Current issue

• 2015 Vol.31 No.23 Published:20 August 2015

  Investigation and Comprehensive Evaluation of Yield and Nutritional Quality of Medicago sativa ‘Algonguin’in Xiahe Country, Gansu Province 2015, 31 (23):  1-6.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15050139 Abstract + ( 1916 )   PDF ( 740KB )   ( 583 ) Breeding and cultivation high quality legume forage is significant for the development of livestock industry on alpine grassland.‘Algonguin’is a kind of Medicago sativa L. which has a strong cold resistance in the region, the research on hay yield and nutrient dynamic change is beneficial for the production and utilization of high quality forage. The field trial was conducted in Xiahe which located on alpine grassland， to investigate the feeding value of algonguin at different growth stages. Sampling was performed at branching, squaring, 20% bloom and 80% bloom stages, to measure forage yield, and contents of crude protein (CP), crude fat (CF), water soluble carbohydrate (WSC), ash (ASH), and mineral elements. The results showed that, hay yield was increasing with the growth of algonguin, contents of CP and CF were both higher at early growth stages, but the contents decreased at late growth stages. The content of WSC decreased firstly and increased then. The variations of ASH and mineral elements showed different variation patterns among different growth stages. The variation of ASH was in‘N’varying pattern. The variation of P, K and Na contents was in linear type, the variation of Ca, Mg and Mn was in right parabola type, while the variation of Cu and Zn was in antiparabola type. In the view of forage utilization, CP contents of forages reached the first class standard of forage grass in America, the contents of easy digestive nutrition were in medium level, the content of P, K, Na, Ca, Mg, Mn and Zn could satisfy the basic needs of livestock on alpine grassland. In conclusion,‘algonguin’was suitable for legume forage cultivation in Xiahe region, and the optimal cutting time was 80% bloom stage.

  Excessive Use of Veterinary Drugs by Livestock and Poultry Farmers and Its Influencing Factors —— Taking Layer as an Example 朱宁 2015, 31 (23):  7-11.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15030028 Abstract + ( 1092 )   PDF ( 494KB )   ( 452 ) The objective of the present study is to provide guidance on the rational use of veterinary drugs in livestock and poultry farms and avoid the impacts of overdosed veterinary drugs on the quality and economic benefits of animal products. In this article, based on the use data of veterinary drugs by layer farmers obtained in field survey, the author analyzed the key factors affecting layer farmers’excessive use of veterinary drugs with the quantile regression method. The results showed that there was excessive use of veterinary drugs, and it was a bounded rational behavior of the farmers under the principle of utility maximization. Through empirical analysis, it was found that scale development had effectively guided layer farmers to use veterinary drugs in a scientific and rational way; layer breeding training and improvement of veterinary drugs quality had effectively restrained the excessive use of veterinary drugs by farmers; risk- avoiding farmers would not use excessive veterinary drugs as they took the risks of excessive use of veterinary drugs into consideration. According to the results, the author put forward some countermeasures, such as pushing on large-scale and standard livestock breeding, strengthening the training of veterinary drug use in livestock and poultry farms, and enhancing the quality of veterinary drugs, thus to promote and guide the reasonable use of veterinary drugs in livestock and poultry farms in China.

  Pig Farmers’Use Behavior of Veterinary Drug and Government Supervision Strategy: A Case of Funing County in Jiangsu Province 王晓莉 2015, 31 (23):  12-18.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15030229 Abstract + ( 1267 )   PDF ( 611KB )   ( 567 ) To enhance the accuracy of government supervision over pig farmers’use behavior of veterinary drugs and reduce safety risks of pig quality, characteristics of pig farmers who have negative behaviors of using veterinary drugs in pig breeding were analyzed by Multi-element Orderly Logistic model based on empirical investigation of 654 pig farmers in Funing County, Jiangsu Province. The results showed that poorly-educated and elderly male farmers who had small and medium-scale pig farms and more than 10-years-experience were more likely to use veterinary drugs in a negative way. Further analysis revealed that male farmers who had small-scale pig farms with more than 10 years of pig farming experience were more likely to make mediumrisk negative use of veterinary drugs, while farmers who had medium- scale pig farms with the same other characteristics were more likely to make high- risk negative use of veterinary drugs; and highly- educated farmers with better knowledge of prohibited veterinary drugs and related laws and penalties were more likely to use veterinary drugs safely or make low-risk negative use of veterinary drugs. Thus, male, poorly-educated farmers who had small and medium-scale pig farms and engaged in breeding for above 10 years should become the major objects of government supervision. The contradiction between relatively limited regulatory power and relatively unlimited regulatory targets in negative use of veterinary drugs in rural areas can be reduced with classified regulation and cracking down on illegal behaviors and violations against the regulation.

  Effects of Acidifier, Probiotics and Oligosaccharide on Growth Performance and Digestive Enzyme Activity of ‘Frizzled’ Chicken 2015, 31 (23):  19-24.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15030180 Abstract + ( 1146 )   PDF ( 541KB )   ( 514 ) The experiment was conducted to study the effects of acidifier, probiotics and oligosaccharide used alone and in combination on growth performance and digestive enzyme activities in feather-frizzled chickens. A total of 192 one- day- old‘frizzled’chickens were randomly allocated to 8 experimental groups with 3 replicates of 8 broilers each. The L8(23) orthogonal design was used in this experiment. The acidifier was added in the diet at the level of 0, 0.15%. The supplemental levels of probiotics and oligosaccharide were 0, 0.15% and 0, 0.10%, respectively. The experiment lasted for 28 days. The results showed that growth performance and pepsin activity of‘frizzled’chickens were improved by adding 0.15% acidifiers alone. Supplementing 0.15% probiotics alone had no significant influence on growth performance of‘frizzled’chicken, but improved pepsin activity. Growth performance and pepsin activity were reduced by addition of 0.10% oligosaccharides. Supplement of 0.15% acidifiers, 0.15% probiotics and 0.10% oligosaccharides in combination of two or three had no obvious interaction effects on growth performance and digestive enzyme activities of‘frizzled’chicken.

  Heritability Estimation for Growth Traits of Pinctada martensii 2015, 31 (23):  25-29.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15030061 Abstract + ( 1519 )   PDF ( 526KB )   ( 578 ) To estimate the broad-sense heritability of shell length, shell height and shell width, seventeen fullsib families were established with artificial insemination technology by selecting the breeders from the fourth generation selected line of Pinctada martensii. Thirty individuals were randomly sampled from each family at the age of 16 months. Shell length, shell height and shell width of each individual were measured. Broad-sense heritability values for growth traits were estimated based on measured data. Comprehensive evaluation was performed by principal component analysis. The results showed that average shell length, shell height and shell width of the seventeen families were 37.81-54.66 mm, 38.86-54.81 mm and 12.11-16.59 mm, respectively. There were significant differences of morphological characteristics among the seventeen families (P＜0.05). Family 11 (F11) had the largest average shell length which was (54.66±4.98) mm and shell height which was (54.81±3.83) mm, while Family 19 displayed the largest average shell width which was (16.59±2.18) mm. The broad-sense heritability value estimated for shell length, shell height and shell width was 56.32%, 58.71% and 42.89%, respectively. Based on comprehensive evaluation, F11 had the highest value, followed by F19, F20, F1, F30, F32, F13, F3, F27, F10, F14, F23, F29, F25, F31, F26 and F28. The present results indicated that there was high genetic variation in the fourth generation selected line of Pinctada martensii.

