Current issue

• 2015 Vol.31 No.24 Published:26 August 2015

  Analysis of Quality Characteristics of New Rice Lines in the Coastal Region of Liaoning Zheng Yingjie 2015, 31 (24):  1-5.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15010213 Abstract + ( 1307 )   PDF ( 1309KB )   ( 480 ) The paper aims to study quality characteristics of new rice lines in the coastal region of Liaoning, and provide references for high quality rice varieties breeding. Taking 30 new Japonica rice lines as experiment materials, the author made comparative evaluation and correlation analysis on quality characteristics of new rice lines. The results were as follows: as to the milling quality of the new rice lines, the brown rice rate and head rice rate reached the second degree of the national good quality standard and the first degree of the national good quality standard, respectively. The variation coefficients of chalky kernel percentage and chalkiness degree were relatively large, which were 50.44% and 52.34%, respectively. Correlation coefficients among some quality characteristics of varieties were significantly positive at 5% and 1% levels, gel consistency and alkali-spreading value had significantly positive correlations with eating value (r=0.660, r=0.586), amylose content had significantly negative correlation with protein eating value (r=-0.849). Accordingly, in the future breeding of high quality rice varieties, more attention should be paid to reduce chalky kernel percentage and chalkiness degree, appropriately reduce amylose content, and take into account the improvement of other characteristics.

  Response of Rice Growth Dynamic and Yield to Heat Condition Based on Sowing Date Yu Wenying,Ji Ruipeng,Feng Rui,Wu Jinwen,Zhang Yushu,Wang Peng and Wang Ting 2015, 31 (24):  6-13.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15020011 Abstract + ( 1817 )   PDF ( 1542KB )   ( 396 ) In order to study the sensitivity of the rice growth and yield to temperature change in northeast China, two rice cultivars (‘Liaoxing1’ and ‘Liaoyou5218’) with four sowing dates were measured in field experiments. This paper analyzed the effect of sowing date on growth and yield characteristics of two rice cultivars. The results showed: (1) the accumulated temperature of ‘Liaoxing1’ in I, III and IV sowing dates was 400℃ less than that of II sowing date when the tiller number reached peak; compared with II, the maximum tiller number in I and IV decreased by 3.16% and 15.50%, respectively, and increased by 3.85% in III; the accumulated temperature of ‘Liaoyou5218’ in III and IV was 300℃ more than that of II when tiller number reached peak; compared with II, the maximum tiller number in I, III and IV increased by 7.12%, 32.51% and 19.59%, respectively; (2) the plant height of ‘Liaoxing1’ in I and IV was lower than that of II, and in III was the highest; the plant height of ‘Liaoyou5218’ in I and III was lower than that of II, and in I was the lowest; (3) the accumulated temperature of ‘Liaoxing1’ in I and III was 300℃ and 200℃ more than that of II when leaf area index reached peak, and less than 100℃ in IV; compared with II, the maximum leaf area index in I, III and IV increased by 48.5%, 113.3% and 31.6%, respectively; the accumulated temperature of ‘Liaoyou5218’ in I was 500℃ more than that of II when leaf area index reached peak, and less than 400℃ and 100℃ in III and IV; compared with II, the maximum leaf area index in I and III decreased by 31.6% and 27.6%, and increased by 20.9% in IV; (4) the shoot dry weight of ‘Liaoxing1’ in III was the highest, and in IV was the lowest; the shoot dry weight of ‘Liaoyou5218’ in I was the highest, and in II was the lowest; (5) compared with II, the yield of ‘Liaoxing1’ in I, III and IV decreased by 5.64%, 6.27% and 27.25%, respectively; the yield of ‘Liaoyou5218’ in I increased by 5.66%, decreased by13.14% and 31.29% in III and IV; (6) the accumulated temperature (≥10℃) under 2700-2800℃ and average?temperature about 24℃ were suitable for rice on growth and yield development in Liaoning.

  Characteristics of P-efficiency of High-P Efficiency Transgenic Rice 2015, 31 (24):  14-18.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15020053 Abstract + ( 852 )   PDF ( 1422KB )   ( 462 ) In order to identify the characteristics of P efficiency and its influence on P content in soil by growing high- P efficiency transgenic rice, japonica rice cultivar Nipponbare and its high- P efficiency transgenic rice: OsPT4 and PHO2 were used in pot experiment to compare their differences in efficiency of absorption, utilization and translocation of P and phosphatase activity of soil under different P application levels. The results indicated that the tillers, root length, root dry-weight, panicle dry-weight and biomass of OsPT4 and PHO2 were higher than that of Nipponbare. The root phosphorus uptake efficiency of OsPT4 and PHO2 increased by 3.18 times and 3.98 times than that of Nipponbare, the leaf phosphorus uptake efficiency increased by 0.92 times and 8.07 times. Compared to that of Nipponbare, the stem P utilization efficiency of OsPT4 and PHO2 were 2.77 times and 3.71 times higher, the translocation of phosphorus efficiency of OsPT4 and PHO2 were 88.57% and 22.06% higher. No significant difference was observed in alkaline phosphatase activity, total phosphorus content and available phosphorus content between OsPT4, PHO2 and Nipponbare at maturity stage. The advantages of OsPT4 and PHO2 were higher P uptake efficiency of root and leaf, higher P utilization efficiency of stem and higher translocation efficiency.

  The Relationship Between Leaf Color Components RGB and SPAD Gong Gangmeng,Yang Jun,He Huojiao,Wang Liping,Yang Hongyun and Jiang Yunzhi 2015, 31 (24):  19-24.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15010229 Abstract + ( 1091 )   PDF ( 1455KB )   ( 406 ) In order to achieve the virtual display of rice leaf color on the computer, it needs to build the dynamic simulation model of rice leaf color components RGB with chlorophyll content SPAD values. This article mainly discussed about the main stem leaves of two varieties jy458 and zjz35 AS, which were taken as the research objects. It studied the dynamic variation of SPAD values of two rice varieties with the rice growth process and the relationship between RGB and SPAD; then conducted fitting curve with mapping software Microsoft Excel. The results showed that SPAD values of two varieties increased with the effective accumulated temperature, and there was approximate linear relationship between SPAD and the effective accumulated temperature from turning green to heading stage. Leaf components RGB and SPAD presented linear relationship when SPAD values in the range of 20-50. We obtained the relational model by fitting curve of rice RGB and SPAD values. The model was validated and the average RMSEs were 4.56, 4.73, and 3.55. The results indicate that the present model has highly significant correlation. So the results show the model can describe dynamically the changing process of rice leaf color.

  High Temperature Stress Effect on Physiological Indexes of Rice in Heading and Flowering Period Ma Tingchen,Xia Jiafa,Wang Yuanlei and Li Zefu 2015, 31 (24):  25-32.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15040109 Abstract + ( 1437 )   PDF ( 1365KB )   ( 426 ) High temperature stress can cause great losses to rice production, but the research about its damage mechanism is still at the primary stage. We studied the changes of main physiological indexes of different heat resistant rice varieties under high temperature stress, in order to analyze the relationship between the physiological indexes and rice heat resistance. The results showed that there were differences of heat resistance among different rice varieties, and different heat resistant rice varieties could be screened by heat resistance coefficient. High temperature stress could have a great influence on physiological indexes of different heat resistant rice varieties, as the prolonging of treatment time, there was a peak of most physiological indicators. The peak of physiological indexes of strong heat resistant varieties appeared later than those of heat sensitive varieties. Correlation analysis on heat resistance coefficient and physiological indexes showed that there were a negative correlation between heat resistance coefficient and physiological indexes (POD, CAT, SOD and Pro), positive correlation between heat resistance coefficient and MDA. Further, the correlation coefficient between the heat resistance and CAT activity reached -0.75222**. Under high temperature stress, rice physiological indexes would change a lot. Each physiological index had a peak, showing that high temperature heat harm was the feedback mechanism of regulation of stress materials. There was certain correlation between change of physiological indexes and heat resistance under high temperature stress.

