 11.20% and 6.09%, respectively, compared to that of the treatment CK, and the best spraying was 0.2 nmol/L. Spraying 0.01 mg/L BR before the period of immature embryo development could significantly increase the fruiting rate, soluble sugar content and protein content, which could be increased by 14.16%, 26.37% and 5.69%, respectively, and spraying 0.001 mg/L BR before the period of immature embryo development could significantly increase the fruiting rate and the number of nuts in each bud, which could be increased by 19.42% and 125.56%, and the number of nuts in each bud could be increased up to 125.56%, significantly improve the yield of chestnut. Therefore, it is recommended to spray 0.2 nmol/L SA at the beginning of full bloom and spray 0.001 mg/L BR or 0.01 mg/L BR before the period of immature embryo development, to improve the yield and quality of chestnut.

  Comparative Studies on Emasculation Techniques of Macadamia Tao Li,Ni Shubang,He Xiyong,Chen Lilan,Kong Guanghong and Xiao Xiaoming 2015, 31 (16):  88-93.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb14120212 Abstract + ( 589 )   PDF ( 2628KB )   ( 353 ) A comparison between two emasculation methods in timing, percentage of style injury and fruit set in 20 days after pollination was conducted to find out the simple and practical way for artificial emasculation in Macadamia, with cultivar ‘Renown’ as the mother tree. The flowers at different anthesis were chosen to test the two methods. The result showed that emasculation methods with perianth were better than needle slitting. It only took 10 minutes in emasculating with perianth when the perianth tube splits in the first day, with 11.1% of style tip injury and 74.1% of set in 20 days of pollination. While the timing, injury rate and the set were 36.0 min, 36.3% and 27.8% respectively in needle slitting. In emasculation method with perianth, the optimum conditions were to choose those perianth tube splits in the first day and carry out the emasculation after ring cut the base of tube in half an hour, and pollinated in 48 hours. This method is simple and easy, which can produce no false hybrid, enhance the purity of hybrid, and significantly improve crossbreeding efficiency in Macadamia.

  Genetic Variation Analysis of Ziziphus jujuba ‘Zanhuang Dazao’ by SSR Markers Gao Jiao,Liu Jun,Shen Lianying,Chu Xinfang,Xu Chaoqun,Du Zengfeng,Li Dengke,Wang Zhe,Zhang Zhendong and Pang Xiaoming 2015, 31 (16):  94-100.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15010121 Abstract + ( 1265 )   PDF ( 1407KB )   ( 413 ) Information about the genetic variation of Ziziphus jujuba ‘Zanhuang Dazao’ at molecular level can provide effective basis for selective breeding of new cultivars. 395 samples of Ziziphus jujuba ‘Zanhuang Dazao’ were collected and were amplified by PCR using 16 SSR markers. The genetic relationships among them were investigated based on analysis of fingerprint data after capillary electrophoresis. Totally, 51 alleles were detected and the number of alleles amplified by per primer ranged from 2 to 9 with an average value of 3.2. The sizes of PCR products ranged from 104 bp to 304 bp. The amount of rare alleles was 16 and polymorphic loci percentage was 75%. After clustering, 28 unique genotypes which were different from each other were obtained within 395 samples, which meant 28 different genotypes were distinguished. Further cluster analysis showed that genetic similarities among these 28 genotypes ranged from 0.7500 to 0.9804 with an average of 0.9047. At the genetic similarity of 0.90, the genotypes were classified into 5 groups. The results indicated that there was a certain degree of genetic variation among Ziziphus jujuba ‘Zanhuang Dazao’ and still had potential to select new cultivars with better quality.

  Preliminary Cultivation Experiment Report on a New Chinese Jujube ‘Yulingdang’ Li Wenfeng 2015, 31 (16):  101-104.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb14120146 Abstract + ( 976 )   PDF ( 1352KB )   ( 512 ) In order to improve the structure of jujube planting, enrich the market and satisfy consumers’ needs, ‘Yulingdang’, ‘Dongzao’ and ‘Tielingdang’ were used as the research materials of cultivation. A batch of new jujube varieties with excellent characters was cultivated. The data of fruit yield and quality of the 3 years’ trees were recorded. The yield of ‘Yulingdang’ increased by 13.50%-15.81% compared with that of ‘Dongzao’. For fruit coloring, fruit dot, kernel and taste, there were great differences between ‘Yulingdang’ and ‘Dongzao’. ‘Yulingdang’ had more obvious advantages in yield and quality than ‘Dongzao’.

  Cloning and Sequence Analysis of a Neutral Invertase Gene (CrInv1) from Ougan Fruit Jin Weiwei,Chen Gongkai and Gao Ailing 2015, 31 (16):  105-110.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15010147 Abstract + ( 1146 )   PDF ( 1606KB )   ( 518 ) The objective of this study was to separate Inv gene from ougan fruit and get sequence information, which would be used in further study on sucrose metabolism of ougan fruit at molecular level. Methods of homologous cloning and RT-PCR were used for Inv gene clone from ougan fruit. The gene we got was named CrInv1 and the accession number was KF694988. Bioinformatics methods were used to get information of predicted Inv protein including relative molecular mass, isoelectric point (pI), the conserved domains and phytogenetic analysis results. Results showed that CrInv1 was 1932 bp in size, encoding a putative protein of 643-amino acid. Sequence alignment results showed that CrInv1 was highly conserved among different plants, and shared more than 70% sequence homology with other plants from NCBI. With the calculation by software Primer 5.0, relative molecular mass of the putative CrInv1 protein turned out to be 72.18 kDa, and the pI was 6.882. Results indicated that CrInv1 from ougan fruit belonged to neutral invertase and it was rich in nonpolar amino acids. The subcellular localization of predicted CrInv1 protein was within the cell membrane. Phylogenetic analysis showed that putative CrInv1 protein was not grouped with that from grape, apple and peach, and was more close to that from lichi and strawberry. The study got Inv gene from ougan fruit and the sequence information was analyzed. The results lay a foundation for subsequent research on sucrose metabolism of ougan fruit.