  Study on Protein Kinase wsv083 of White Spot Syndrome Virus 2015, 31 (23):  30-35.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15010148 Abstract + ( 870 )   PDF ( 799KB )   ( 397 ) To study the phosphorylation catalyze effect of wsv083, wsv083, VP19 and VP28 were sub-cloned into a pET28a vector and expressed in the prokaryotic expression system. The obtained protein wsv083, supernatant of wsv083 expression strain lysate and dephosphorylation wsv083 were used to interact with VP19 and VP28. Plasmids of wsv083, VP19 and VP28 were transformed into the same host strain. The results showed that phosphorlation of VP19 and VP28 were not found, while wsv083 itself displayed threonine and tyrosine phosphorylation. The author changed expression plasmid of wsv083, but wsv083 still presented the same phosphorylation. Furthermore, when the sequence of wsv083 was mutated to make its kinase activity lost, the expressed wsv083 did not have any phosphorylation. In conclusion, the results presented that phosphorylation of VP19 and VP28 were not catalyzed by wsv083, but wsv083 was able to make self-phosphorylation.

  Scale Economic Effects of Pelagic Fishery Enterprises in China Based on DEA 2015, 31 (23):  36-42.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15030073 Abstract + ( 1134 )   PDF ( 537KB )   ( 509 ) In order to research the scale economic effects of pelagic fishery enterprises so as to promote the development of pelagic fishery enterprises in China, empirical analysis was conducted using the input and output data of 3 listed pelagic fishery companies within 30 years. And scale economic efficiency and comprehensive technological efficiency were calculated by utilizing the model of data envelopment analysis. The results showed that the overall coefficient of scale economy of pelagic fishery enterprises in China was relatively high while the effect of scale economy hadn’ t been brought into full play. At the same time, comprehensive technological efficiency of pelagic fishery enterprises was relatively low, which was not good for the enterprises’scale economy and formed restriction to the production and operation efficiency of enterprises. The labor costs of pelagic fishery enterprises were high, the labor input was surplus and the structure of input factor was unreasonable. By analyzing the non- DEA efficient unit, the paper put forward the direction and improvement ways for pelagic fishery enterprises to reach efficient DEA.

  Distribution and Identification of a New Cytoplasmic Male Sterile (CMS) in Cultivated Rice 2015, 31 (23):  43-46.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15030136 Abstract + ( 899 )   PDF ( 749KB )   ( 496 ) The study aims to analyze the distribution of cytoplasmic male sterile (CMS) gene orf216 in cultivated rice, and to identify new resource of CMS. 824 cultivated varieties were analyzed with PCR amplification using special primer Sp1F/Sp1R of HL-sp1. The results showed that there were 9 accessions with HL- sp1. Then, the above 9 accessions were further analyzed by PCR amplification using CMS related gene orfH79, orf216 and Southern Blot. Results showed that three accessions (IR72892, IR43, IR73546) contained only orf216 no orfH79 in selected cultivated varieties. By marker- assisted selection (MAS) method, new cytoplasmic types related CMS have been achieved from 824 cultivated varieties. These results contribute to the study of gene function and the development of CMS line in rice in the future.

  Enhancement Effect of Co-culture on the Phosphate Solubilizing Ability of Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria and the Clone of Phosphate Solubilizing Gene pqqE 2015, 31 (23):  47-52.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15030235 Abstract + ( 1321 )   PDF ( 995KB )   ( 1076 ) Phosphate solubilizing microorganisms (PSM) play important roles in the phosphorus cycle, which could transform insoluble phosphate into soluble phosphate and increase the availability of phosphate fertilizer. In this study, the phosphate solubilizing ability of 9 phosphate solubilizing microorganisms were detected by the method of phosphomolybdate-blue spectrophotometry and 3 of them were selected with better phosphate solubilizing ability, then every 2 of this 3 strains were co-cultivated in different inoculation proportions, the contents of dissoluble phosphorus in liquid cultures were determined and the phosphate solubilizing abilities were compared. The results indicated that the best phosphate solubilizing ability during the fermentation process was obtained in the culture medium when B.thuringiensis HDBP2 and B.cereus HDBP5 were cocultivated at the ratio of 2:1, and the soluble phosphorous content could reach 90.25 μg/mL. Furthermore, the pqqE gene of B.thuringiensis HDBP2, B.cereus HDBP4 and HDBP5 which could promote the dissolution was cloned to further illuminate the phosphate solubilizing mechanism in molecule biology. The co-culture of B. thuringiensis HDBP2 with B.cereus HDBP4 could enhance their phosphate solubilizing abilities.

  Prokaryotic Expression, Purification and Cloning of MAPKK Kinase Gene DsMAPKKK from Dunaliella salina 2015, 31 (23):  53-57.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15030104 Abstract + ( 783 )   PDF ( 594KB )   ( 440 ) In order to study the physiological function of MAPKKK in Dunaliella salina (DsMAPKKK), the open reading frame (ORF) of DsMAPKKK gene was amplified by RT-PCR. The prokaryotic expression vector pGS21a- DsMAPKKK was constructed by using T4 ligase to link the ORF of DsMAPKKK and the vector pGS21a. Then the recombinant plasmid was introduced into E. coli BL21 (DE3) and induced by IPTG. The fusion protein was expressed successfully in E. coli BL21. Detected by SDS-PAGE, the fusion protein had existed in both supernate and inclusion body. The soluble protein was purified through GST column, electrophoretic analysis showed that there was a single protein band at about 68 kD, indicating that the fusion protein had been effectively purified. The result of western blotting demonstrated that there were obvious hybridization bands at about 68 kD, preliminarily demonstrated that the purified protein was DsMAPKKK protein with a GST label. The successful expression and purification of DsMAPKKK laid a solid foundation for further exploration of the nature and function.

  Application of Modern Biotechnology in Flax Breeding 2015, 31 (23):  58-63.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15040011 Abstract + ( 875 )   PDF ( 529KB )   ( 555 ) In order to provide new ideas for flax germplasm innovation and promote further development of flax breeding, current research status of flax breeding was described briefly, and the application of gene engineering, plant tissue culture and molecular marker in flax breeding was summarized in the paper. We proposed that the emphasis of flax breeding was to strengthen the study on distant hybridization and improve the efficiency and effect of hybridization breeding by using marker- assisted selection. Establishing and perfecting an effective technical system of anther culture were the keys to establish a practical breeding technical system and breed elite new cultivars. Furthermore, establishing an efficient genetic transformation breeding technical system was an important direction of flax breeding.

  Preservation Effect of Polylactic Acid Film Packaging on White Hypsizygus marmoreus Fruiting Body 2015, 31 (23):  64-69.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15040158 Abstract + ( 1242 )   PDF ( 751KB )   ( 511 ) In order to study the preservation effect of polylactic acid (PLA) film packaging on white Hypsizygus marmoreus fruiting body, no film packaging and PE film packaging were set as control, the preservation effect on the sensory score and physiological index of white Hypsizygus marmoreus fruiting body storing for 5 days (temperature 20-25℃, relative humidity 90%) was studied. The results indicated that compared with no film packaging and PE film packaging, during 5 days storage, white Hypsizygus marmoreus fruiting body packed in PLA film had good sensory quality, high hardness, low water loss, low browning reaction, CAT enzyme decreased less, PPO enzyme increased less and the total amount of bacteria bred less. PLA film packaging was benefit to the inhibition of respiration of white Hypsizygus marmoreus fruiting body, and it could reduce the content of total sugar and amino acid content and maintain the sensory quality, and had better preservation effect, longer shelf life and higher business value.