  Research Progress and Perspective on Selenium-enriched Wheat 2015, 31 (24):  33-36.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15010130 Abstract + ( 699 )   PDF ( 1238KB )   ( 381 ) Selenium is one of the necessary micronutrients for people and animal, and the food crop like wheat is the main source of selenium in human body. In order to promote the development of selenium- enriched wheat, the data related to selenium- enriched wheat were collected from the published papers and our own studies, and the effect of selenium on human health, the action mechanism of selenium, and the absorption, utilization and content of selenium in wheat were reviewed and analyzed. Some suggestions about further study on selenium-rich wheat were presented. The author proposed the study focus on the relationship of soils with their content of selenium, the technology of selenium fertilizer application, the nutrition level of seleniumenriched wheat, etc.

  Flag Leaf Senescence Characteristic of Different Wheat Varieties (Lines) Under Salt Stress XueYuansai,MengXianghao,LiuYiguo,ZhangYumei and Lin Qi 2015, 31 (24):  37-41.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15040197 Abstract + ( 957 )   PDF ( 1297KB )   ( 411 ) In order to study the effect of salt stress on the flag leaf senescence characteristic of different wheat varieties (lines), the author selected 7 wheat varieties (lines) and analyzed the flag leaf senescence index in saline-alkali soil. The results showed that SOD, POD, MDA and free PRO content were significantly different in different wheat varieties under salt stress with the growth of wheat, however, the variation degrees were different, MDA and free PRO content increased with different degrees, the increase ranges of MDA in flag leaf of ‘Qingmaiw04’, ‘Qingmai6’ and ‘Dekang961’ were smaller, but the increase range of PRO was bigger. The SOD activity decreased in different ranges, the SOD activity of the flag leaf in ‘Qingmaiw04’, ’Qingmai6’ and ‘Dekang961’ decreased in a small degree after anthesis. The POD activity showed an ‘increase-decline’ trend, the POD activity in flag leaves of ‘Qingmaiw04’, ‘Qingmai6’ and ‘Dekang961’ decreased in a lower speed after 14 days of anthesis. Aging degrees of ‘Qingmaiw04’, ’Qingmai6’ and ‘Dekang961’ were relatively lower while the salt tolerance ability were better under salt stress.

  Effect of Basal Application of Organic Fertilizer on Yield and Growth of Wheat Under Rice Straw Returning Li Bo,Liu Jian,Wang Bo,Xue Yaguang and Wei Yafeng 2015, 31 (24):  42-45.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15020049 Abstract + ( 696 )   PDF ( 1213KB )   ( 353 ) In order to study the high efficiency nitrogen fertilizer under straw returning, the author studied the effect of basal application of organic fertilizer on the yield and growth of wheat under rice straw returning by the method of plot experiment. The results showed that: (1) the basal application of organic fertilizer could replace chemical fertilizer and realize the increase of yield, when organic fertilizer replaced 25% of chemical fertilizer, the yield increase of wheat was the maximum; (2) percentage of earbearing tiller increased when organic fertilizer replaced chemical fertilizer; (3) the replacement of organic fertilizer had little effect on plant height, panicle weight, spikelet number, sterility spikelet number, number of grain per ear and thousand seed weight. The basal application of organic fertilizer could increase the wheat yield under rice straw returning, especially under the replacement rate of 25%. The way that basal application of organic fertilizer played in the increase of wheat yield was the increase of number of wheat productive ear.

  Effects of Salt Stress on Photosynthetic Characteristics and Yield of Different Salt-tolerant Wheat Varieties Meng Xianghao,Liu Yiguo,Zhang Yumei,Lin Qi and Zhang Yansheng 2015, 31 (24):  46-52.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15030052 Abstract + ( 1109 )   PDF ( 1323KB )   ( 393 ) ‘Qingmai 6’ and ‘Jimai 22’ were used as the experimental materials to study the effect on photosynthetic characteristics and yield of wheat flag leaves under different concentrations of salt stress, with ordinary soil as control. The results showed that different salt-tolerant wheat varieties presented different responses to salt stress. The chlorophyll content, leaf area index, net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, and transpiration rate of ‘Jimai 22’ declined dramatically. In contrast, these indicators fall much more slowly in ‘Qingmai 6’. Furthermore, the CO2 concentration between cells of‘Qingmai 6’ increased less compared with ‘Jimai 22’. Compared with that of the control, the ear number per unit, kernel number per spike and 1000-grain weight of the two wheat varieties reduced under salt stress. The increase amplitude aggravated with the increase of salt concentration levels. But the decrease of yield was moderate in ‘Qingmai 6’. The key to gain high and stable yield for ‘Qingmai 6’ which kept higher photosynthetic characteristics was the ear number per unit under salt stress. This study provided a theoretical reference for wheat cultivation in saline-alkali soil with different degrees of salt.

  Modeling and Validating of Winter Maize Phenological Development in Tropical Region Li Chao 1, Li Wenfeng 2, Qian Ye 2 2015, 31 (24):  53-58.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15010202 Abstract + ( 583 )   PDF ( 1371KB )   ( 421 ) The paper aims to quantify the temperature effect on phenological development of winter maize planted in tropic region, and build a new phenological model with better explanation. Field experiments were conducted with different maturity cultivars and sowing dates in three sites in Yunnan tropical region(Ruili, Longchuan, and Mangshi County) for three years, to compare the accuracy of different predicted methods. With 0℃, 6℃, 8℃ and 10℃ as lower bound, four accumulated temperature models did not predict accurately with RMSEs from 7 days to 11 days. A new maize development model was developed based on WOFOST, in which the daily maximum temperature and daily minimum temperature took place of the daily average temperature, and a piecewise function was set with particular base temperature for each phenophase. This new model was validated by independent experiment data. The RMSEs of this model was 4.42 d and 4.19 d for two cultivars respectively. This new model showed higher accuracy and was more explanatory. It could explain the effect of temperature variation within-day and the difference of different phenophases.

  Response of Yields of Different Maturity Maize Varieties to Sowing Time and Fertilization Method in Early-mature Area Zhang Dongmei,Jiang Chunxia,Huang Xuefang,Liu Enke,Yan Liuying,Liu Huatao,Chen Qiong,Zhang Wei and Han Yanlong 2015, 31 (24):  59-66.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15050115 Abstract + ( 1457 )   PDF ( 1517KB )   ( 615 ) In this study, different maturity maize varieties were sown in some early-mature areas, in order to choose adapted maize varieties and define matching method of cultivation technology. The responses of yields and yield characters of different maturity maize varieties to sowing time and fertilization method were studied in early-mature areas of Shanxi Province in 2012. The results showed that, under common cultivation conditions, although the yield of medium-mature variety ‘Dafeng30’ was the highest, the variety could not mature completely in normal years, and seed rate and harvest index were the lowest in four different maturity varieties. The yields of extraordinary earlier-maturity varieties were the lowest and the varieties could not use light and heat resources efficiently. So comprehensively considering the conditions of high yield, stable production, high quality and high efficiency, the early-mature variety ‘kx9384’ was more suitable for cultivation in early-mature area. Both ‘kxa6336’ and ‘kx9384’ had short growth period, when they were sown 10 days earlier than normal, their critical water requiring period would be moved up to June which often had more drought, this would cause obvious yield reduction, the kernel number of the two varieties decreased by 6.0% and 2.8%, respectively; and the economic yield decreased by 6.5% and 4.6%, respectively. Both ‘Bingdan16’ and ‘Dafeng30’ had relatively long growth period, when they were sown earlier, partly effective accumulated temperature could be achieved, and the critical water requiring period would be moved up to July which often had more rainfall, so the main ear characters of the early sowed treatment were better than that of CK obviously, and the economic yield of the two varieties increased by 4.6% and 5.0%, respectively. Compared with split fertilization, deep applied whole fertilizer one time had less effects on maize varieties which had short growth period and early germination, but it had stronger inhibition effect on the varieties which had long growth period, there was no difference on economic yield of three different fertilization treatments on ‘kxa6336’, ‘kx9384’ and ‘Bingdan16’ which all had short growth period relatively, but all higher than unfertilized treatment obviously, and the economic yield of ‘Dafeng30’ which had long growth period decreased obviously (P<0.05) along with the increasing percent of deep applied fertilizer, the economic yields of deep applied whole fertilizer were lower than that of 1/3 deep applied fertilizer obviously and decreased by 5.1%, but had no difference with unfertilized treatments. So giving consideration to both simplified cultivation and yields, the deep applied whole fertilizer was more suitable for maize varieties which had short growth period and early germination.