  Study on Pollen Viability of Cyclamen hederifolium Lin Yan,Guo Weizhen and Zhao Zhixin 2015, 31 (16):  111-114.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15010008 Abstract + ( 781 )   PDF ( 2774KB )   ( 350 ) Aiming at intraspecific reproduction and interspecific hybridization, pollen vitality of four different types of C. hederifolium was determined by TTC staining method, meanwhile pollen vitality of H type was determined by I2-KI staining method and pollen germination method. The results showed that TTC staining method was the best method for pollen vitality determination. The pollen vitality and duration had obvious differences in different types of C. hederifolium. 2-3 days after flowering was the best time to collect pollen, the pollen vitality was still above 40% after flowering 5 days for H type and B type, 7 days for L type, 12 days for X type, and the pollen still could be used for pollination. The study provided important basis for the hybridization pollination of C. hederifolium.

  Study on Tissue Culture and Rapid Propagation of the Endangered Species Opisthopappus taihangensis Liang Fang,Jiang Suhua,Wang Jieqiong,Yuan Xiuyun and Cui Bo 2015, 31 (16):  115-120.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15010178 Abstract + ( 788 )   PDF ( 1939KB )   ( 483 ) The study aims to establish a high efficient regeneration system of the endangered species Opisthopappus taihangensis, and provide fundamental basis for protection and exploitation of the germplasm resource. The regeneration process from leaves and stems as explants and transplanting were studied in MS basic media with different combinations of plant growth regulators. The results showed that differentiation of callus to adventitious buds from leaves was more difficult than from stem section. Stem was the optimum explants for induction of callus and buds; the optimum medium was MS 6-BA 1.0 mg/L NAA 0.1 mg/L, in which the stem explants could regenerated by one-step method, namely, the callus was able to be reduced and differentiated to regenerated shoots, avoiding transferring to other media. The optimum rooting medium was 1/2MS NAA 0.2 mg/L. The transplanting survival rate of regenerated plantlets in garden soil reached 80%. This study simplified culture process and established a high efficient regeneration system of Opisthopappus taihangensis by one-step method.

  Research Progress of Core Germplasm of Tea Tree Resources 2015, 31 (16):  121-126.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb14120207 Abstract + ( 704 )   PDF ( 1557KB )   ( 577 ) Tea tree is one of the traditional economic crops in China and has abundant genetic diversity. Whether the excellent genes for breeding can be quickly and accurately selected from huge tea germplasm resources is an important factor for successful tea tree breeding. In order to improve the breeding efficiency to serve production and scientific research, to create core germplasm of tea tree resources has become the urgent task. In this paper, the concept and general situation of core germplasm were reviewed, the current research situation of tea tree core germplasm in China was summarized, the establishment of steps and methods of the tea tree core germplasm were outlined, the inspection method on the effectiveness of tea tree core germplasm was analyzed, the problems in building tea tree core germplasm were explored, and the future of tea tree core germplasm was prospected.

  Effect of 60Co-γ Irradiation on the Ultrastructure of Chloroplast and Mitochondrion of Panax notoginseng Leaves Zhang Xingfen,He Zhongjun,Liang Shewang and Teng Juan 2015, 31 (16):  127-133.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15010060 Abstract + ( 1238 )   PDF ( 1718KB )   ( 516 ) The ultrastructure of 60Co-γ irradiation with different doses on chloroplast and mitochondrion of Panax notoginseng was observed by transmission electron microscop (TEM) and the effects of 60Co-γ irradiation on the ultrastructure were studied, aimed at providing theoretical basis for notoginseg irradition breeding. The results showed that: (1) without irradiation, the notoginseng leaf cells’ shapes were normal and had many chloroplasts, there were many orderly grana lamellas and stroma lamellas, which led to strong photosynthesis capacity; mitochondria with complete double membrances were full of strong matrix and tubular cristae could be clearly observed; (2) when the irradiaion dose was 10 Gy, the ultrastructure of chloroplast and mitochondria changed, while they were affected to a lesser degree; the chloroplast membranes were damaged slightly, the structures of internal grana lamellas and stroma lamellas were not affected basically and there had more and bigger starch grains; the structures of most mitochondria were integrity and the number had slightly increased, which showed that the mitochondria had better tolerance to 60Co-γ irradiation than chloroplasts; (3) the study also indicated that the damage degree of the ultrastructure of chloroplast and mitochondria became more serious with the increase of irradiation dose. When the irradiation dose was 40 Gy, a large number of chloroplasts disintegrated, vacuoles appeared in great numbers and were connected into a big holes, the results inevitably affected chlorophyll content and light reaction, thereby significantly weakened the intensity of photosynthesis; internal degradations of some mitochondria were serious and some even had completely vacuolization, mitochondrial number was significantly reduced, meanwhile, the structure and function of mitochondria were severely damaged irreversibly with serious cell senescence. It might be concluded that there were different damages in the ultrastructure of chloroplast and mitochondrion of Panax notoginseng leaves by 60Co-γ irradiation, but proper radiation could increase the number of mitochondria. The above conclusions could provide theoretical basis for notoginseng breeding of different purposes and theoretical reference for choosing the most appropriate irradiation dose of mutation breeding.