  Optimization of Fermentation Conditions of Natamycin Production by Streptomyces natalensis 2015, 31 (23):  70-76.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15040151 Abstract + ( 1617 )   PDF ( 809KB )   ( 824 ) Natamycin is an antifungal antibiotic with high efficiency and broad spectrum, which demonstrates benign prospect of application in the field of medical care, food and health care as its efficient inhibition to the growth of fungus and fungal spores. In order to enhance the level of natamycin fermentation, Streptomyces natalensis was applied to produce natamycin by batch fermentation with shaking-flasks, research into single factors such as seed quality, components of fermentation medium and culture conditions was intensively conducted. Consequently, optimal fermentation medium that containing glucose 40 g/L, soya peptone 20 g/L and yeast extract 5 g/L with initial pH 7.0; culture conditions that the seeds cultivated for 48 h were inoculated into 250 mL flask containing 25 mL fermentation medium with an inoculum volume of 6% and fermented at 28℃ at 220 r/min were determined. Under these optimized conditions, the yield of natamycin was 1.472 g/L which was 150% higher than that before optimization, providing the foundation for relevant experiments.

  Field Applied Technology of Sex Attractant on Chilo suppressalis 胡代花 2015, 31 (23):  77-80.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15030147 Abstract + ( 1106 )   PDF ( 506KB )   ( 483 ) The research was conducted to study the applied technology of Chilo suppressalis’ s sex pheromone in order to provide technical basis for using sex attractant in the field. The field attractiveness was conducted on the influence of trap type, color, and hanging height on capture of C. suppressalis baited with two marketed lures. The results indicated that lure B from the Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, showed high attractiveness to male C. suppressalis, and there was no significant difference between two trap types (triangle and water pot). The trap color had more influence on the attractive effect, and among the seven trap colors tested in the field, white was proved to be the most effective, followed by green, blue, yellow, black, red, and brown. The trapping effects of the triangular trap hanging at 1.4 m and 1.2 m height were better than that at 1.0 m and 0.8 m height. In conclusion, Lure B was more suitable for biological control in field, and white triangular trap and hanging height from 1.2 m to 1.4 m were recommended in the field.

  Influences of Several Major Crop Hosts on Adult Oviposition of Monolepta hieroglyphica (Motschulsky) 2015, 31 (23):  81-84.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15030245 Abstract + ( 994 )   PDF ( 573KB )   ( 417 ) To explore the adult oviposition of Monolepta hieroglyphica in several major crop hosts, adults of Monolepta hieroglyphica were reared with seven kinds of host plant tissues including soybean leaves, maize filament, maize leaves and so on under 25℃ constant temperature in the laboratory. The results showed that longevity, spawning rate and oviposition amount of adults which feed on different host tissues were significantly different. Adult longevity and spawning rate on host tissues from high to low was maize filament, cotton leaves, soybean leaves, potato leaves, maize leaves, sunflower leaves and rice leaves. The oviposition amount from high to low was cotton leaves, maize filanent, soybean leaves, sunflower leaves, potato leaves, maize leaves and rice leaves. And the processes of laying eggs were similar and steady in different host tissues except potato leaves in which the oviposition focused on early period. The oviposition amount on the maize filaments was significantly higher than that on maize leaves. These indicated maize, soybean, cotton and sunflower were the preferred host plants of M.hieroglyphica at the adult stage in farmland ecosystem..

  Effect of Sulfuryl Fluoride Fumigation Agent on Economic Traits and Diseases of Substrate-cultivated Tomato and Eggplant 2015, 31 (23):  85-88.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15030258 Abstract + ( 1185 )   PDF ( 505KB )   ( 418 ) The use of sulfuryl fluoride fumigation agent in the disinfection of substrate has not been reported in China before. In order to confirm the effect of sulfuryl fluoride fumigation agent on the economic traits, yield and soil-borne diseases of substrate-cultivated tomato and eggplant, studies on the control effect of tomato late blight and eggplant bacterial wilt disease and the yield were conducted in 2013—2014. The results showed that the control effect of the 3 doses with sulfuryl fluoride fumigation agent of 10, 20, 40 g/m3 and the 3 fumigating durations of 3, 5, 7 d were significantly better than that of the conventional formaldehyde disinfection in controlling tomato late blight and eggplant bacterial wilt disease; the treatment could significantly increase plant height and stem diameter, and raise the yield. The treatment effect was improved with the increase of the application of sulfuryl fluoride fumigation agent, the differences of fumigating durations were not significant. It was recommended that 40 g/m3 sulfuryl fluoride fumigation agent should be applied for 5 days in production.

  Selection of the Solid-state Fermentation Media Formula of Lecanicillium lecanii V3450 High Efficient Strain to Control Gynaikothrips uzeli Yu Deyi,Yao Jin’ai,Huang Peng and Dong Jinlong 2015, 31 (23):  89-94.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15030036 Abstract + ( 1501 )   PDF ( 532KB )   ( 350 ) The Lecanicillium lecanii V3450 was a high efficient strain to control Gynaikothrips uzeli. In order to realize target of amplification culture, the author used export potted ficus with the main growing media coco coir and the most sporulation quantity in single solid-state fermentation media wheat bran as the main carrier, to select a solid-state fermentation media of Lecanicillium lecanii V3450 strain through the general and orthogonal combination design experiment. The results showed that the best media formula of preliminary selection in the general combination solid-state fermentation media was number 5 (coir dust wheat bran phosphate yeast powder =7.5 g 7.5 g 0.2 g 0.5 g), the four basic component factors in the solid-state fermentation media formula of Lecanicillium lecanii V3450 strain were wheat bran, coco coir, phosphate and yeast powder. The optimal media formula of careful selection in the orthogonal combination solid-state fermentation media was number 8 (coir dust : wheat bran : phosphate : yeast powder =3:2:3:2), the optimal mass ratio of four basic component factors including wheat bran, coco coir, phosphate and yeast powder was 3:2:3:2. The optimal solid-state fermentation media formula of Lecanicillium lecanii V3450 strain was orthogonal combination formula 8 (coir dust : wheat bran : phosphate : yeast powder =3:2:3:2), and its fungal spores had very strong infectivity to Gynaikothrips uzeli adults.

  Effect Analysis of Soil Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium on Tannin Content of Gallnuts 2015, 31 (23):  95-101.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15030171 Abstract + ( 720 )   PDF ( 607KB )   ( 339 ) The study aims to ascertain the effect of soil Nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) on tannin content of gallnuts in different growth periods. Research on gallnuts could not only improve the tannin content, but also guide farmer’ s production practice. Spectrophotometric method was adopted to measure tannin content of gallnut, branches, leaves and the gallnut physical characteristics, soil available nutrient factor in different growth periods on Rhus chinensis Mill in Zhangjiajie main gallnut producing areas. With the application of statistical methods such as correlation analysis and stepwise regression analysis, the author explored the relationship between tannin content of gallnut in different growth periods and the above indexes. Results showed that, for gallnut in the growing period on Rhus chinensis Mill, tannin content and its dry weight were positively correlated (P=0.000＜0.01); for gallnut in the mature stage, the tannin content was correlated with dry weight, and had a significantly positive correlation with gallnut inclusions, its significance was P= 0.000＜0.01. At the same time, in different growth periods, there were significant differences between soil nutrients and tannin content accumulation in gallnut. In the growth stage, the soil nutrient nitrogen and phosphorus and the tannin content had the correlation coefficients of 0.628 and 0.646, respectively; but in mature stage, their correlation coefficients were - 0.473 and 0.420. So, the soil nutrient factor was one of the important ecological factors that affecting the tannin content accumulation of gallnuts on Rhus chinensis Mill.