  Effect of Biogas Residue on Yield and Other Agronomic Traits in Maize Lu Yuncai,Zhang Zhengwei,Xiao Yang,Xu Lijian,Liu Zaiqi,Meng Kai and Huang Yaxi 2015, 31 (24):  67-70.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15020006 Abstract + ( 1130 )   PDF ( 1336KB )   ( 412 ) The author studied the effects of biogas residue and fertilizers on maize yield and other main agronomic traits under different fertilization treatments and provided theoretical foundation for the resource utilization of cow dung biogas residue and the agricultural mode of farming-stockbreeding-biogas cycle. On Baijiang soil in Hailin farm, maize were cultivated with 3 different fertilizations (biogas residue, biogas residue compound fertilizer and compound fertilizer) and 7 fertilizing amounts. The height, ear height, yield, ear length and ear diameter of maize were measured. The results showed that biogas residue compound fertilizer was benefit to the growth and yield of maize. And the treatment with compound fertilizer could only increase ear length and ear diameter by 17.46% and 10.68%, respectively. Biogas residue compound fertilizer treatment could increase ear length and ear diameter by about 10%. The application of biogas residue could decrease plant height and ear height, and had better effect on lodging resistance. The yield of maize could increase by 50% when applied with biogas residue compound fertilizer. Correlation analysis showed that there was a significantly positive correlation between ear length, ear diameter and the yield traits. There was also a significantly positive correlation between plant height and the yield traits, which indicated that the yield increased with the increase of the growth when there was no lodging. The biogas residue could replace part of fertilizer, and the yield of maize could increase through the application of biogas residue compound fertilizer.

  Analysis of Correlation Between Photosynthetic Fluorescence Parameters and Hyperspectral Data in Ear-Leaf of Maize Qiu Yahong,Yang Feng,Zhao Gangcheng,Wang Ling,Zhang Yong,Wang Rui and Huang Shan 2015, 31 (24):  71-77.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15030177 Abstract + ( 905 )   PDF ( 1750KB )   ( 418 ) Photosynthesis of ear-leaf directly affects yield of maize in the late period, it is of great significance for evaluating photosynthesis quickly and accurately by analyzing the relationship between hyperspectral remote sensing data and photosynthetic related parameters. In this research, four different N levels (N0: 0 kg/hm2, N1: 170 kg/hm2, N2: 340 kg/hm2, N3: 500 kg/hm2) were used to analyze the change trends of photosynthetic parameters, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, photosynthetic pigments and spectral reflectance of maize ear-leaf, and to discuss the relationship between photosynthetic fluorescence parameters and reflectance data. The results showed that Pn, Tr, Fv/Fm, ΦPSⅡ, P, Chl, Cars, Chl/Cars increased with increasing N level, and there were significant differences compared with N0 treatment (P<0.05), while Gs and NPQ had no difference among all treatments (P>0.05). With a rise of N treatment rate, spectral reflectance decreased in visible wavelength with increasing N level, opposite trends were found in near-infrared region. In addition, the red edge position moved to red wavelength with increasing N level. According to the correlation analysis of hyperspectral reflectance, first derivative spectrum, vegetation index and Photosynthetic Fluorescence Parameters, the optimal-hyperspectral variable of Pn, Tr, Fv/Fm, ΦPSII, P, NPQ, Chl, Cars and Chl/Cars was Dλ699, Dλ701, Dλ703, Dλ702, Dλ701, R764, Dλ699, Dλ699 and Dλ700, respectively. And the corresponding correlation coefficient was 0.81, -0.73, -0.54, -0.58, -0.61, -0.49, -0.996, -0.997 and -0.877 (P<0.01). The optimal hyperspectral variable for Gs was Dλ575 (P<0.05). Therefore, it was possible to assessing photosynthetic fluorescence parameters using hyperspectral remote sensing data, and it would be of great significance for analyzing yield of maize in the late period of the growing cycle.

  Effects of Row Spacing and Planting Density on Panicle Shape and Maize Yield of ‘XieYu 3’ Duan Hongkai,Li Weidong,Wang Jinhui,Du Tianqing,Tang Yanran,Liang Litao,Cao Hengwei,Wang Rong,Liu Jianwei,Mo Ting,Han Qiongyu and Liu Huiqin 2015, 31 (24):  78-85.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15040184 Abstract + ( 1339 )   PDF ( 1452KB )   ( 454 ) In order to select the optimal row spacing and plant density and provide the technical basis for establishing the cultivation pattern of corn (Zea mays L.) super-high-yield, the effects of row spacing and plant density on panicle traits and yield were assessed in central Shanxi. The experimental design with the corn material of ‘Xieyu 3’ was a randomized block with nine treatments and three replications. The area of each plot was 18 m2 (6 cm length × 3 cm width). Row spacing included 60:60, 50:50 and 60:40 cm that evaluated in plant density 60000, 67500 and 75000 plant/hm2. Six lines were arranged for the treatments of 50:50 and 60:40 cm row spacing, and fives lines for that of 60:60 cm row spacing. The results showed that row spacing had significant effects on the yield of ‘XieYu 3’ at the 0.01 level. The ear weight, ear rows, ear coarse and ear grain weight were significantly affected by row spacing at 0.05 level. And the ear weight, ear rows, 100-kernel weight and ear grain weight were significantly affected by planting density at 0.05 level .The yield of ‘XieYu 3’ was mainly determined by the interaction among its panicle traits. Moreover, the highest yield of 16646.70 kg/hm2 was obtained at a plant density of 75000 plant/hm2 with a row spacing of 60:60 cm. Therefore, the compact-type corn of ‘Xieyu3’ is a good maize variety in the irrigated area in the center of Shanxi, and appropriately expanding plant spacing, narrowing the planting distance and increasing planting density could be a potential important way to increase the yield.

  Analysis of Genetic Diversity of Fujian Peanut Farm Varieties Based on Agronomic Traits Chen Xiangyu,Xu Rirong and Tang Zhaoxiu 2015, 31 (24):  86-92.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15020016 Abstract + ( 1604 )   PDF ( 1446KB )   ( 422 ) The aims were to study the genetic diversity of peanut farm varieties in Fujian Province, and provide a theoretical basis for utilization of farm variety resources. The materials were 35 peanut farm varieties from different areas in Fujian Province. Data of 14 agronomic traits were analyzed by Excel software, and correlation analysis and cluster analysis were conducted with SPSS software. The results showed that among agronomic traits, the aboveground gynophore number per plant had the largest coefficient of variance, which was 73.3%, and followed by full pod number per plant, which was 44.3%. Shelling percentage had the least coefficient of variance, which was 5.3%. The full pod number per plant had the highest index of genetic diversity, followed by main stem height, and 100-seed weight had the lowest index of genetic diversity. The results of correlation analysis of agronomic traits showed that pod branches per plant, pod number per plant, full pod number per plant and underground ovary number per plant were positively and significantly correlated with the productivity per plant. Growth period was negatively and significantly correlated with the productivity per plant. Based on agronomic traits, 35 materials were clustered into 2 groups in the mean Euclidean distance 12. Group Ⅰincluded spanish type and valencia type, namely ssp. fastigiata. Group Ⅱ included virginia type and peruvian type, namely ssp. hypogaea. The result showed that the peanut farm varieties in Fujian had a rich genetic diversity, and the phylogenetic relationship was related with the classification of cultivated peanut subspecies. The results provided a basis for utilization of farm variety resources in Fujian.

  Effects of Drought Stress on Yield and Growth and Development at Different Growth Stages of Peanut Zhang Jun,Liu Juan,Zang Xiuwang,Tang Fengshou,Dong Wenzhao,Zhang Zhongxin,Miao Lijuan and Xu Jing 2015, 31 (24):  93-98.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15020067 Abstract + ( 1119 )   PDF ( 1403KB )   ( 513 ) This study was to identify peanut’s sensitive stage to water deficit and provide theoretical basis and technical guidance for scientific irrigation and yield improvement. The mid-early maturing large-fruited cultivar ‘Yuhua 9326’ and early-maturing small-fruited ‘Yuhua 9936’ were used to investigate the impacts of drought stress on peanut yield and growth and development at four different growth stages, i.e. seedling, flowering and pegging, podding and maturing stage. The method of artificial water control in a full-automatic rainproof tank was adopted. The results indicated that water deficiency in all four stages could reduce the yield and inhibit the growth and development. The effect on flowering and pegging stage was the biggest, the main stem height and lateral branch length reduced by 42.1% and 37.5%, the yield reduction was about 22.2%, followed by the effect on seedling and podding stage, and the effect on maturing stage was the lowest. Through the analysis of various indicators, drought mainly influenced the yield at seedling, flowering and pegging stages by reducing the quality of pod; and mainly influenced the yield at podding and maturing stages by reducing the rate of plump, weight of one hundred kernel, kernel percent. This study identified that the flowering stage was the most sensitive stage to drought stress, and played an important role in water utilization efficiency in peanut production and per unit yield enhancement in arid and semi-arid areas.