  Variation of Photosynthesis Characteristics in Two Kinds of Salvia miltiorrhiza Hou Nan and Li Ailian 2015, 31 (16):  134-139.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15030128 Abstract + ( 780 )   PDF ( 1521KB )   ( 394 ) The erect type variety of Salvia miltiorrhiza and the creeping type were chosen to study their photosynthetic characteristics and provide good cultivation and breeding basis for them. Diurnal variation of photosynthesis and photosynthetic response of both types of Salvia miltiorrhiza were studied using the LI-6400 portable photosynthesis system. The results showed that: (1) the photosynthetic characteristics of the creeping type met the features of typical heliophilous plant, which had higher LSP and broader light adaptability; (2) both Salvia miltiorrhiza types had photosynthetic midday-depress, and the decrease of Pn was due to non-stomatal limitation; (3) changes of environmental factors like temperature and humidity would influence the photosynthetic characteristics of creeping type more than the erect type; the erect type of Salvia miltiorrhiza had stronger environmental adaptation than the creeping type; (4) the yield of the creeping type of Salvia miltiorrhiza was better than that of the erect type under good cultivation conditions, and the yield increase was around 55%. The creeping type could be a better breeding material.

  Selection of Evaluation Factors for Different Phyllanthus emblica Germplasms’ Fruits Zhao Qiongling,Ma Kaihua,Zhang Yonghui,Luo Huiying,Duan Yuetang,Qu Wenlin and Sha Yucang 2015, 31 (16):  140-145.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-2406 Abstract + ( 781 )   PDF ( 1550KB )   ( 455 ) In order to provide a theoretical basis of germplasms evaluation for different Phyllanthus emblica provenances, 20 quality indicators of 12 different provenances of Phyllanthus emblica, including vitamin C, soluble solids, titratable acidity, acid ratio of main solid quality indicators, etc., were studied, and principal component analysis and cluster analysis method were used to analyze the various quality indicators. The results showed that: except the number of carpels and ventral suture index, the remaining 18 indicators of Phyllanthus emblica should be taken into consideration in the cluster analysis. The first factor consisted of fruits weight, pulp weight, stone weight, longitudinal diameter, diameter, flesh thickness; the second factor clustered 7 essence indicators of fruit structure, including crude fiber, total acidity, and soluble solids, etc.; the third factor clustered sticky sweet degrees and sticky degree from stone together; and finally, the forth factor was Vc clustering into a single category. The study suggested that quality evaluation indicators for Phyllanthus emblica eventually could be simplified as 4 main factors: fruit weight, crude fiber, sweet degrees and vitamin C.

  Application of Tissue Culture for Rapid Propagation of Arundo donax Liu Wenzhu and Zhao Hui’en 2015, 31 (16):  146-150.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15010118 Abstract + ( 1041 )   PDF ( 1864KB )   ( 512 ) The study is to find out the most efficient way for rapid propagation of Arundo donax，which can lay the foundation for its industrial production, application and transformation. Stems with auxiliary buds were used as explants, different concentrations of plant growth regulators were tested to find the most effective protocol for rapid propagation of Arundo donax. MS 4.00 mg/L 6-BA 1.00 mg/L IBA was the most efficient initial medium for the sprouting of auxiliary buds, the germination rate could get to 96.7%; MS 7.50 mg/L 6-BA 1.00 mg/L IBA was the most efficient proliferation medium, and the average proliferation rate was 13.5, while individual proliferation rate reached 16; 1/2MS 1.00 mg/L IBA was the most suitable rooting medium, in which the rate of rooting was 93.8%, the average root number was 6.33. Plants, which were 7 cm high and with roots 1 cm to 3 cm long, were chosen for further acclimatization. The research establishes the rapid propagation of Arundo donax, improves the propagation coefficient and provides evidence for transformation and breeding at molecular level.

  Insect Resistance Identification of Brassica campestris L. ssp. chinensis Germplasm Resources to Phyllotreta striolata (Fabricius) Zhou Lilin,Hu Zhenhua,Wang Yong,Si Shengyun and Si Yue 2015, 31 (16):  151-159.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-2135 Abstract + ( 854 )   PDF ( 1597KB )   ( 390 ) In order to study insect resistance identification method of Chinese cabbage to Phyllotreta striolata (Fabricius), based on hazard classification standard of diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.), the defoliation percentage of 48 Chinese cabbage [Brassica campestris L. ssp. chinensis (L.) Makino] varieties infected by the adults of P. striolata were estimated by natural evaluation method in the field. The results showed that the current hazard classification standard of diamondback moth was not applicable to adults of P. striolata. Further analysis demonstrated that the defoliation percentage of 48 Chinese cabbage varieties had significant positive correlation with the hole number (r = 0.354). These results suggested that quantity statistics of injured holes in cabbage leaves could be used to identify insect resistance of P. striolata. Moreover, in order to cultivate Chinese cabbage and its germplasm resources with insect resistance, 100 varieties of Chinese cabbage were used for identification of insect resistance to P. striolata. Five kinds of cabbage (‘Xin’aiqing-9’, ‘Xinxiachun No.3’, ‘918’, ‘Thailand seed-2’, ‘Xiaguan’) showed obvious resistance and another five kinds of cabbage (‘Chuqing 325-6’, ‘Qingyou’, ‘Jimaocai’, ‘12#bolting resistance Qinggeng × 668-1’, ‘Fuji’) were relatively susceptible. No significant difference was found among five resistant cabbage varieties on the numbers of leave holes, which were significantly lower than that of the five relatively susceptible varieties. These materials would be useful in future anti-insect breeding of Chinese cabbage.