  Environmental Impact of Organic and Conventional Strawberry Production in North China Based on Life Cycle Assessment 李彩恋,, and 2015, 31 (23):  102-108.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15020026 Abstract + ( 1123 )   PDF ( 596KB )   ( 605 ) Organic agriculture is closely related to quality security of agricultural product and ecological environment security, more and more people begin to pay attention to the environmental effect of organic production and it is important to evaluate the environmental impact in the organic production process. The author used the method of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), analyzed and compared the production process and environmental effect of organic strawberry in Boshan District, Shandong Province and conventional strawberry in Changping District, Beijing. The research results showed that, among all potential impacts indexes, environment of global warming, acidification, eutrophication and soil toxicity in conventional strawberry production were 3.45% , 2.11% , 27.09% and 280.16% of the per capita basic value, and those indexes in organic strawberry production were 1.22% , 0.44% , 15.17% and 202.76% , which were lower than that of conventional strawberry production. The larger environmental impacts of conventional strawberry life cycle were eutrophication, water toxicity and soil toxicity, and the serious water toxicity was caused by the pesticide residues in water, and soil toxicity was due to heavy metal residues of chemical fertilizer and organic fertilizer. However, the larger environmental impacts of organic strawberry life cycle were eutrophication and soil toxicity, which were caused by the loss of P fertilizer and heavy metal residues. Overall, the comprehensive index of the life cycle environmental impact of organic strawberry was 0.22, while that of conventional strawberry was 0.43. This result showed that the negative impact on environment caused by conventional strawberry production was significantly higher than that caused by organic strawberry production. Therefore, the application of biological pesticide and organic fertilizer was the key measure in controlling the negative environmental impacts in strawberry life circle.

  Index Construction of Climatic Suitability on Middle-season Rice in Hubei Province and Quantitative Evaluation and Application of Its Effect on Yield 2015, 31 (23):  109-115.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15020036 Abstract + ( 1347 )   PDF ( 788KB )   ( 482 ) The study aims to evaluate the suitability of climate conditions during the growth and development process of the middle- season rice in Hubei, serve government decision- making departments to carry out timely and reasonable field management, and finally to achieve the purpose of rational utilization of climate resources. The meteorological data and related agricultural meteorological indexes during the middle-season rice growing period by every ten days of Hubei were used to construct the membership function of ten day sunshine hours, average temperature and precipitation suitability degree during the rice growing period, three elements of climatic suitability for each ten day effect and their effect on yield were calculated, thus to obtain the variation characteristics of the climatic suitability degree of Hubei middle-season rice and build the model of the effects on yield. The results showed that: during the whole growth period of middle-season rice, light, temperature and water suitability were averagely suitable for many years, temperature suitability degree was the best, then was the sunshine suitability degree, precipitation suitability degree was the smallest, comprehensive suitability was remarkably stable, and it fluctuated around the average for many years. At the same time, comprehensive suitability of the 4 climatic regions selected were rather high in the early stage of middle-season rice growth, but low in the late stage of growth influenced by periodical high temperature and drought, and this was consistent with the actual situation. Simulation model of yield value from 1990 to 2010 was correlated significantly with the actual meteorological yield. It showed that comprehensive suitability model had a certain influence on the accuracy and feasibility of quantitative evaluation of three climatic factors: light, temperature and water.

  Study on Municipal Sludge Compost and Change of Heavy Metal Form After Land Using 2015, 31 (23):  116-121.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15030216 Abstract + ( 1135 )   PDF ( 896KB )   ( 540 ) In order to offer reference for the resource utilization of sludge and the form change of heavy metal in composting, sludge from municipal sewage plant was used as study material, thermophilic composting tests were conducted on compost A, B and C with conditioner of different types and proportions, the germination index and basic physical and chemical properties of composting product were analyzed, the change of heavy metal forms in compost and soil after the cultivation of cabbage were analyzed by the method of sequential extraction. The results showed that after compost, different types and ratios of conditioner had certain impacts on the degree of maturity, and the X-(KNO3+H2O) form of Cu and Zn declined, the decline proportion order of X-(KNO3+H2O) form of Cu was compost C (53.71%) ＞ compost A (24.64%)＞ compost B (2.55%) and the order of Zn was compost A (80.58%) ＞ compost B (71.09%)＞ compost C (66.34%). The content of X-(KNO3+ H2O) form Cu and Zn both increased in the soil after the application of compost. The test results had practical values in the use of compost and the form change of heavy metal in soil.

  Purification Effect of Solid Waste Biochar on Intensive Piggery Wastewater 2015, 31 (23):  122-126.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15040094 Abstract + ( 929 )   PDF ( 613KB )   ( 478 ) The aim was to explore the purification effect of solid waste biochar on intensive piggery wastewater. Four kinds of common biomass feedstock which were corn stovers (CS), pine cones (PC), pistachios shells (PS), palm residues (PR) from agriculture and forestry ecosystem were used to make biochars. Five treatments were named as CS500, PC500, PS500, PR500, PR700, respectively. Physicochemical properties of these solid waste biochars and their purification effects on piggery wastewater were studied. The results showed that component contents of biochars from different feedstocks were different, and could also be affected by pyrolysis temperature. Contents of C, K, Cu, Zn in CS500 and N, P, Fe in PR500 were the highest, and contents of Ca, Mg as well as the pH value in PR700 were the highest. Five kinds of biochars were used to remove COD, NH3- N, TN, TP from piggery wastewater, and their performances were compared. The maximum absorption capacity on COD, NH3-N, TN was 81.62, 43.67 and 10.46 mg/g, respectively, but the biochar had no significant effect on TP. In conclusion, the absorption effect of CS500 was optimal with the absorption capacity of COD, NH3-N, TN, TP being 81.62, 20.75, 10.46, 1.19 mg/g, respectively. The study could provide some scientific information for the further development and utilization of biochar materials in wastewater treatment.

  Effect of Different Agricultural Wastes Returning to Field on the Absorption and Utilization of Nitrogen and Nitrogen Balance of Maize 2015, 31 (23):  127-133.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15020091 Abstract + ( 1153 )   PDF ( 470KB )   ( 558 ) In order to offer theoretical foundation and technical support for the reasonably combined application of agricultural wastes and chemical fertilizer and increase nitrogen use efficiency, the author studied the influence of different returning amounts of straw, cow dung and chicken manure on the accumulation of nitrogen absorption, nitrogen use efficiency and nitrogen balance of maize, discussed the apparent balance of different agricultural wastes on soil-maize system. Field plot experiments were conducted under same level of nutrient (N 240 kg/hm2, P2O5 154 kg/hm2 and K2O 197 kg/hm2). The results showed that, compared with the application of chemical fertilizer only, the returning of moderate straw, cow dung and chicken manure could significant increase the accumulation of nitrogen absorption of kernel, stem leaf and plant of maize, and 25% retuning amount of chicken manure N + 75% chemical fertilizer N (treatment S10) could achieve the highest accumulation, which was 129.4, 98.4 and 227.8 kg/hm2 respectively for kernel, stem leaf and plant of maize. Agricultural wastes combined chemical fertilizer could reduce apparent loss amount of nitrogen, treatment S10 had the lowest loss amount of 37.7 kg/hm2. The returning of moderate straw, cow dung and chicken manure could also increase nitrogen apparent efficiency. 75% straw returning + chemical fertilizer N 191.2 kg/hm2 (treatment S4) had the highest nitrogen apparent efficiency of 44.7% among straw retuning treatments, which was 4.3% higher than that of treatment S1. Among cow dung retuning treatments, the nitrogen apparent efficiency of 25% cow dung returning + 75% chemical fertilizer N (treatment S6) was 51.2%, which was 10.8% higher than that of treatment S1. Among chicken manure retuning treatments, the nitrogen apparent efficiency of 25% chicken manure returning + 75% chemical fertilizer N (treatment S10) was 56.84%, which was 16.5% higher than that of treatment S1. Therefore, integrated the absorption amount, loss amount and use efficiency of nitrogen, the optimum retuning way was 25% chicken manure N+ 75% chemical fertilizer N.