  Analysis of Genetic Diversity of Glycine soja Germplasm Resources in Shaanxi Province 柏国清, and 2015, 31 (24):  99-105.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15010242 Abstract + ( 1114 )   PDF ( 1633KB )   ( 409 ) In order to evaluate the genetic diversity of the wild soybean (Glycine soja) in different regions of Shaanxi Province, the genetic diversity and genetic structure among 6 natural populations of wild soybean and 1 population of cultivated soybean (Glycine max) were analyzed by molecular markers of SSR. 113 alleles were detected in 13 microsatellite loci; the mean number of alleles per locus (A) was 8.69; the effective number of alleles per locus (Ne) was 5.632; the mean expected heterozygosity (He) was 0.482; and the mean observed heterozygosity per locus (Ho) was 0.080. The Shannon diversity index (I) was 0.657, with the proportion of genetic differentiation among populations (FST) as 46.5%. The research shows that the genetic diversity of wild soybean has a higher level in Shaanxi Province. The genetic diversity of wild soybean is generally higher than that of cultivated soybean. Along with the altitude increasing, the genetic diversity of wild soybean variation is declining. The wild soybean germplasm resource is rich in central and southern Shaanxi Province, and the population has high genetic diversity, therefore, it is speculated that the region is the center of genetic diversity of wild soybean in Shaanxi Province.

  Study on Degradation Process of Sesamin, Sesamolin in Sesame Seeds Germination Xu Lanjie,Yu Yongliang,Yang Hongqi,Dong Wei,Niu Yongguang and Liang Huizhen 2015, 31 (24):  106-110.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15010152 Abstract + ( 646 )   PDF ( 1487KB )   ( 391 ) Two sesame breeding lines, KUUS709 and YZH11, were used to study the degradation of sesamin, sesamolin, water content and dry matter during seed germinating process at 21℃. The results showed that sesamin content and sesamolin content continuously decreased with seed germinating process, and showed slow-fast rate and changes occurred at 36 hours and 48 hours separately. Water content and dry matter accumulation continuously increased with seed germinating process, and showed a “S” curve at a slow-fast-slow rate at early, mid and late germinating process and changes occurred at 24 hours and 84 hours for water content, 36 hours and 96 hours for dry matter. There were significant positive correlations between water content and dry matter, sesamin content and sesamolin content in seed germinating process from 1 hour to 108 hours. Water content, dry matter had significant negative correlations with sesamin content, sesamolin content in germinating stages. These results provide a theoretical basis for the role of sesamin content and sesamolin content in the study of physiological mechanism of the germination process.

  Variation of Sunflower Development Stage and Its Light, Heat and Water Resources in Recent 15 Years in Altay Li Haihua,Huang Ali and Liu Dafeng 2015, 31 (24):  111-115.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15020031 Abstract + ( 661 )   PDF ( 1488KB )   ( 405 ) The paper aims to expand the weather service effectively, resolve the problems concerning the agro-meteorology in local sunflower production. Meteorological data from 2000 to 2014 in Altay were used to analyze the variations of the light, heat and water resources during the growth period of sunflower, and the correlations between the growth days with the accumulated temperature (≥0℃), sunshine duration and precipitation were studied. The results showed that the days of full growth period had a significantly increasing trend, and the test of significance (P=0.01) showed that the effect was remarkable in sprouting and full growth period, the accumulated temperature (≥0℃) and sunshine duration in full growth period presented a linear increasing trend. The positive correlation coefficient between the accumulated temperature (≥0℃) and sunshine duration of years passed significant tests (P=0.01), the precipitation during the growth period showed a weak decreasing trend. These differences could be attributed mainly to the different local climate conditions, secondly to the dissimilarity of non-climatic factors such as cultivating condition and field management (irrigation, fertilization, disease and pest controlling) etc. The growth and development in different regions were formed by the joint influence of both climatic and non-climatic factors.

  Differential Analysis of SPAD Value with Doubled Haploid Lines in Brassica napus L. in Different Ecological Environments Ta Na,Wang Hao,Guan Zhoubo,Li Baojun,Zhao Yajun,Wang Aina,Tian Jianhua,Mu Jianxin and Li Maoteng 2015, 31 (24):  116-121.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15030105 Abstract + ( 1817 )   PDF ( 1546KB )   ( 379 ) The variation of SPAD value with doubled haploid lines in Brassica napus L. was analyzed in different ecological environments, to reveal the genetic regularity of chloroplast content, innovate new germplasm resources with higher chlorophyll content and establish new approach and theory for high photosynthetic efficiency breeding. In this paper, 170 DH lines in B.napus L. were planted in winter rapeseed area (Shaanxi Dali) and in spring rapeseed area (Gansu Zhangye) for three consecutive years. The results showed that the chlorophyll content had the genetic stability and was easily subjected to environment influence in DH lines of different genetic background or different DH lines materials of the same parents, the performance trend of SPAD value was basically the same in the same ecological environment of different years, but had extremely significant difference in different ecological environments. According to analysis of SPAD value frequency distribution for DH lines parents and DH lines, there was a wide segregation range and continuous distribution of chlorophyll content in two ecological environments in three consecutive years, and normal or near-normal distribution with transgressive segregation. These results also indicated chlorophyll content of B.napus L. was a quantitative trait and genetically controlled by many pairs of genes.

  Effects of Nitrogen Application Amount on Oat Forage Yield and Feeding Quality in Farming Pastoral Zone in Inner Mongolia Han Wenyuan,Zhao Baoping,Ren Peng,Liu Jinghui,Zhao Mengli,Wang Yufen and Zou Junjie 2015, 31 (24):  122-127.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15040192 Abstract + ( 1523 )   PDF ( 1485KB )   ( 449 ) In order to provide theoretical basis to the increase of the yield and quality of oat in Inner Mongolia farming pastoral zone, the effects of nitrogen application amount on forage yield and feeding quality were analyzed. Three levels of nitrogen fertilizer amount (30, 90 and 150 kg/hm2) were conducted with two oat cultivars (‘Mengyan1’ and ‘8202’) under dry farming condition. The results showed that nitrogen application amount significantly affected the forage yield of the two oat cultivars. Compared with the low N treatment, the fresh yield and dry yield of ‘Mengyan1’ significantly increased by 8.42%-10.73% and 9.30%-13.38% respectively under high N treatment (P<0.05), which were also 17.58% and 19.28% higher than that of ‘8202’ under high N treatment. The content of crude protein and crude fat of the two oat cultivars increased with the increase of N application amount. The crude protein of ‘8202’ under high N application amount was 4.24%-14.14% higher than that of the other treatments, and was 29.85% higher than that of ‘Mengyan1’ under high N application amount. The crude fat of ‘8202’ under high N application amount was 0.44%-6.43% higher than that of the other treatments, and was 6.94% higher than that of ‘Mengyan1’ under high N application amount. The differences of the content of crude protein and crude fat between high and middle N application amount were not significant, but they were significantly higher than that under low N treatments (P<0.05). There were some differences between the two oat cultivars on forage yield and quality after N treatment. If the target was high forage yield, ‘Mengyan1’ should be the choice, its fresh forage yield and hay yield were 40891 and 7801 kg/hm2 under high N treatment. If the target was high quality, ‘8202’ should be the choice, its crude protein and crude fat of the whole plant were 17.66% and 2.88%, which could reach 1080 and 166 kg/hm2, respectively.