  Screening and Identification of Bacterial Biocontrol Agents Controlling Cucumber Powdery Mildew Li Weili,He Pengfei,Wu Yixin,Qi Chao and He Yueqiu 2015, 31 (16):  160-165.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15010101 Abstract + ( 813 )   PDF ( 1543KB )   ( 427 ) In order to utilize bioagent sources to control cucumber powdery mildew, 25 strains from cucumber rhizospheric bacteria and 91 endophytic bacterial strains of tobacco were used to screen antagonistic bioagents by dual culture experiment with the indicator pathogens Fusarium solani, F. graminearum and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. The bioagents controlling cucumber powdery mildew were searched from the antagonistic bioagents through pot culture test. The effective bioagents were identified based on colony phenotype, physiological and biochemical characteristics and gyrB gene sequence by PCR. The results showed that 18 bioagents were screened from the 116 bacterial strains and could inhibit the indicators effectively. The endophytic YN-201490 and rhizospheric WL-1 could control the disease with efficiency of 64.86% and 61.26% in the pot culture test when they were sprayed three times with 1.81×108 cfu/mL. YN-201490 and WL-1 were identified as Bacillus subtilis and B. amyloliquefaciens, respectively.

  Outbreak Dynamics and Field-extension of Cucumber Green Mottle Mosaic Virus in Grafted Watermelon Cultured in Greenhouse Ye Jianren,Cai Meiyan,Feng Yongbin,Chen Haibo and Zhou Linna 2015, 31 (16):  166-172.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb14120168 Abstract + ( 877 )   PDF ( 1801KB )   ( 455 ) To clarify the rule of cucumber green mottle mosaic virus disease in greenhouse grafted watermelon, the cause, spread and effect factors of the disease were studied. In greenhouse built by bamboos, healthy grafted watermelon plants were transplanted in virus-free soil conventionally or in low-density form. Top leaves of the plants were cut or leaves were cut by half after 6 days and 30 days. Then the wounds were dipped in virus to induce inoculation. Conventional transplanted plants grew naturally, while those in low-density form maintained independent. Healthy plants were induced by pruning with virus-contaminated scissors or fingers, and friction between healthy and sick vines induced plants as well. Then, natural spread of sick field and sick plants was investigated, and disease control effects of seeds without sick plants and interplanting melon plants were investigated too. Sick plants with symptoms were researched by visual method regularly, and confirmed by Double Antibody Sandwich Enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (DAS-ELISA) method. Plants’ infection rate was high after inoculation. For transplanted plants in low-density form, inoculated plants which were transplanted after 6 days showed symptoms in 24 days, increased rapidly in 34 days and reached peak in 85 days, which were 4 days, 4 days and 30 days longer than those of plants inoculated 30 days after transplanting. Plants without inoculation showed symptoms in 70 days and reached peak in 95 days after transplanting. Conventional transplanted plants with inoculation shared a similar trend. Sick rates of plants with symptoms and plants with virus were closely related to the daily average temperature. Leaves between different vines and those on the same vines of sick plants displayed both obvious symptoms and hidden symptoms, and even lifetime hidden symptoms with virus. Sick rate of plants caused by friction between healthy and sick vines reached 100%, while methods of pruning with virus-contaminated fingers and scissors led to the rate of 91.7% and 83.3%. In sick field, virus spread adjacently, and then substantially. After getting rid of sick plants in the field, sick rates of melon plants and interplanting grafted plants were 82.4% and 77.0%, while the rates of disease control effect were 17.6% and 23.0% respectively. In conclusion, it takes 20 days’ incubation for greenhouse grafted watermelon (plants) to display sick symptoms from infecting cucumber green mottle mosaic virus. Afterwards, the amount of sick plants increases rapidly and reaches the peak. It has features of high temperature, short incubation, sudden increase and reaching the peak rapidly. The symptoms of hidden sick plants show in leaves between plants and vines, and also different leaves on the same vines. The influence of density of transplanting on the disease is not obvious. The disease spreads in the field adjacently first, and then substantially. The effect of friction between healthy and sick vines on virus transmission is great besides other methods. Succession cropping in sick field of the year has high probability of recurrence.

  Inhibition Effect of Chemicals and Biological Fungicides on the Valsa ceratosperma Yang Ali,Chen Baihong,Mao Juan,Zhang Biao and Ren Jing 2015, 31 (16):  173-181.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15010023 Abstract + ( 593 )   PDF ( 1565KB )   ( 359 ) In order to investigate the effect of different chemicals and biological fungicides on Valsa ceratosperma, four kinds of biological fungicides: Paenibacillus polymyxa, Bacillus subtilis, polymyxin and matrine, and two kinds of chemicals: tebuconazole and prochloraz, were used as materials to study the inhibition effect of single fungicide and combinations of different fungicides on Valsa ceratosperma mycelial growth and conidial germination in vitro culture of dish way. The results showed that inhibition rate reached 100% in 180 mg/L Bacillus subtilis, 180 mg/L Paenibacillus polymyxa, 225 mg/L polymyxin, 5 mL/L matrine, 0.75 mL/L tebuconazole and 0.75 mL/L prochloraz when a single fungicide was added in the medium. In addition, the combination of 0.02 mL/L prochloraz with 45 mg/L Paenibacillus polymyxa, Bacillus subtilis, 0.045 mg/L polyoxin, as well as the combination of 0.02 mL/L tebuconazole with 45 mg/L Bacillus subtilis showed better inhibition rate than other combinations of fungicides, and the inhibition rates of mycelia and spore were up to 100% in 4 combinations. It is indicated that the 4 combinations of chemicals and biological fungicides were effective and low toxic, and could be used to prevent Valsa ceratosperma.