  Effect of Nitrogen Fertilizer on Yield and NO3--N Content of Brassica oleracea and NO3--N Content of Soil 吴文强,,,,, and 刘继远 2015, 31 (23):  134-138.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15030086 Abstract + ( 1109 )   PDF ( 544KB )   ( 511 ) The effect of different nitrogen fertilizer levels on the yield and quality of Brassica oleracea and NO3--N content of soil in Beijing was studied through field experiment. The results showed that: (1) the content of NO3--N in soil increased with the increase of nitrogen fertilizer level in 3 sampling periods in 0-60 cm soil, the content of NO3--N in 0-30 cm soil showed a decline tendency with the growth of the crops, while the content of NO3--N in 30-60 cm soil showed an increase tendency, and the content of NO3--N in 60-90 cm soil slightly changed; (2) the yield of Brassica oleracea showed an increase-decrease trend with the increase of nitrogen inputs, and the yield was the highest when the application amount of nitrogen was 240 kg/hm2; (3) the absorption amount of nitrogen by Brassica oleracea showed an increase-decrease trend with the increase of the nitrogen fertilizer application amount, the absorption amount of nitrogen of Brassica oleracea under nitrogen fertilizer treatments were significantly higher than that under the treatments without nitrogen fertilizer, and the NO3-- N content in leaves were also higher and different among treatments with different nitrogen fertilizer application levels. In conclusion, the addition of nitrogen fertilizer had a great effect on the content of NO3--N in 0-60 cm soil, and the suitable amount of nitrogen application (240 kg/hm2) could effectively improve the yield of Brassica oleracea and its absorption amount of nitrogen.

  Influence of Different Crop Rotation Patterns on Soil Properties and Soil Respiration in Rainfed Field 2015, 31 (23):  139-146.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15030070 Abstract + ( 1322 )   PDF ( 1052KB )   ( 325 ) Soil carbon sink and soil physical and chemical properties are influenced by different crops and different rotation patterns. The author designed 6 rotation patterns over 5 years, in order to study the impact of rotation on soil physical and chemical properties, soil respiration and microbial biomass carbon. The results showed that after winter, due to the windiness, drought and less rainfall condition, the loss of soil moisture above 20 cm layer was serious because of the soil evaporation, and soil moisture increased with the increase of soil layer. Treatments S2 and S3 could significantly increase the capacity of retaining soil moisture after winter; after harvest, soil moisture of most treatments could reach 14% and maintain at 8%-10% after winter, while soil moisture of the other treatments dropped down to below 5%. At the same time, treatments S2 and S3 could keep soil moisture of different depths at a higher, uniform and stable level, the others lost moisture greatly. The soil surface temperature peak was in the early August. The surface temperatures of S3 and S7 (25℃ ) were significantly lower than that of the other treatments (30-35℃), but the temperature of S3 was higher than that of the others at 50 cm soil layer. The stability of the temperature of S3 was shown between the soil depths, as well as the whole growth period, with no variation with summer climate changing. The order of year soil respiration (soil microbial and plant root) was S9＜S2＜S3＜S4＜S8＜S10＜S1＜S5＜S6＜S7, crop rotation could reduce the loss of surface soil organic carbon mineralization significantly, and maintained soil carbon sequestration capacity. The study also showed that soil respiration was significantly correlated to soil surface temperature. In conclusion, oats-alfalfa intercropping 1 year, alfalfa 1 year, oats 1 year, potato 2 years and oats-alfalfa intercropping 1 year, alfalfa 1 year, potato 3 years could effectively increase the ability of soil carbon sequestration and improve soil properties.

  Vegetable Crop Plantation-Induced Changes in Chemical Characteristics of Paddy Soils 2015, 31 (23):  147-152.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15020077 Abstract + ( 828 )   PDF ( 493KB )   ( 510 ) In order to study the change of soil quality of land use alteration from paddy field to vegetable garden, the author collected 32 pairs of surface soil samples from paddy field and vegetable garden altered from paddy field in the northwestern Zhejiang, analyzed the change of soil chemical characteristics by measuring pH, water soluble salt, organic carbon, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, available phosphorus, available potassium, available Fe, available Mn and 6 kinds of heavy metal elements. The results showed that, after altering into vegetable garden, the content of soil water soluble salt increased while organic carbon declined, total phosphorus, available phosphorus and available potassium increased obviously. Meanwhile, the soil tended to be acidification, pH decreased. The contents of soil available Fe and Mn decreased, while Cd, Cu, Pb, Hg and Zn accumulated significantly. There was a U- form relationship of pH between the altered and original soil, pH of neutral soil decreased significantly, but slightly for acidic and alkaline soils. The decreased amount of organic carbon and total N rose with the increase of the content of organic matter and total N in CK, there was a significant positive correlation between them. After altering to vegetable garden, soil acidification and salinization were obvious, soil organic carbon decreased and soil environmental quality also declined with the transformation.

  A Review on Influencing Factors of Grassland Soil Organic Carbon Storage 2015, 31 (23):  153-157.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15020071 Abstract + ( 1240 )   PDF ( 458KB )   ( 460 ) Grassland soil organic carbon (SOC) is an important part of global carbon cycle, and its storage is closely related to the concentration of atmosphere carbon dioxide (CO2) content. The author reviewed the research progress of influencing factors of grassland soil organic carbon storage in recent years, including climate conditions, grassland soil physical and chemical properties and human management practices. The author also emphasized the research importance of influencing factors of grassland soil organic carbon storage and the results could provide reference to increase grassland soil organic carbon storage to cope with the global climate change.

  Analysis Method of Soil Organic Matter in Newly Cultivated Wasteland 2015, 31 (23):  158-161.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15030004 Abstract + ( 816 )   PDF ( 485KB )   ( 492 ) Organic matter is a primary index to judge soil fertility, and how to analyze the content of soil organic matter has important significance on the correct evaluation of soil fertility. The author analyzed the problems of current assay methods of soil organic matter in newly cultivated wasteland, and put forward the improved method. The results showed that the contents of soil organic matter according to the current standard (NY/T 1121.6—2006) was based on the particles (＜2 mm). The levels of soil organic matter declined by 22% (mean from 23.1 to 18.0 g/kg) when the gravels (＞2 mm) were included. While according to the technical specification of quality evaluation and grading in the cultivated land (DB33/T 895—2013), the productivity valuation of soil organic matter belonged to the low level (reduced from 0.84 to 0.4). This study provided reference for the accurate evaluation of soil organic matter content in newly cultivated wasteland.