  Effect of Different Additives on Germination of Sorghum Seeds Under Drought Stress He Xiuhong,Luo Xuegang,Tang Yongjin,Jia Wenfu and Li Bo 2015, 31 (24):  128-131.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15050010 Abstract + ( 785 )   PDF ( 1345KB )   ( 586 ) The study aims to make waste profitable, effectively use the "three industrial wastes" (lignin, recycled low density polyethylene (RLDPE), leather cement) in the governance of growing land desertification, and improve the human living environment. The author took sorghum seeds as materials, and the sand substrates were formed by adding different concentrations of lignin, recycled low density polyethylene (RLDPE), leather cement in aeolian sand. Then the sand substrates were cultivated in the thermostat at 25℃ for more than 7days by adopting the sand culture method. After that, the author studied the germination rate and germination index of sorghum seeds under the conditions of 0%, 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, 10% lignin, RLDPE, leather cement and 0%, 0.5%, 1%, 2%, 4%, 8% leather cement in aeolian sand, respectively. The results showed that in the aeolian sand, when adding 10% lignin, the germination rate was up to 86.7%. When adding 2.5% RLDPE, the germination rate was as high as 93.3%. However, when adding more than 2.5% leather cement, the germination rate was not as good as that of the control. Therefore, the author reduced the concentration of leather cement, and founded that when adding 0.5% leather cement, the highest germination rate was 75%. Therefore, the influence of the additives on seed germination rate under drought stress was in an order as RLDPE > lignin >leather cement.

  Benefit Analysis of New Planting Pattern of Three Crops Per Year: “Rice-Onion-Potato” with High Efficiency in Anning River Valley Yu Xianrong,Li Yan,Shen Xueshan,Pan Junfeng,Xiao Yong and Zou Hongzhen 2015, 31 (24):  132-136.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15010200 Abstract + ( 724 )   PDF ( 1222KB )   ( 500 ) A new planting pattern “rice-onion-potato” with high efficiency of three crops per year was used to achieve the target of “1000 kg grain and ten thousand yuan per 667 m2” and high efficient utilization of light and heat resources in Anning River Valley. Three planting patterns: “rice-onion-potato”, “rice-wheat” and “rice-rape”, were constructed in Anning River Valley in this study. The results showed that: compared with the local traditional patterns, the cropping index was improved by 50%, grain yield was equivalent while total output value and net output value increased from 3.6 times to 4.1 times. Excluding labor cost, the pure benefit of new pattern “rice-onion-potato” was 3.19 times more than that of “rice-wheat” and 6.16 times more than that of “rice-rape”, while the increased net profit ratio was 4.19-6.16 yuan/yuan. As a high efficient grain and cash crops compound planting pattern, the new pattern “rice-onion-potato” would achieve the target of “1000 kg grain and ten thousand yuan per 667 m2” and has a good prospect in popularization and application in Anning River Valley.

  Research Progress of Drought and Salt Resistant Mechanism of Plant Hu Xingwang,Jin Hangxia and Zhu Danhua 2015, 31 (24):  137-142.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15050055 Abstract + ( 1729 )   PDF ( 1363KB )   ( 893 ) Drought and salt are abiotic stresses which affect plant growth and productivity, it is very important to research the drought and salt resistant mechanism for agricultural production and ecological building. Plant could change the osmotic substances and protective enzyme activity to improve the ability of drought and salt tolerance when suffered drought or salinity-alkalinity stress. Many genes related to plant drought and salt tolerance had been cloned and analyzed, and inserted to plant genome via transgenic technology, which could improve the ability of drought and salt resistance. This paper summarized the mechanism of drought resistance and salt tolerance from plant morphology, physiological and biochemical index, active oxygen scavenging and transcription factors and so on.

  Progress of Mechanisms of ABA Response to Plant Salt Stress Zhang Yan,Xu Xing,Zhu Yongxing and Guan Yajing 2015, 31 (24):  143-148.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15020046 Abstract + ( 770 )   PDF ( 1412KB )   ( 538 ) Soil salinization is the main reason of economic crop failure and severely limits agricultural production. As a primary abiotic stress factor, high salinity results in the disorder of ionic equilibrium, eventually leads to the reduction of crop yield and the increase of mortality rate. Abscisic acid (ABA), which is one of the five phytohormone groups, is generally acknowledged as a resistant hormone and plays a positive role in plant salt stress response. The author reviewed the correlation, mechanism and signal transduction pathway of ABA in plant salt stress response during recent years, and forecasted researches in the future. The analysis indicated that ABA could response to plant salt stress and also played an important role in plant salt tolerance signal transduction pathway. With the formation of a series of molecular adaptability mechanisms, plant could resist high salinity stress via self-response.

  Progress of Application and Distribution of Betalains Zhang Yushuang,Xu Qingxuan,Li Hongxia,Ding Guangzhou and Wu Yumei 2015, 31 (24):  149-156.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15030106 Abstract + ( 1118 )   PDF ( 1482KB )   ( 542 ) In order to obtain utilization value of betalains effectively, scientists have made progress in extracting betalains from a variety of plants. In this paper, we reviewed the role of betalains in food security, medical and other fields concerning its characteristics such as stability, antioxidative ability, antitumous effect, haemolysis, reducing blood lipid, enzymatic activity, diabetes treatment and etc. And it was founded that the betalains was rich in red beets and existed only in 10 families of plants of Caryophyllale. We summarized researches on variety and distribution of batalains, and analyzed the present status and advances of betalains research. It was concluded that extraction and purification of betalains and quality of betalains products should be improved. It was believed that stability and antioxidative ability of betalains ought to be researched extensively, and more plants with similar components should be studied. In this way, betalains might be fully explored and utilized. Also the betalains research in medical and molecular biology should be expanded to increase the utilization and international market share of betalains.

  Research Progress of Novel Plant Hormone Strigolactones Chen Yuchao,Gong Lei,Zhang Li,Shi Lei,Li Miao,Gan Xiaoyan,Nie Fengjie and Song Yuxia 2015, 31 (24):  157-162.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15040060 Abstract + ( 2373 )   PDF ( 1306KB )   ( 1106 ) The novel plant hormone strigolactones was the general name for strigol-like compounds and had many important biological functions such as inhibition on plant branching. Strigolactones had the same carbon skeleton structure and came from carotenoid biosynthetic pathway. The signal transduction in strigolactones was mediated by receptor-protein. Strigolactones became a focus in international research at present, but the domestic research started relatively late. In order to deepen the understanding of strigolactones, the author concluded that the latest research progress of isolation, structure, biological function, pathway of biosynthesis and signal transduction, distribution and evolutionary about strigolactones. The research direction and application prospects about strigolactones were also discussed. This paper would provide reference for further in-depth study of strigolactones.

  Research Progress of Pollen Allergy Yang Qiongliang,Ouyang Ting,Yan Hong,Yang Jing,Li Ling and Xia Xinhua 2015, 31 (24):  163-167.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15040195 Abstract + ( 1421 )   PDF ( 1253KB )   ( 604 ) Pollen is one of the important allergens in allergic diseases. Pollinosis is a kind of environmental disease, whose occurrence is caused by many factors, including pollen species and variety, environment and human heredity. The incidence of pollen allergy has increased year by year recently. Pollen allergy is harmful to human health and affects people’s life quality. In order to provide some clues for further research on pollen allergy, the author reviewed recent research progress of major pollen species and variety, purification and analysis of pollen allergens, pollen allergic animal model, and treatment of pollinosis, and made an outlook on the research direction of pollen allergy in the future.

  Cloning and Subcellular Localization Analysis of OsVDAC2 Gene Zhong Yingjian,Wang Chuntai,Liu Xuequn and Xu Xin 2015, 31 (24):  168-172.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15040117 Abstract + ( 898 )   PDF ( 1521KB )   ( 537 ) VDAC (voltage-dependent anion channel), also known as mitochondrial porin, plays an important role in the regulation of metabolic and energetic functions of mitochondria, as well in mitochondria-mediated apoptosis. However, subcellular localization and biological function of VDAC family in rice are largely unknown. In this study, OsVDAC2 gene was amplified from Nipponbare leaves cDNA based on the published ORF sequence on NCBI. Subcellular localization of OsVDAC2 protein was conducted by construction of transient expression vector pM999-OsVDAC2-GFP and transformation of rice protoplasts. The confocal microscopy results showed that OsVDAC2 protein was located mainly in the cytoplasm, and built a good foundation for further research on the function of OsVDAC2.