  Analysis of the Influencing Factors on Disease Occurrence of Jujube Black Spot and Field Efficacy Test Ma Rong,,Liu Xiaolin,Liang Yingmei,Yan Jun,Chen Baojun,Zhao Jingling and Zhang Tao 2015, 31 (16):  182-189.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15010049 Abstract + ( 933 )   PDF ( 1625KB )   ( 478 ) The purpose of this project was to confirm the related factors that affecting the jujube fruit black spot and the field control effect. The related factors which disease occured were investigated in Hetian and Aksu area of Xinjiang by sampling in five locations. At the same time, field control experiment with 7 kinds of fungicide by randomized block was conducted. The results showed that the disease occurrence of ‘Junzao’ (32.79%) and ‘Hupingzao’ (30.73%) were heavier, and that of ‘Huizao’(4.37%) was lighter. Disease occurrence in 3-year jujube orchard was 3.01%. Disease occurrence was positively related with the tree age in 5~12 years orchard. There was a higher occurrence of disease in jujube orchard with intercropping. Basically, the same disease situation was found in jujube orchards with cultivation densities as 1.5 m× 2 m, 1.5 m × 3 m, 1.5 m× 4 m and 1 m× 1 m× 2 m. The severity of the disease occurrence was different in direction, the order was: south> west> east> north. Disease occurrence in loam (32.71%) was significantly higher than that in sand soil (21.68%); disease occurrence under flood irrigation (37.18%) was significantly higher than that under drip irrigation (26.62%), disease occurrence under refine management (30.57%) significantly lower than that under the extensive management (43.49%). The control efficacy of 60% pyraclostrobin · metiram (5% pyraclostrobin · 55% metiram) WG applied at 1500 times and 3000 times against jujube black spot in the filed was 90.5% and 82.7%; the control efficacy of 3% polyoxin WP applied at 200 times against jujube black spot in the filed was 90.25%. Research results provide theoretical basis for scientific treatment and comprehensive prevention and control of jujube black spot.

  Identification of Root Rot Pathogen Paeonia ostii T.Hong et J.X.Zhang in Bozhou Cheng Lei,Fang Chengwu,Chen Na,Wang Jing,Ye Shengming and Wu Jihua 2015, 31 (16):  190-193.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15030260 Abstract + ( 1069 )   PDF ( 1594KB )   ( 494 ) The aim was to identify the pathogen species of root rot on Paeonia ostii T.Hong et J.X.Zhang in Bozhou City, Anhui Province. The symptoms of root rot on Paeonia ostii T.Hong et J.X.Zhang were observed and the pathogen was isolated, purified and cultured. Identification of the pathogen species was done according to the morphological characteristics, pathogenicity and rDNA-ITS sequence. One kind of purified strain was obtained, which was similar to the reported Fusarium solani. The symptoms of the healthy Paeonia ostii T.Hong et J.X.Zhang root induced by inoculation with the pathogen isolate were like the symptoms in the field. Homology BLAST comparison was conducted in GenBank, the rDNA-ITS sequences were clustered into one group with four login Fusarium solani and the login ID was HQ176440.1, EU327190.1, HQ839783.1, JX524023.1, respectively. The results demonstrated that root rot on Paeonia ostii T.Hong et J.X.Zhang was caused by Fusarium solani.

  Evaluation and Analysis of Ecosystem Services Value in Xiamen Island Ai Xun’an and Hong Tao 2015, 31 (16):  194-200.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-2583 Abstract + ( 1293 )   PDF ( 1884KB )   ( 556 ) The paper aims to quantify the value of ecosystem services in Xiamen Island, to provide a scientific basis for the reasonable implementation of urban development plans, maximizing the natural ecosystem services, maintenance of ecological safety island, etc. According to the method proposed by Costanza and Xie Gaodi et al, the author used the volume per unit area to adjust values per unit area of various ecosystem services in Xiamen Island, in order to evaluate the ecosystem services value in Xiamen Island, and put forward some countermeasures and suggestions from the perspective of ecosystem services. The results revealed that the natural ecosystem services value was 35.29×108 yuan/a, the ecosystem service value of one unit area was 25.01×104 yuan/hm2, per capita ecosystem services value was 3991.63 yuan. The value of ecosystem services of forest, wetland and green space system was 4.47×108 yuan/a, 27.93×108 yuan/a and 2.88×108 yuan/a, accounting for 12.67%, 79.16% and 8.17% of the total value, respectively. It was estimated that among the nine ecosystem services, the maximum value of ecosystem services was provided by climate regulation, hydrology adjustment and waste disposal, which in total was 23.76×104 yuan, accounting for 67.34% of the total value. Among the contribution of all ecosystem services value, the order was: waste treatment＞climate regulation＞hydrology adjustment＞provisioning of habitat＞provide aesthetic landscape＞gas regulation＞erosion control＞raw materials production＞food production. Compared with the ecosystem services value of other islands and areas, the results showed that ecosystem services were associated with the level of urban economic development, generally, the higher the level of urban economic development, the higher the value of ecosystem services, however, the relationship was not proportional.

  Using the EC-Probe Instrument for In-situ Soil Salinity Measurement and Its Application in Bashang Region of Hebei Province Wu Di,Zhang Zhuodong,Chen Siyu,Sun Chuanlong,Zhao Mengdi and Zhao Changjun 2015, 31 (16):  201-206.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15010063 Abstract + ( 665 )   PDF ( 2880KB )   ( 338 ) At present, soil salinity is usually measured by soil extracts method, this traditional method is complicated while in-situ measurement is more convenient. However, the in-situ method has not been widely applied yet. In this study, in-situ soil salinity measurement was carried out using the EC-Probe instrument in Bashang region of Hebei Province. The conversion model between soil salinity and conductivity was established by both in-situ and laboratory measurements. Based on this conversion model, the soil salinity of different land use types at the same depth was determined, and the author analyzed soil salinity distribution rules in different depths. The results showed that the soil salinity order was: marshland> farmland> forest> floodplain> grassland. Soil salinity in all soil types did not reach the soil salinization threshold, however, the risk of salinization in marshland and farmland was obviously higher, which required the strengthening of ecological protection.