  Influence of Grain for Green Policy on Soil Erosion in Yan’ an Area 2015, 31 (23):  162-170.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15010246 Abstract + ( 1146 )   PDF ( 1160KB )   ( 669 ) Loess Plateau of northern Shaanxi Province is an important soil erosion area and Grain for Green Policy (GGP) implementation area in China. After 10 years implementation of the policy, the regional ecological environment has been improved obviously. Scientific evaluation of GGP’ s influence on soil erosion is helpful to the adjustment and improvement of this policy. The author took Yan’an area as an example, evaluated GGP’ s influence on soil erosion based on land use data, MODIS NDVI, DEM and precipitation data. The results showed that: (1) influenced by the implementation of GGP from 2000 to 2010, farmland in the area of Yan’ an and ＞25° farmland significantly decreased, mainly converted to grassland and woodland and the conversion ratios were over 80% and 15%, respectively; (2) ＞25° farmland in the area decreased 207.8 km2, reduced by 47.50%, but only accounted for 8.8% of total returning farmland area in Yan’ an; ＞25° farmland should be all returned due to its important role in soil erosion; (3) the implementation of GGP increased average NDVI value, the NDVI value of Yan’ an area and ＞25° area increased by 53.76% and 55.29% from 2000 to 2010, respectively; (4) the reduced area of farmland in 2000 to 2010 did not offset the soil erosion caused by the increase of rainfall erosivity. GGP really played an important role in reducing soil erosion calculated by rainfall erosivity in 2000. Since soil erosion reduction is a long process, the author suggested maintaining the GGP achievement, and continuing the improvement and recovery of vegetation.

  Experiment of Soil Thermal Diffusivity and Liquid Water Flux Density in Shanxi Province 2015, 31 (23):  171-174.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15030139 Abstract + ( 1195 )   PDF ( 438KB )   ( 625 ) We compare the differences of soil thermal properties in 11 areas of Shanxi Province and discuss different soil thermal properties of different depths of soil layers, in order to research the spatial and temporal distribution of soil thermal properties of Shanxi Province. Using Gao method, based on the shallow soil temperature data of automatic observation stations in 11 areas of Shanxi Province from May to October in 2009, we obtained the results as: (1) the soil thermal diffusivity was k=0.01×10-6-5.09×10-6 m2/s, and liquid water flux density was W=-13.28×10-6-26.92×10-6 m/s; (2)soil thermal diffusivity and liquid water flux density of Shanxi Province were vertically heterogeneous; (3) in the 0.025 m depth of soil layer, the minimum value of the soil thermal diffusivity and liquid water flux density both appeared in Datong City, while the maximum values both appeared in Jincheng City. The maximum values of liquid water flux density appeared at the 0.025 m layer in all areas of Shanxi Province.

  Variation Characteristics Analysis of Temperature and Precipitation in Gansu Province from 1960 to 2013 2015, 31 (23):  175-181.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15030199 Abstract + ( 801 )   PDF ( 1257KB )   ( 551 ) The paper aims to study climate change of Gansu Province in the past 54 years. Based on the temperature and precipitation data of 28 meteorological stations which were distributed in Gansu Province from 1960 to 2013, general characteristics of temperature and precipitation variations were analyzed with rate of linear tendency analysis, Mann- Kendall break detector and Morlet wavelet analysis methods. The results showed that: (1) an increasing trend of average annual temperature obviously existed in Gansu Province in the past 54 years, and the increase of average annual precipitation was insignificant; (2) from spatial distribution display, the central regions of Gansu Province was becoming warmer and wetter in recent decades, while the southern regions was in a warming and drying process, and the northern regions was still in drought; (3) the mutation of average annual temperature was obvious around 1994, the average annual precipitation curve of the positive and negative sequence did not exceed the 95% confidence level line, but there was an intersection which appeared between 1993 and 1994, probably the mutation point; (4) results of Morlet wavelet analysis showed that average annual temperature had a significant change period of about 8 years, while the periodicity of average annual precipitation was poor.

  Analysis of Climate Characteristics and Circulation Background of Severe Convective Weather in Liuzhou City 2015, 31 (23):  182-188.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15020093 Abstract + ( 844 )   PDF ( 1181KB )   ( 723 ) Using the mesoscale data since 2005 from the automatic weather stations and the conventional observation data since 1951 from the meteorological observation stations, this article analyzed the climate characteristics and the type of severe convective weather in Liuzhou by the method of statistical analysis. The results showed that there were mainly three kinds of strong convective weather in Liuzhou which were hail, thunderstorms and short diachronic strong precipitation. Hail mainly occurred from February to April. Its decadal variation appeared as a single peak type. The period of high occurrence of hail was from 1970 to 1990. Thunderstorm decadal variation showed a linearly decrease trend of approximately 18.9 times on average for every 10 years. Before 1980, the times of occurrence were at a high level, and after 1990, times of occurrence declined rapidly. Short diachronic strong precipitation mainly occurred in the flood season from April to September and the annual variation tendency was not obvious. On the basis of statistical analysis, this article selected a typical case to analyze the circulation features of all kinds of strong convection weather by using the NCEP reanalysis data. The results showed that before the hail occurred, on 200 hPa level, Guangxi province was in the southwest jet which was in front of the trough, on 500 hPa level, Guangxi province was also in front of the trough, on 850hPa level, there was a low vortex shear in Guizhou. Liuzhou was in the southeast of the low vortex shear and in the strong convergence zone over the left side of the southwest jet. On the ground, there was usually a strong warm low or a trough of low pressure; before the short diachronic strong precipitation occurred, on the ground, Guangxi was generally in front of the warm area before the front, it mostly appeared as a warm sector rainstorm. Thunderstorms had three types which were mainly subtropical high edge type, cold fronts type and the low trough with edge of subtropical high type.

  Analysis and Improvement of Selection Method of Factor PB in Lightning Hazard Risk Assessment 冯鹤 2015, 31 (23):  189-193.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15040082 Abstract + ( 767 )   PDF ( 565KB )   ( 405 ) In this paper, the author analyzed relevant factors influencing the probability (PB) of physical damage caused by direct thunder on a building. Based on protective capability in different IP codes recommended in IEC62305 and distribution laws of lightning current probability, the author also deduced a general process used to determine the preferred value of PB corresponding to LPL in the specification. Based on complete dependence of the deduction process on IP code recommended in the specification, thunder activity features and the feature of poor pertinence, the author proposed a method that could be used to determine the value of PB according to the actual situation of direct lightning prevention for the building and statistical characteristics of the thunder environment at the project location. To some extent, this method improved scientific and accurate selection of PB. At the same time, the author also made an analysis of the following factors resulting in different issues of PB value selection: complicated physical process of lighting, scientific nature of electric-geometric model, and performance variation of protective device.