  Induced Mutation Breeding to Improve Nisin Production Ability by Lactococcus lactis Ge Jingping,Sun Yanyang,Li Xinglin,Gao Dongni,Cheng Dandan,Song Gang,Ling Hongzhi and Ping Wenxiang. 2015, 31 (24):  173-178.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15040139 Abstract + ( 734 )   PDF ( 1502KB )   ( 372 ) In this research, the highly Nisin-producing mutant strain DU101 was obtained from HDBR-06 by series of mutagenetic treatment, UV mutagenesis, nitrosoguanidine mutation, diethyl sulfate mutagenesis and ultraviolet (UV) and diethyl sulfate composite mutagenesis. The activity of Nisin of DU101 was enhanced from 442 IU/mL to 1389IU/mL, which was 3.14 times as much as that of the initial strain HDBR-06. The subculture test proved that the hereditary character of strain DU101 was stable.

  Dynamic Characteristics of Burden Vulnerability of Water Resource System in Hilly Areas of Southern China Based on GIS and RS: A Case Study on Hengyang Basin Zou Jun,Han Qing and Zheng Wenwu 2015, 31 (24):  179-186.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-2251 Abstract + ( 1078 )   PDF ( 2801KB )   ( 394 ) In order to study the dynamic evolution of the vulnerability of rural water resources system in Hengyang Basin, by collecting required data of the research through RS, building the spatial model and conducting the spatial analysis with GIS, the authors constructed a mathematical model to extract the changing information and generated the changing layers about burden vulnerability of water resource system in Hengyang Basin to analyze the spatial-temporal characteristics of burden vulnerability of water resources system and the changing trend during recent two decades in this area. After the careful research and detailed analysis, this essay draws the conclusions as below: firstly, the water resource system in Hengyang Basin has become much more vulnerable in recent two decades. 26.1% of regional burden vulnerability index has an apparent increase while there is a little decrease in this index. Secondly, the variation districts of burden vulnerability index in Hengyang Basin are apparently distinctive. The middle area is strong and the surrounding area is weak, the north area is strong and the south area is weak. Thirdly, the variation period of burden vulnerability index presents a typical character of sharply increase, especially in the ending period of 2005-2010. Finally, from the perspective of changing trend, the burden vulnerability index in regional water resource shows two main types of variation: the stability type and the fluctuation type. The sustainable increase and monotonic decrease are seldom seen in Hengyang Basin.

  Change of Terrestrial Surface Drought and Wet Conditions in the Growth Period on Loess Plateau Yao Yubi,Li Yaohui,Yang Jinhu and Xiao Guoju 2015, 31 (24):  187-194.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1319 Abstract + ( 799 )   PDF ( 1723KB )   ( 508 ) To provide foundation for tackling climate change and protecting ecology and environment, the humidity change and distribution characteristics of the terrestrial surface during plant growth period on Loess Plateau were deeply analyzed. Based on climatic factors observed on Loess plateau and by using Penman-Monteith Mode, the humidity index of plant growth period was computed and terrestrial surface humidity characteristic was studied. Humidity index decreased successively from southeast to northwest during the of plant growth period in the research region. The abnormal spatial distribution of the terrestrial surface humidity condition during plant growth period was divided into three key regions: northeast part of the plateau, south part of the plateau and west part of the plateau. Apart from northeast part of the plateau, the other two regions have a remarkable descending trend on annual mean terrestrial surface humidity index; each of them had a notable mutation from wet to dry in 1978 and 1979 respectively. In the three spatial distributed regions, the terrestrial surface’s annual humidity index had a remarkable 3-4 years periodic oscillation; remarkable 5-6 years and 7-8 years periodic oscillations also appeared in south plateau and west regions. The desiccation tendency appeared to decrease from the center to the edge of Loess Plateau. The desiccation obviously showed the distribution characteristics extending from the center of the plateau to all around the region.

  Erosion Evidence Research of “Red-Bare Soil” Erosion Evidence Research of “Red-Bare Soil” Formation in the Karst Area of Eastern Yunnan Based on 137Cs Trace Method Yu Jiefang,Wang Jiaxue,Xu Luyan,Dai Yunchuan,Xiao Mengjing and Zhao Qian 2015, 31 (24):  195-198.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15050006 Abstract + ( 806 )   PDF ( 1356KB )   ( 387 ) In order to study the connection between landscape formation of “red-bare soil” and soil erosion, 137Cs change features of 3 different cover conditions under the same gradient were analyzed by the method of 137Cs trace. The results showed that: the background value of 137Cs was 878.41 Bq/m2; the distribution of 137Cs in the profile of mountain-bare-soil was relatively shallow, which was within 15 cm usually. The soil erosion rate under the Yunnan pine forest land-cover was 1252.34 t/(km2·a) and it was 3069.718 t/(km2·a) under grass land-cover, the 137Cs was not detected in the “red-bare soil”. The soil erosion rate followed the tendency of “red-bare-soil”＞grass＞pine forest. The worsening condition of mountain red earth land-cover was the fatal factor which contributed to the increase of soil erosion rate, soil erosion was the critical factor to the formation of “red-bare-soil”, and vegetation nursing was the key to control the formation of the “red-bare soil”.

  Improvement effects of weathered coal on Soda-Saline Soil 张强,,闫敏,王斌 and 黄高鉴 2015, 31 (24):  199-203.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15030154 Abstract + ( 816 )   PDF ( 1352KB )   ( 547 ) Aiming at soda- saline soil in Shanxi Datong basin under arid and semiarid climate conditions, Shanxi Lingshi weathered coal was used as modified material, field experiment was conducted, and soil pH, electrical conductivity (EC), exchange sodium percentage (ESP) and crop biomass were measured under different application amounts of weathered coal. The results showed that the relative reduction rate of soil pH of 0-10 cm increased with the increase of the application amount of weathered coal, while soil pH below 10 cm had no significant increase. When the application amount of weathered coal was small, EC and ESP had no significant difference compared with that of CK. EC and ESP reduced significantly under the application amount of 60 t/hm2. The relative reduction rate of soil pH of 1-10, 10-20 and 20-40 soil layers was 8.9%, 5.3% and 2.5% respectively under the application amount of 60 t/hm2. EC reduced 0.13 mS/cm in the soil layer of 1-10 cm, and ESP reduced from 26% to 13%. The results showed that in the improvement of soda-saline soil in Shanxi Datong, the best application amount of weathered coal was 60 t/hm2.

  Experimental Study on Soil Infiltration Capacity of Woodland in Purple Soil Area Hao Wenjing,Chen Xiaoyan,Hu Jianxin and Mo Bin 2015, 31 (24):  204-209.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15040126 Abstract + ( 1074 )   PDF ( 1403KB )   ( 436 ) Soil infiltration is an important part of soil water movement. In order to study the soil infiltration capacity of woodland in purple soil area, 2 infiltration methods (double-ring method and cutting ring method) were used to precisely evaluate the woodland infiltration capacity in purple soil area, and the results between 2 methods were analyzed and compared to explore the differences between them. The results showed that: there were some differences between infiltration capacity parameters (initial infiltration rate, stable infiltration rate, average infiltration rate) between these 2 infiltration methods, soil physicochemical properties and determination conditions had great influence on them. The differences of initial infiltration rate and average infiltration rate measured by cutting ring method were larger than that measured by double-ring method, but the steady infiltration rate was the opposite in the experiment. The average values of infiltration capacity parameters measured by double-ring method were larger than that measured by cutting ring method, the initial infiltration rate, stable infiltration rate, average infiltration rate of double-ring method were 2.36, 2.17 and 2 times bigger than that of the cutting ring method. The 4 commonly used soil infiltration models were adopted to fit the results of soil infiltration of these 2 methods, and the fitting effects of 4 models showed that: Horton model> general empirical model> Kostiakov model> Philip model, and the cutting ring method was better than double-ring method. Quadratic equation with one unknown was better than linear equation with one unknown in the fitting of soil cumulative infiltration amount, and the determination coefficients R2 of quadratic equation with one unknown were above 0.99. The results could provide reference information for the research of woodland soil infiltration in purple soil area.