  Study on Soil Physical and Chemical Properties of Three Typical 2015, 31 (16):  207-211.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1152 Abstract + ( 656 )   PDF ( 1472KB )   ( 312 ) In order to study the differences of the soil physical and chemical properties among three kinds of typical riparian forests of Wenyu River upstream, some parameters, such as soil pH, bulk density, total porosity, capillary porosity and capillary water capacity, were measured and analyzed. The results showed that the differences of the soil physical and chemical properties were very significant among different types of riparian forest; the soil pH and bulk densities of three kinds of riparian forestry had an order as: larch riparian forest>birch riparian forest>spruce riparian forest; the soil total porosity, capillary porosity and capillary water capacity had an order as: spruce riparian forest>birch riparian forest>larch riparian forest; the soil pH of three kinds of riparian forest increased with the soil depth, and soil total porosity decreased with the distance getting close to the river, no other apparent regularity was detected on soil properties.

  Preparation of Mg-Al Hydrotalcite and Its Adsorption Property on Cr(VI) Anion Xu Wenhao,Zhu Jian,Wang Ping,Chen Yang and Huang Xiaowei 2015, 31 (16):  212-217.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15010108 Abstract + ( 1010 )   PDF ( 1565KB )   ( 495 ) In order to find a relatively effective adsorbent for water dissolved heavy metal anions, and to explore the optimal preparation conditions, the adsorption of Mg-Al hydrotalcite on Cr(VI) anion was studied. In the experiment, several factors, including ion ratio of Mg/Al, pH, reaction temperature and aging time, were investigated to analyze the effect of adsorption of Mg-AL-LDHs on Cr(VI) anion by single factor tests and orthogonal experiments of equilibrium adsorption. The results indicated that when the ion ratio of Mg/Al was 2:1, the pH during preparation process was 10.5, the reaction temperature was 90℃ and the aging time was longer than 24 h, as-prepared Mg-Al-LDHs showed best adsorption effect on Cr(VI) with the adsorption amount up to 10.5 mg/g. In summary, the optimal preparation conditions were determined to fabricate Mg-Al hydrotalcite with effective adsorption capacity, which might provide certain guidance for the choosing of heavy metal anion adsorption material and the research on the adsorption properties of Mg-Al hydrotalcite on Cr(VI).

  Characteristics of Dry and Wet Climatic Changes Based on Palmer Index in Shihezi Area Xu Chao,Akbar·Ilahun and Bahatiguli·Tusimaimaiti 2015, 31 (16):  218-224.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15010103 Abstract + ( 715 )   PDF ( 2505KB )   ( 255 ) The paper aims to explore the characteristics of climate changes, for guiding agriculture production in Shihezi area, and predicting the trends of climate change in the northern area of Xinjiang. Based on the daily temperature and rainfall data and other information from 1961 to 2009 of 4 meteorological observation stations in Shihezi area, including Shihezi, Wulawusu, Mosuowan, and Fortress, the author studied the changes of wet and dry frequency. Results showed that the drought frequency in Shihezi area showed a downward trend. Severe drought occurred throughout the 1960s as well as the middle and the late of 1970s, while drought was eased after 1982. The year 1985 marked as the mutation year of drought frequency. Inter-annual wet frequency was on the rise since the year 1975. Seasonal wet frequency was consistent with the annual frequency of wet and dry, while both the downward trend of drought frequency and the increasing trend of wet in summer and autumn were obvious. As to the annual frequency of wet and dry in Shihezi area, the average frequency of drought was 26.25 times and that of the wet was 7.9 times, frequency of drought was much higher than that of wet. In the context of climate change, Shihezi area showed an obvious moist trend.

  Study on the Risk Evaluation and Zonation of Chilly or Freezing Injury of Open Cultivation Pepper in Winter in Guangxi Province Tan Zongkun,Chen Huilin and Tang Guangtian 2015, 31 (16):  225-232.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb14120132 Abstract + ( 739 )   PDF ( 2126KB )   ( 295 ) The paper aims to optimize the open cultivation pepper planting distribution in winter and provide basis for policy-oriented agricultural insurance rate in Guangxi Province. With the lowest temperature of chilly or freezing injury process in winter of 1961 to 2013, the geographic information data, and the surface reflectivity data in Guangxi Province, the author used the multiple regression method of statistics, set up the scale model of the lowest temperature based on integrating geographic information and the surface reflectivity. The results showed that a database of area 250 m×250 m grid point of the lowest temperature of chilly or freezing injury process in winter of 1961 to 2013 was established. Combined with the pepper chilly or freezing injury indexes, the time-space distribution characteristics of the open cultivation pepper chilly or freezing injury in winter was revealed. In addition, different diagrams of chilly or freezing injury grade frequency of the open cultivation pepper at seedling stage and blossom and fruit bearing stage were drawn, and the chilly or freezing injury risk grades of the open cultivation pepper at blossom and fruit bearing stage were divided and evaluated.