  Spatial-temporal Distribution Features of Tropical Cyclones in Hainan Island in the Recent Millennium 2015, 31 (23):  194-197.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15010240 Abstract + ( 1019 )   PDF ( 528KB )   ( 502 ) To understand the history of typhoon in Hainan Island, the tropical cyclone disasters in Hainan Island were calculated by the statistical analysis and disaster grade formula based on history of tropical cyclone disaster data of 984-1948. The results showed that: July to September was the high incidence period of Hainan tropical cyclone disasters; tropical cyclone disaster- prone areas were mostly concentrated in the north and northeast of Hainan Island, the next were areas in the southern Hainan Island, and followed by areas in the western Hainan Island, which had the least record. The yearly tropical cyclone disaster records during the 111years in Hainan Island were divided into comprehensive disaster degrees (≤ 1.1 light disaster, 1.1- 1.5 middle disaster, ≥1.5 serious disaster). According to the degrees, 13 years had serious disasters, 52 years had middle disasters and 46 years had light disasters. Tropical cyclone disaster had many multiple- occurrence phases, such as 1678-1700, 1848-1864 and 1887-1900, but this did not rule out that these time periods were recorded in detail. Due to the problem of historical record, some periods had a great lack of recorded information, which led to deviation inevitably. But the existing historical records, to some degree, indicated that the tropical cyclone disasters had certain social influence, and gave us valuable information about long time series of temporal and spatial distribution of tropical cyclone disasters in Hainan Island.

  Analysis of Change Characteristics of Fog and Haze in Rizhao from 1981 to 2014 胡峰, and 2015, 31 (23):  198-201.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15030185 Abstract + ( 1205 )   PDF ( 510KB )   ( 532 ) In order to effectively reduce disaster loss caused by fog and haze, provide important basis for accurate prediction of fog and haze, this paper used ground meteorological observation data from 1981 to 2014 of Rizhao, analyzed and studied the climate change characteristics and the grade distribution of fog and haze. Preliminary results showed that on the whole, days of fog and haze in Rizhao had a rising trend in the nearly 34 years, but the fog days decreased significantly after 2000 and haze days began to increase at the same time. The distribution of haze days in Rizhao was more in the spring and winter, but less in the fall and summer, and mainly slight haze. However, the distribution characteristic of fog days presented coastal characteristics. Fog was more in the spring and summer, but less in the fall and winter, and mainly thick fog. The main reason was that prevailing southeast wind in spring and summer was very favorable for the formation and maintaining of coastal fog.

  Analysis of Sunshine Duration Changes in Mengding Basin from 1961 to 2008 and Trend Prediction 程清平,, and 2015, 31 (23):  202-209.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15030048 Abstract + ( 807 )   PDF ( 1008KB )   ( 645 ) In order to better utilize light resources in Mengding basin, the author adopted monthly sunshine duration data from the meteorological station in Mengding basin from 1961 to 2008, used the linear trend method, harmonic analysis, Mann Kendall test, R/S analysis and forecast model of average growing function to analyze the changes of sunshine duration and its future trend of Mengding basin in recent 48 years. The study suggested that the annual sunshine duration presented a trend of decrease, the change rate was -94.64 h per decade, decreased 454.3 h in recent 48 years, the largest contribution to the annual sunshine duration decrease was the rainy season, annual and seasonal sunshine duration showed a trend of decrease. Except winter, the annual sunshine duration and that of the other seasons from 1980 to 1999 broke the -2.58 borderline and the winter mutation decreased significantly with the change cycle of 5 years. The significantly decreased evaporation capacity and the increase of relative humidity were the main reasons for the decrease of sunshine duration. Sunshine duration could still show a trend of significant reduction from 2009 to 2023.

  Characteristics of Climatic Change in Genhe Forest Region 2015, 31 (23):  210-214.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15030129 Abstract + ( 786 )   PDF ( 567KB )   ( 543 ) In order to study climate characteristics of the Greater Khingan Mountains, by using a linear regression equation and the linear trend method, the author studied the on-site monitoring data of Genhe of the Greater Khingan Mountains in Inner Mongolia from 1981 to 2010, analyzed the changing rules of temperature, precipitation, humidity, sunshine hours, wind velocity and other meteorological factors in the region and their relationship with the global climate change. Results showed that, under the trend of global warming, Genhe of the central Greater Khingan Mountains was keeping with the trend of temperature increase, precipitation decrease and the increase of sunshine hours. The meteorological factors had some corresponding relationships with global climate change. The results also indicated that the surface temperature growing trend (0.42℃ per 10 years) in the past 30 years in Genhe was much higher than the national average, and the temperature increasing trend was obvious.

  Study on Rocket Rain Enhancement Effectiveness of Agricultural Drought Resistance Technology in Hainan Province 2015, 31 (23):  215-223.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15040006 Abstract + ( 1040 )   PDF ( 1458KB )   ( 420 ) In order to use and develop the cloud water resources in dry season in Hainan Province effectively, and increase the surface rainfall to alleviate the drought, aiming at Hainan typical cloud, the author studied the nonrandomized effect testing method based on the optimum combination of statistical test and physical test. Through analog deviation discrimination method, the author selected the compared cloud for impact assessment from the software automatically, analyzed the catalytic effect of every rocket convective cells of the western part of Hainan and evaluated the non- convective cells by the method of non- randomized regional comparative analysis. The results showed that, in the echo top aspect, the catalytic effect of convective cells was better, in terms of the increase of liquid water content, the catalytic effect of regional comparative clouds was obvious. Through the curve of radar echo difference of each parameter, the growth trend of target cloud could be clearly showed by the slope, as well as the demise time of compared cloud. As a whole, although the analysis methods and objects were different, it could complement and demonstrate each other, which greatly improved the accuracy of Hainan localized rainfall enhancement effect.

  Eco-Factor Feature Analysis in Kashgar City Based on Remote Sensing Data 亚库普.约麦尔 2015, 31 (23):  224-229.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15030109 Abstract + ( 955 )   PDF ( 940KB )   ( 521 ) The analysis of city ecological sensitive factor and its distribution characteristics plays an important role in the city environmental management and the formulation of the development policies in regional society and economy. The characteristics of ecological factors in Kashgar city were analyzed using the method of ArcGIS spatial analysis and single factor analysis. 5 ecological sensitive factors were selected including slope, elevation, vegetation index (NDVI), land use types and water. The results showed that: the high sensitive and sensitive areas mainly distributed in high NDVI, low terrain and slope and large green area, while the low sensitive and non-sensitive areas distributed in hills, uncultivated and unused lands of high terrain and slope. The biggest proportion among the sensitive factors was the water factor, and the smallest was the slope factor, and the two factors accounted for 75.46% and 0.33%, respectively. In terms of ecological sensitive degree, the degree of sensitivity was low in the area of high slope, while it was high in the area of low slope, the sensitivity was low in the area of high terrain, while it was high in the area of low terrain. From the characteristics of ecological sensitive areas, it could be concluded that the self-recovery ability was poor in high sensitive areas, the sensibility was in high degree; the moderate sensitive areas had the problems of weak ecological function and unstable ecosystem; the ecosystems of low ecological and non- ecological sensitivity were stable, the sensibility was in low degree, and the ability of bearing the external factors' damage and interference was strong.

  Measurement of Cucumber’ s Leaf Area Based on Digital Photo Interpreted 2015, 31 (23):  230-234.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15030196 Abstract + ( 885 )   PDF ( 711KB )   ( 461 ) In order to rapidly measure the leaf area of cucumber, a method based on digital photo analysis technology has been developed. The study compared the digital photo method with the coordinate paper method and copy-weighing method and analyzed its stability. The results showed that there was no significant difference between digital photo method and coordinate paper method (paired test P(p＞|t|)=0.872＞0.05), and the result of copy-weighing method was significantly higher than the result of coordinate paper method. Digital photo method is more convenient and accurate than the coordinate paper method, and can be used as a new method for measuring leaf area of crop.