  The Climate Characteristics Change of 0℃ Boundary Temperature in Linfen City Wu Haiting,Yang Binbin,Cui Yiming,Gao Suping and Dai Shumei 2015, 31 (24):  210-215.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15040198 Abstract + ( 1141 )   PDF ( 1534KB )   ( 470 ) Under the background of climate warming, it studied the changing characteristics of 0℃ boundary temperature of Linfen, in order to provide scientific basis for agricultural production. Based on the daily air temperature data of 17 meteorological stations from 1981 to 2014, by using the linear trend estimation method, moving average method, the M- K method, and anomaly, several elements were analyzed, including the beginning day, ending day, duration and accumulated temperature of the daily temperature above 0℃ stably. The results showed that the beginning day was in advanced, the ending day delayed, the duration was increased 3.9 days per decade, the ahead of beginning date was greater than the ending date delay, and the accumulated temperature of the daily temperature above 0℃ stably had an increasing trend, which increased 115.4℃ per decade in Linfen, mutation in 1993, increasing significantly enhanced after 2000; from regional distribution, central regions above 0℃ began earliest, ended latest, duration longest, the accumulated temperature above 0℃ was most abundant, the west mountain was conversely, the east mountain was between the two. The impact of climate warming to the agricultural production must be comprehensive researched.

  Impact Evaluation of Agrometeorological Disasters on Apricot Yield in Gansu Tianshui During 1982—2011 Yao Xiaohong,,Wan Xin,,Xu Yunkai,Duan Yongliang, and Wang Hongbin 2015, 31 (24):  216-221.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15020096 Abstract + ( 720 )   PDF ( 1462KB )   ( 354 ) To effectively prevent the impact of agrometeorological disasters on the production of apricot in Tianshui, this study used the statistical method and risk principle to extract the main disaster factors and constructed the model of meteorological disaster risk assessment. The analysis showed that the main disaster factors that heavily affected the apricot production were: drought in early March before flowering, freezing in early and middle April, rainy and sunlight shortage in late July during fruit stage, less rainfall and drought in May. Compared with that of 1982—1991, the 10 year average of climate yield dynamic relative deviation decreased by 29.9% in 1992—2001 and decreased by 7.8% in 2002—2011. The meteorological disaster assessment showed that the disaster years were 16 years with an accuracy rate of 94%. The accuracy rate of mild, moderate, severe and the worst disaster was 50%, 88%, 100%, 67%, respectively. The accuracy rate of mild and the worst disaster were lower but the evaluation level varied only one level comparing with the real level. The disaster evaluation accuracy was high and the result was ideal.

  Analysis of Plateau Slope Backflow Fog’s Climate Characteristics and Influencing Factors in Qingyang Zhang Hongfen,,Lu Yaqi,Yang Lijie and Jiao Meiling 2015, 31 (24):  222-227.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb14120092 Abstract + ( 856 )   PDF ( 1529KB )   ( 763 ) In order to reveal the developmental mechanism of fog in Qingyang, and further improve the forecast accuracy of fog, using the fog data of Qingyang City from 2007 to 2013, the author analyzed its climate characteristics and influencing factors. The results were as follows: the fog in Qingyang was mostly caused by backflow, and mostly occurred in Ningxian of southeastern Qingyang, the optimum season for fog occurrence was summer and autumn, mainly from July to November. Qingyang’s fog had the characteristics of continuity, sustainability, and was more local and less regional. The time of the fog’s occurrence and lift in spring and summer was different from those in autumn and winter. Humidity was the decisive factor, the temperature and fog had weakly negative correlation. Fog occurred on the ground by weak south wind (wind speed≤4 m/s), and had a certain vertical wind shear. On the ground form field, Qingyang’s fog occurred in a stable, weak or degenerative high-pressure situation, so it had the characteristic of plateau slope backflow fog.

  Weather Characteristics and Diagnostic Analysis of Summer Fogs in Dalian 2015, 31 (24):  228-236.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15030054 Abstract + ( 648 )   PDF ( 2069KB )   ( 348 ) Based on the NCEP 1°×1° reanalysis data and the conventional observation data, the features and the physical mechanism of summer fog in Dalian were analyzed. The results showed that: the distribution of fog in Dalian presented the characteristics of most fog days in east part while least fog days in north part, and the fog days had an overall rising trend, reached a peak in 2005 or 2006. Heavy fog occurred most frequently in south and east part in June and July, but showed no monthly significant difference in the other parts. Heavy fog often took place from night to the next morning when continuous summer heavy fog occurred in Dalian, the subtropical high of the high altitude layer showed a zonal distribution, there were activities with weak slot and ridge in westerlies; the lower layer was in the front of the slot and behind subtropical high field, also in the southwest vapor transport field. Meanwhile, the ground was in the top or the forepart of low pressure field, which kept blowing weakly southerly or easterly. The existence of inversion temperature layer, weak divergency and vorticity, and the slightly vertical velocity vorticity field were favorable not only for the transportation and convergency of fog, but also for the formation and the maintenance of fog. In the study, forecast index of the climate characteristics of summer fog and the continuous fog days in Dalian was obtained, which could provide a reference for summer fog forecast in Dalian.

  Analysis of Movement and Precipitation of Typhoon Fitow (1323) Hu Runjie,Li Ying,Li Xiali,Yuan Wenjie and Mei Xueying 2015, 31 (24):  237-241.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15030103 Abstract + ( 933 )   PDF ( 1929KB )   ( 406 ) The paper aims to explore the influencing factors on typhoon’s track and precipitation. Based on the NECP/NCAR and NOAA data and the precipitation data, and by using fortran software and Grads software, the causes of typhoon Fitow’s movement and precipitation were analyzed from the perspective of large scale circulation and water vapor transportation. Results showed that Fitow was continuously affected by subtropical high and westerly belt from its generating to landing. During this period, typhoon Danas pushed the subtropical high westwards and accelerated the Fitow’s landing. In the process of moving, Fitow was accelerated from October 1st 02:00 to 2nd 08:00 because of the strong steering flow and the moving speed decreased from 2nd 14:00 to 4th 14:00 due to the weakened steering flow. However, at 4th 20:00 it began to turn to west and accelerated when subtropical high moved westward due to the enhanced steering flow. The big proportion of precipitation caused by Fitow (October 6th -9th) happened in Yuyao in northern Zhejiang and the southeast of Zhejiang. The whole vapor belt from southern of the subtropical high in the Pacific Ocean to Jiangsu and Zhejiang provided a continuous supply of water to Fitow and caused a heavy rainfall in Zhejiang P rovince.

  Comparison of Polysaccharide and Alkaloid Contents in Dendrobium Wang Zaihua,Li Jie,Zhang Jinhui,Zhu Genfa,Liang Cuiling and Ye Qingsheng 2015, 31 (24):  242-246.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15040077 Abstract + ( 1584 )   PDF ( 1427KB )   ( 491 ) The quality of Dendrobium species is depended on the contents of medicinal compositions, and selecting high quality Dendrobium is important for production and application. The polysaccharide and alkaloid contents were determined among 35 Dendrobium wild species and cultivars using the hot water extraction and acid dye colormetric method, respectively. The results showed that the polysaccharide contents of Dendrobium wild species and cultivars were between 2.0%-39.1% and 9.4%-23.7%, respectively, and the alkaloid contents of those were 0%-0.638% and 0.156%-0.308%, respectively. D.pendulum, D.officinale and D.devonianum had higher polysaccharide contents than others, while the alkaloid content of D.primulinum was significantly higher than that of others, followed by D. aphyllum, D.crepidatum and D.nobile. Meanwhile, Sect. Dendribium had the highest average polysaccharide content (23.2%) and alkaloid content (0.2%) in all samples, followed by cultivars (18.4% and 0.2%). The polysaccharide and alkaloid contents had significant differences among different Dendrobium wild species and cultivars, and selecting the proper Dendrobium should be in accord with objectives in practice.