  Analysis of Drought and Flood Change Trend in 33 Years and Its Effect on Fruit Tree Production in Maijiqu in Gansu Province Xin Changye,Xiong Shirong,Wang Liping,Yuan Yaping, and Xu Yanping 2015, 31 (16):  233-240.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb14100008 Abstract + ( 867 )   PDF ( 1663KB )   ( 397 ) In order to cope with climate change, explore drought and flood evolution law under the background of climate change and its effect on fruit tree production in Maijiqu, and effectively promote the industrialization of fruit tree production, by adopting statistic methods like YAMAMOTO and cumulative distance equality, the author carried out statistical analysis of evolution trend of air temperature and rainfall from 1979 to 2011. The results showed that the average temperature, the average maximum and minimum temperature increased in the 33 a by 0.31, 0.44 and 0.27℃/10 a, respectively, the temperature range of spring and summer was the largest in the four seasons. The mutation of annual average temperature occurred in 1994, the average temperature increased 0.7℃. Annual total precipitation and precipitation days all showed a trend of decrease, the precipitation tendency was at a rate of -7.29 mm/10 a, and the spring precipitation reduced most significantly, and tended to be at a rate of -7.3 mm/10 a. The rapid rise of the highest temperature and the sharp decline of rainfall were the main causes of climate warming. After climate warming, the frequency of drought increased in the spring, summer and autumn, the autumn rain waterlogging disasters slightly increased. Climate warming, on the one hand, caused the buds swelling and the warming premise advancing 5-7 d, fruit ripening advancing 9-10 d, fruit tree yield formation reducing 4-5 d from the flower bud expanding to the fruit mature stage; on the other hand, due to the asynchronism of the rise of maximum and minimum temperature in spring (the highest temperature rise significantly greater than the lowest temperature), the high temperature calcination and frost damage were aggravated in the flowering fruit-bearing stage of the fruit trees. The increases of rainfall in July and rain waterlogging disaster frequency were not conducive to coloring of apricot, peach, apple and pear.

  Climate Change and Its Relationship with ENSO of Shandong Province from 1961 to 2012 Ma Lu,Yang Dong and Zeng Ting 2015, 31 (16):  241-249.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb14120192 Abstract + ( 679 )   PDF ( 2101KB )   ( 442 ) In order to analyze the spatial-temporal variation of temperature and precipitation in Shandong Province and its response to ENSO events, based on the SSTA and SOI data which characterize the ENSO events, and temperature and precipitation data derived from 18 meteorological stations in Shandong Province from 1961 to 2012, we used the climate tendency rate and the moving average, Mann-Kendall mutation test, inverse distance weighted interpolation method and correlation analysis to analyze spatial-temporal characteristics of climate change of Shandong Province, and its correlation with ENSO event. The results showed that: (1) annual and seasonal temperature of Shandong Province showed significant fluctuation and rising tendency from 1961 to 2012, and warming mutation occurred in 1988, the annual temperature increased at a rate of 0.025℃/a, winter’s warming trend was most obvious at a rate of 0.04℃/a; annual and seasonal precipitation decreased in fluctuation, annual precipitation decreased at a rate of -1.60 mm/a, and the largest decrease occurred in summer at a rate of -1.07 mm/a; besides, both the temperature’s increase and precipitation’s decrease showed the characteristic of coastal regions greater than inland areas, mountainous areas greater than plain areas; (2)the correlation between the intensity of ENSO events and temperature changes of Shandong Province was not significant, but there was significantly negative correlation between theintensity of ENSO events and precipitation, and the effect of moderate and severe intensity ENSO events on the annual precipitation was more pronounced; (3)the impact of the intensity of ENSO events on temperature spatial distribution showed decreasing trend from northwest to southeast roughly; and its effect on precipitation decreased from the coastal to the inland, and was affected by higher terrain factors, reflecting the non-zonal characteristics.

  Seasonal Variation and Statistical Characteristics of Shanxi’s Rainfall from 1958 to 2013 Zhang Yiwei,Li Fen,,Hao Zhiwen and Zhang Yuejun 2015, 31 (16):  250-258.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15010051 Abstract + ( 1301 )   PDF ( 2416KB )   ( 334 ) This paper aims to study the evolution characteristics of Shanxi’ s droughts & floods and analyze their seasonal variation in a systematic way. Based on each month’ s rainfall data of 38 meteorological stations in Shanxi Province from 1958 to 2013, the author used linear trend estimation, Mann- Kendall and Morlet wavelet analysis methods, to analyze the climate characteristics of Shanxi’ s rainfall. The results showed that: (1) Shanxi’ s rainfall varied from 377.6 mm to 600.2 mm from 1958 to 2013, it increased progressively from the north to the south, was less in the central than in the east & west, and more in the east than the west; (2) in spring, the rainfall range was 55.7-107.4 mm, increasing from north to south, had longitudinal distribution in north-central and zonal distribution in south; in summer, the rainfall range was 230.1-355.6 mm, high values were concentrated in east; in autumn, the rainfall range was 76.6-157.7 mm, had obvious zonal distribution feature, high values were concentrated in southeast; in winter, the rainfall range was 5.1- 24.4 mm, the distribution feature was just like spring; (3) Shanxi’ s annual rainfall had a clear decreasing trend in the 56 years, the range was 12.6 mm/10 a; for the four seasons, the rainfall had a small increasing trend in winter, while the rainfall in spring, summer and autumn all had a decreasing trend; (4) Shanxi’ s annual rainfall had a significant mutation in 1967, the spring mutation years were 1965, 1982, 1992 and 2002, the summer mutation year was 1977, the autumn mutation years were 1969 and 2007, the winter mutation years were 1971, 1980, 1988 and 1991; (5) Shanxi’ s annual rainfall had 3 cycles: 7 years, 15 years and 26 years; Shanxi’ s spring rainfall had 2 cycles: 7 years and 24 years; Shanxi’ s summer rainfall had 3 cycles: 4 years, 8 years and 18 years; Shanxi’ s autumn rainfall had 2 cycles: 2 years and 8 years; Shanxi’ s winter rainfall had 2 cycles: 4 years and 15 years.