  Climate Division of Sorghum Based on GIS Technology in ShanXi 2015, 31 (23):  235-238.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15030066 Abstract + ( 1023 )   PDF ( 628KB )   ( 582 ) The paper aims to use climate resources rationally and adjust planting varieties of sorghum. The author used standard climate statistics data from 109 meteorological stations in Shanxi Province during 1981- 2012, and established a regression model between climate division factors of sorghum and geographic information, identified the indicators of comprehensive climate division in Shanxi, and also divided the area to early mature area, middle-early mature area, middle-late mature area, late mature area for sorghum planting. The results showed that the division which provided important support for developing sorghum industry was more visual and precise than traditional division.

  Time Series Construction of MODIS-NDVI on Paddy-Field in Liaoning Province 2015, 31 (23):  239-244.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15030197 Abstract + ( 809 )   PDF ( 619KB )   ( 390 ) In order to reconstruct the MODIS- NDVI data, effectively extend the MODIS- NDVI data and provide the most effective basic data for the study of the relationship between vegetation and climate, the author used MODIS-NDVI and AVHRR-NDVI material in May to September from 2005 to 2009, through the pretreatment of NDVI succession, adopted the district appraisal to study the fitting relations between MODISNDVI and AVHRR-NDVI. According to the AVHRR-NDVI material, the author restructured the long time series of MODIS-NDVI from 1999 to 2009. The results indicated: MODIS-NDVI and AVHRR-NDVI had an extremely remarkable linear relationship, the correlation coefficient was 0.830-0.917 (n=52), the order of the correlation coefficient from high to low was central Liaoning, northern Liaoning, southern Liaoning, eastern Liaoning; long time series of vegetation index had response characteristics clearly to climate change and meteorological disasters, 2001 was another drought year after 1999 and 2000, the drought caused not in time water supply in the paddy field, so compared with that of other years, NDVI from 1999 to 2001 was generally lower, especially in 2001.

  Research Progress of ‘4R’ Nutrient Stewardship in Sustainable Agricultural Development 2015, 31 (23):  245-250.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15020092 Abstract + ( 992 )   PDF ( 867KB )   ( 556 ) To investigate and discuss the issues of nutrient management in sustainable agricultural production, this paper briefly introduced the concept and scientific principles of‘4R’nutrient stewardship which was innovated by the International Plant Nutrition Institute (IPNI) in recent years. The authors discussed the main factors that affecting 4R nutrient stewardship and sustainable agricultural development in economic, social and environmental fields. This paper also suggested that a best nutrient management practice should be established step by step through the improvement of nutrient management levels and result feedback system. It indicated the direction of how to realize the sustainable development of modern agriculture through better crop nutrient management.

  Trend and Hotspot Analysis of Nonpoint Source Pollution Based on Bibliometrics 2015, 31 (23):  251-260.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15030024 Abstract + ( 1200 )   PDF ( 640KB )   ( 1143 ) Non-point source (NPS) pollution has become a major factor restricting the sustainable development in China. In order to identify the frontier and hot issues of current research, the author used bibliometric tool named Histcite to analyze the current research situation of NPS pollution based on ISI Web of science database. The results showed that the researches on NPS pollution had been carried out since 1973 and the quantity of articles presented an increasing trend. The international institutions, especially in the United States and the United Kingdom, had great influences, the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Beijing Normal University were the main research teams in China. The high quality articles and journals were primarily from USA and Europe, while, there were few creative achievements, key findings, research teams with international influence and core authors in China. In addition, bacterial contamination, climate change, the control of NPS pollution and heavy-metals were the hot issues in this field.

  Efficiency Evaluation of Low-Carbon Agriculture Development Supported by Public Finance Based on DEA——Taking Heilongjiang Province as an Example 2015, 31 (23):  261-266.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15040017 Abstract + ( 951 )   PDF ( 563KB )   ( 376 ) In order to evaluate the efficiency of low carbon agriculture development supported by public finance in Heilongjiang Province, the author adopted DEA model, used the public financial support efficiency of low carbon agriculture as the object of study and 2008 to 2012 as the decision-making unit, and took the number of agricultural labor, fertilizers amount, total power of agricultural machinery, agricultural subsidies and technology spending as input indexes, while agricultural output and the carbon emission amount of agricultural machinery operation as output indexes. Meanwhile, the optimal scale and improving measures under each decision-making unit were found out by Deap 2.1. The results showed that the optimal efficiency of low carbon agriculture development supported by Heilongjiang’s public finance was in 2012, under the assurance of the expected level of agricultural output and the carbon emission of agricultural machinery operation, the input factors of agricultural subsidies were appropriate, the increase or decrease of inputs would not achieve the maximum output, but could affect the efficiency of financial fund. The results could offer references for the low-carbon agriculture development supported by public finance in Heilongjing Province.

  Research Progress of Effectiveness of Fiscal Policy for Straw Bioenergy 苏世伟 and 刘 甜 2015, 31 (23):  267-271.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15050071 Abstract + ( 863 )   PDF ( 513KB )   ( 417 ) The use of biomass energy has become an effective way to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and relieve the energy crisis, so governments have adopted a series of policies and measures to encourage and guide the development of bioenergy industry. As an important source, straw biomass resources have attracted much attention of the Chinese government. This paper classifies and summarizes existing domestic fiscal policy for straw bioenergy and literature on effectiveness of the fiscal policy for straw bioenergy. The author points out that Chinese fiscal policy lacks combination of tools, and domestic researches on straw biomass policy implementation are mainly positive, so it can’ t provide policy- makers with theoretical basis and reference value.

  Researches on Classification Features of Rural and Urban Domestic Waste in Tianjin City Under Secondary Classification Pattern 2015, 31 (23):  272-276.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15030110 Abstract + ( 755 )   PDF ( 1033KB )   ( 490 ) In order to investigate the influence of secondary classification pattern on waste generation features, the author took 310 urban and rural households at urban areas and Shuigaozhuang Village, Xiqing District of Tianjin as the research objects, based on the constructed secondary classification pattern of domestic waste, classified domestic waste into 3 groups: compost, recycles and toxics. The author focused on waste generation strength and classification features, made a comparison on waste generation features between rural and urban residents, and analyzed the relation between waste generation strength and economic and cultural factors. The results indicated that the average generation speed of urban domestic waste was 423.08 g/(d·capita), and that of rural domestic waste was 629.89 g/(d · capita), there was significant difference between rural and urban compost generation strength (P=0.00002), while the generation strength of recycles and toxics between urban and rural areas had no significant difference (P=0.471 and P=0.099, respectively). Secondary classification pattern was an effective source classification mode for domestic wastes and had positive effects on waste reduction and treatment.

  Survey and Countermeasure Research on Informatization of Farmers’ Training and Education in West Liaoning 邓泽国 2015, 31 (23):  277-283.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15040024 Abstract + ( 796 )   PDF ( 574KB )   ( 419 ) The research aims to sum up the main achievements of farmers’training & countryside informatization in the past few years, and know about the requirement of countryside informatization in west Liaoning. After investigating into the status of agricultural development and requirement of farmers’training & countryside education informatiztion, the author proposed to build a service platform to technically support farmers’education, in order to carry out modern professional farmers’training by means of information technology. With self- study and self- aid training approaches provided by the platform, farmers’sic- tech quality and moral standard could be improved as a whole in west Liaoning, and professional farmers with knowledge, technical skill and management capability could be cultivated.