  Process Optimization of Microwave Extraction of Lycorine from Lycoris herb Wen Zhuoqiong,Jiang Lihua,Xiong Hairong,Xiong Yuanfu,Hu Hongyuan and Liu Qiwen 2015, 31 (24):  247-251.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15040133 Abstract + ( 885 )   PDF ( 1456KB )   ( 457 ) To optimize the process conditions of microwave extraction of lycorine from wild Lycoris herb, the single factor experiments of the solid-liquid ratio, microwave watt, extraction temperature, extraction time and extraction times were made by means of using wild Lycoris herb as raw material and ethanol as extractant, and the optimal technics conditions of the extraction were obtained by orthogonal experiment L9(34). Effects of the microwave extraction were compared with those of conventional solvent extraction. Results showed that the optimal conditions of microwave extraction were as follows: the ratio of sample to solvent was 1:6 (g:mL), microwave watt 320 W, extraction temperature 60℃, extraction time 6 min, and extraction 2 times. The extraction ratio and yield of lycorine were 95.5% and 0.0391%, respectively. The concentration of lycorine in the extract was 12.35%. Compared with the conventional solvent method, the microwave method had advantages of less extraction time, higher extraction ratio and less extraction times. The general effect of microwave method was better than that of conventional solvent method.

  Optimization of Extraction Technology of Irones from Iris tectorum by Response Surface Methodology Mao Zhuxin,Han Guijun,Zhou Junhui,Cui Xin’ai and Chen Hao 2015, 31 (24):  252-257.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15050080 Abstract + ( 1104 )   PDF ( 2017KB )   ( 476 ) The objective of this study was to shorten irones production cycle. Fresh iris rhizome was used as raw material, nitrite oxidation conversion was used as a new method, on the basis of single factor experiments, the data were used to make regression analysis with Design-Expert software, and the extraction process was optimized by response surface methodology. The result showed that, under the condition of extraction temperature 30℃, nitrite concentration at 0.9 g/L, liquid-to-solid ratio at 12:1 (mL/g), the extraction time at 60 h, the extraction yield of irones could reach 0.30 g/kg. In order to confirm the stability of the new process, three parallel experiments were performed with the new method, and the relative error of the method was found to be 3.33%. The new method of nitrite oxidation extraction in the present study could extract irones from the fresh rhizome of iris. And the method was optimized by response surface methodology, which made the method more stable and feasible. It concluded that the new method was worth popularization and application.

  Comparative Research on County Economy in Jiangxi Province:Based on Study of Total Factor of Productivity Wu Chunya 2015, 31 (24):  258-264.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15040119 Abstract + ( 638 )   PDF ( 1429KB )   ( 461 ) The study aims to compare the total factor of productivity and find the reasons of different development levels of county economy in Jiangxi Province and enrich the research filed of productivity. The author calculated the total factor productivity index, including technical progress index and technical efficiency index, of 80 counties in Jiangxi Province from 2000 to 2010 by using the DEA-Malmquist index method. Then, the author analyzed the total factor productivity from the perspectives of overall situation, internal structure, time trends and spatial distribution. The results show that the total factor productivity of Jiangxi Province is low on the whole, and individual difference is significant. Regarding the internal structure, the counties in Jiangxi belong to four types: ‘lower TE and lower TC’, ‘higher TE and higher TC’, ‘higher TE and lower TC’ and ‘lower TE and higher TC’. Among these types, counties with ‘higher TE and lower TC’ account for the most; regarding the time trend, total factor productivity of counties in Jiangxi shows an obvious phase fluctuation, there are differences of productivity change models at different stages; regarding the regional distribution, total factor productivity of counties in Jiangxi shows an inverted U type characteristics, obviously ‘high in the middle and low in the north and the south’. Finally, the author suggests that the drive of the county economy growth in Jiangxi Province should be the factor of production other than productivity.

  Investment Spatial Disparity Pattern of Land Consolidation Projects in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Regions Su Jinfeng and Gao Minhua 2015, 31 (24):  265-270.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15040182 Abstract + ( 729 )   PDF ( 1621KB )   ( 425 ) The study aims to scientifically analyze and evaluate the change of investment trends in the temporal-spatial distribution of Xinjiang land consolidation projects and research the aggregation of the land consolidation investment in space exploration, and provide theoretical and practical basis for land consolidation investment. Based on the data of the land consolidation projects from 2001 to 2013 at the district or county-level in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Regions, this article explores empirically land consolidation differences in time, space, and autocorrelation. The results showed that: during 2001-2013, the land consolidation activities in various areas of Xinjiang were carried out, the scale of construction, investment scale and the number of projects increased in a wave mode; land consolidation projects presented a strong spatial autocorrelation pattern and its diffusion effect gradually appeared. Based on the analysis of the results, the author suggested that Xinjiang should continue to focus on existing cultivated land and basic farmland rearrangement in the future 5-10 years, at the same time, investments in Xinjiang should take into consideration the balancing issues, so as to better promote the balanced development of Xinjiang Autonomous Regions.

  Calculating of Agricultural Production Efficiency in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region and Research on Influencing Factors Zhang Yu,Sun Dayan and Hu Qitu 2015, 31 (24):  271-276.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15050031 Abstract + ( 816 )   PDF ( 1525KB )   ( 411 ) The study aims to understand agricultural production efficiency of each league (city) of Inner Mongolia, and analyze the factors that affect agricultural production efficiency. Eleven cities of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region were selected as the research objects. The agricultural production efficiency in every city was calculated based on Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) method, and Tobit regression model was adopted to analyze the influencing factors. The results showed that the agricultural production efficiency in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region was high as a whole, but only four cities were proved to be completely effective by DEA, and it was still necessary for other cities to improve their agricultural production efficiency. Regional concentration of the agricultural production efficiency was not obvious, areas with more lands and fewer inhabitants were more efficient. Among the influencing factors of agricultural production efficiency, the support of local government for agriculture and agricultural scale production had an obvious positive effect, but dependable degree of regional agriculture had an obvious negative effect. The results could enhance the understanding to agricultural production efficiency of each league (city) of Inner Mongolia and have certain reference to improve agricultural production efficiency.

  Connotation and Evaluation Study on New Agricultural Modernization: Taking Henan Province as an Example Shangguan Caixia,Tian Mingjin and Meng Junjie 2015, 31 (24):  277-284.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15050064 Abstract + ( 660 )   PDF ( 1399KB )   ( 443 ) In order to deeply explore and explain the scientific connotation of the new agricultural modernization, and build the index system of the new agricultural modernization, the author combined objective evaluation method (entropy weight method) and the subjective evaluation method (analytic hierarchy process) to determine the index weight, and conducted quantify calculation using the statistics data from Henan Province and its 18 cities of 2013. The results showed that the achieving rate of the new agricultural modernization in Henan Province was 57.73%, it had entered a stage of rapid development. The achieving rates of stable and high yield of grain, land productivity and modern agricultural equipment were higher, but the achieving rates of agricultural resources utilization, organization, standardization, farmers’ quality and the agricultural service system were low. The new agricultural modernization realization degrees were imbalanced among the 18 cities, the degree in hilly region was generally lower than that in plain region. In order to make sure that Henan Province could reach the goal of the new agricultural modernization, aiming at the short board in its new agricultural modernization, the author puts forward policy suggestions including developing farmers’ professional cooperatives and agricultural industrialization, cultivating new type farmers who are well-educated, skillful and good at farming, setting up the standard system on pre-production, in-production and post-production in agricultural production process, and constructing the modern agricultural service system which is whole course covering, comprehensive matching, convenient and efficient.

  Research on Problems of the Left-behind Elderly in Rural Western Industrial Cities: Take Baoji as an Example Xu Yuxia 2015, 31 (24):  285-290.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15060002 Abstract + ( 629 )   PDF ( 1297KB )   ( 530 ) The study aims to understand the current living status of the left-behind elderly in Baoji city, and provide policy references for the government to solve the problems of the left-behind elderly. In this paper, the living status of 354 left-behind elderly from 4 towns of Baoji City were investigated and compared using questionnaire survey and home interview. The results showed that the living status of the left-behind elderly in rural areas of Baoji had the following problems: poor health conditions, the village clinic could not meet the left-behind elderly demand; single source of income, material standard of living was low; the lack of spiritual and cultural life, no village elderly activity center at present; inter-generational education pressure, unattended life. To improve and enhance the living conditions of rural left-behind elderly in Baoji, it is necessary to further improve the new rural cooperative medical care system, to find a number of ways to increase the income of left-behind elderly, to build village elderly centers, and to have nurseries and pre-schools to ease inter-generational education pressure for the left-behind elderly.