  Characteristics and Corresponding Circulation Form of Heavy Rainfall in Tianshui and the Conceptual Model Analysis Wang Xiaolong,Zhu Yongjun,Li Yue and Qiang Yuzhu 2015, 31 (16):  259-266.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb14110133 Abstract + ( 778 )   PDF ( 3859KB )   ( 325 ) In order to improve the forecasting and service ability of heavy rainfall in Tianshui area, based on data of surface observation and Micaps observation in Tianshui from 1965 to 2011, the author analyzed the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics, structure characteristics of heavy rainfall in Tianshui area, using statistical methods, the principle of synoptic meteorology and the mesoscale analysis technology. The results showed that the frequency of heavy rainfall was about 2.38 times per year with a slight downtrend of 0.135 times per decade; however, there had no significant trend change in the past 47 years. The heavy rainfall mainly occurred from April to October, especially in July and August. Heavy rainfall frequency increased from Weibei area to Hegu area and Guanshan area. The spatial distribution of heavy rainfall had good relationship with topographic feature. According to the corresponding circulation form, heavy rainfall could be roughly divided into four kinds, which were named as west low east high pattern, southwest airflow around subtropical high northwest edge pattern, low vortex variant cutting pattern, and subtropical high control pattern, respectively. In general, the southwest airflow around subtropical high northwest edge pattern played a dominant part. The other three patterns of heavy rainfall accounted for relatively a small part in the total rainfall. Moreover, the corresponding main weather systems and configuration, heavy rainfall area, and physical indicators varied significantly under the different circulation forms.

  Optimization Research on Polysaccharides Extraction Process from Brassica chinensis L. Sun Qian,Xia Qi,Yi Sanjun,Jiao Fei,Lu Xiaoxiao and Tang Hongfeng 2015, 31 (16):  267-270.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15010187 Abstract + ( 1343 )   PDF ( 1522KB )   ( 475 ) In order to increase the application value of rape polysaccharide, the optimization of rape polysaccharide extraction process was studied with cruciferous plants of the Brassica chinensis as the research object. The rape was dried, crushed, through 100 mesh sieve and degreased. Rape polysaccharide was extracted by hot water extraction according to the extraction time, extraction temperature, extraction water ratio and times of extraction on condition of single factor experiment. The extraction optimization conditions of rape polysaccharide were obtained by orthogonal experimental design. The yield of rape polysaccharide was 17.85% under the optimum condition for the single factor; the yield of rape polysaccharide was 19.18% under the orthogonal optimization optimal conditions. The optimum extraction conditions of rape polysaccharide showed that the water content was 40 (1 g: 40 mL), the extracting temperature was 100℃, the extracting time was 1.5 h, the number of extraction times was two.

  Assessment and Analysis of Domestic Tea Cultivation Bibliometrics Based on CNKI Zhu Liugang,Sun Jun and Zhang Wenjin 2015, 31 (16):  271-277.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb14120009 Abstract + ( 843 )   PDF ( 1418KB )   ( 486 ) Bibliometrics is the metrology measurement method that uses mathematics and statistics to analyze literature characteristics statistically; it’s a branch of scientometrics which can reveal the characteristics and the change regularity of literature in quantity. This paper chose CNKI database and applied bibliometrics to analysis and evaluation of literatures in the field of tea cultivation from 2003 to 2013. The key analysis indicators of reviewing and evaluating were publishing year, source journals, literature dissemination and diffusion (number of downloads and citations), funds and key words, and research status and development trend in the field were investigated. The results showed that there were total 284 effective literatures, 251 of them were journal articles distributed in 93 journals, the number of annual literature distribution was not balanced, but the overall trend was increasing. By analyzing key words frequency, and literature dissemination and diffusion, the results showed that the literatures could basically cover the current hot topics in the field of tea cultivation. The percentages of funded journal paper and research article were all low, which were 13.94% and 40.24%, respectively. Therefore, to some extent, this article could reflect and evaluate the current research status and development trend of the domestic tea cultivation.

  Preliminary Analysis of the Protection and Utilization of Traditional Tea Culture of 11 Unique Ethnic Minorities in Yunnan Province Dong Xian,Dai Luyuan and Xu Furong 2015, 31 (16):  278-284.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb14120085 Abstract + ( 839 )   PDF ( 1512KB )   ( 515 ) The traditional culture type of Yunnan was diversified and has historical and cultural accumulation, especially with the rich and colorful agricultural biological resources protection and utilization. These traditional cultures occupy important position and play a very important role in the local economic and social development process. They are a treasure house of resources. Yunnan tea culture has a long history and culture background. To better protect and utilize the tea culture of Yunnan ethnic minorities, we analyzed specific characteristics of Yunnan unique ethnic minorities such as Hani, Dai, Bulang, Deang, Achang, Jinuo, Bai, Naxi, Nu, Pumi and Wa phenotypes in tea making, tea drinking and ancient tea tree protection, and with reference to the literatures, we conducted questionnaire survey and field investigation. Through analyzing the specific national culture development condition, we put forward the development model and strategies. Yunnan unique ethnic minorities have their specific characteristics in tea making, tea drinking and ancient tea tree protection. Through the development of culture tourism, the establishment of the theoretical system of ethnic culture and ancient tea reserves, local economic income could be increased, the outside influence could be enhanced, and both the local ecological environment and tea culture could be protected. The results showed that tea culture of Yunnan unique minorities had both unique and common characteristics. For better protection and inheritance of the rich and diversified tea culture resources, we proposed to promote both the preservation of the local ecological environment and the development of the social economy.

  A Dynamic Evaluation on Rural Residents’ Basic Pension Demand Level and Financial Support Ability Cao Wenxian 2015, 31 (16):  285-290.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0982 Abstract + ( 871 )   PDF ( 1378KB )   ( 460 ) By using the ELES model, this paper calculates 2004-2011 expenditure of China’s rural residents per capita basic life demand and forecasts the appropriate demand level of rural basic pension on this basis and analyses comprehensively financial support feasibility of improving the basic pension for three aspects from the overall level of nation, the central finance and local finance. It suggests to improve properly rural basic pension standard before the end of the “Twelfth Five-Year Plan” and do a reasonable definition of the levels of financial responsibility to payment and establish the linkage mechanism of basic pension linked to rural residents’ income and the lowest living standard of rural residents．