Current issue

• 2015 Vol.31 No.22 Published:20 August 2015

  Influence of Sand Fixation Chemicals on Biodiversities of Plants and Microorganisms on Degraded Sands Wen Xuefei 2015, 31 (22):  1-6.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb14100139 Abstract + ( 1512 )   PDF ( 1318KB )   ( 458 ) Chemical-biological sand fixation is an effective technology for sand control. In order to understand the effects of sand fixation chemicals on biodiversities of plants and microorganisms, this study investigated treatments such as 450, 600, 750 kg/hm2 chemical and took no chemical treatment as control, and analyzed the biodiversities of plants and microorganisms. The results showed that after application of chemical, the importance value of community increased as dominance. The height, coverage and biomass increased in all treatments except control, which indicated that sand fixation chemical had an improving effect on growth of community and treatment of 600 kg/hm2 had the best effect. As the application amount increased, the biodiversity of plants and microorganisms both decreased, however, the dominance both increased. There was a linear correlation between diversity of plants and microorganisms, as well as the dominance. Plants influenced the soil environment and then had an impact on the structure of microorganism community and its biodiversity.

  Evaluation of Ecosystem Service Value of Farmland Shelterbelt on Wind Prevention and Sand Fixation in Xinjiang Zhu Yuwei,Sang Baye,Wang Yonghong,Liu Kang,Chen Qimin and Chu Fenfei 2015, 31 (22):  7-12.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15020007 Abstract + ( 1369 )   PDF ( 1555KB )   ( 482 ) Evaluation of ecosystem service value of farmland shelterbelt on wind prevention and sand fixation is of vital importance to regional economic development and ecological environment protection. In this case, service function value of farmland shelterbelt on wind prevention and sand fixation in Xinjiang from 2007 to 2011 was evaluated by applying methods including market price and shadow price. Results showed that the total ecological service function value of the farmland shelterbelt in 2007 and 2011 was 7.35×109 yuan and 1.28×1010 yuan, respectively. The soil protection value of farmland shelterbelt played a major role in the service function value on wind prevention and sand fixation. The increase of total ecological service value of farmland forest product and wind prevention and sand fixation were 1.765×109 yuan. The soil protection value was the largest (8.24×108 yuan), followed by sand fixation value (5.405×108 yuan) and forest product value (4.005×108 yuan). Due to the fact that the ecological service function value of the shelterbelt on wind prevention and sand fixation was tremendous, it was suggested that ecological service market compensation mechanisms and perfected evaluation method of ecological service function value should be established as early as possible, so as to transform the shelterbelt from ecological style to an ecological and economical style.

  Composition and Community Structure of Mixed Broadleaf-conifer Forest Species in Jiaohe, Jilin Province Wei Yanbo,Xia Fucai,Bai Xiaoxia,Zhang Limin,Zhang Lijun,Zhang Zhonghui and Bao Guangdao 2015, 31 (22):  13-20.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15030158 Abstract + ( 1664 )   PDF ( 1863KB )   ( 852 ) To further analyze research succession and species composition of the mixed forest, a permanent monitoring plot of 21.84 hm2 (420 m× 520 m) in forest region of Dapo Forestry Station of Jiaohe Forestry Experimentation Administrative Bureau was established, in which all trees were sized by diameter breast height (DBH) and mapped. There were 30310 genotype individuals and 32268 individuals with branch, belonging to 47 species, 28 genera and 18 families. The analysis of size-class distribution showed that pioneer species Acer mandshuricum, Juglans mandshurica, Acer mono, Pinus koraiensis, Ulmus macrocarpa, Ulmus japonica, Fraxinus mandschurica and Ulmus laciniata were obviously dominant species. Different species showed different structure types: partial normal, invert “J” distribution or even “L” distribution. The mean neighborhood pattern showed that different species and diameter classes had different spatial distribution patterns. All the individuals among the Pinus Koraiensis and Juglans mandshurica forest were randomly distributed, and other dominant tree species were clumped distributed; the rest were clumped distributed at different DBH classes except the random distribution of the Juglans mandshurica and the Acer mono with DBH above 10 cm and Pinus koraiensis with DBH below 10 cm. According to compositions and distributions of the species, there were abundant species of coniferous and mixed broad-leaved forest in Jiaohe, in addition, the community was at an early stage of succession, which had a high value of protection.

  Study on Relationship Model of Leaf Area Index and Site Index, Stand Age, Stand Density of Larix principis-rupprechtii Plantations Wang Xiongbin,Xu Chengli,Yu Xinxiao and Li Jie 2015, 31 (22):  21-25.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb14120176 Abstract + ( 926 )   PDF ( 1592KB )   ( 520 ) In order to research the ecological function of Larix principis-rupprechtii forest and improve forest management, the relationship model of leaf area index and stand age, stand density, site index of Larix principis-rupprechtii forest was fitted with statistical software. The model was based on the investigation data of 209 pieces of Larix principis-rupprechtii forest standard, taking stand density, forest age, site index as the independent variables, and the canopy leaf area index as the dependent variable. The results showed that the relationship model of leaf area index and stand age, stand density and site index had the following characteristics: the canopy leaf area index of Larix principis-rupprechtii forest increased with the increase of stand age, stand density and site index. In the condition of low stand age and stand density, the crown closure was also low, the leaf area index increased linearly with the increase of stand density and age, while the leaf area index increased slowly with the increase of stand density and age when crown closure was high. The steady value of leaf area index was higher in the higher site index forest. The emulation values of the fitting model coincided with the actual condition. The theoretical value of the canopy leaf area index of Larix principis-rupprechtii forest can be obtained quickly by the fitting model.

  Preparation of Activated Carbon from Salix psammophila Wood with Potassium Hydroxide as Activation Agent Zhu Yahong,Sun Quan,Zhu Mingqiang and Wang Rui 2015, 31 (22):  26-31.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb14120151 Abstract + ( 1223 )   PDF ( 1755KB )   ( 540 ) Activated carbon is a kind of porous carbon with adsorption simple substance, and has been widely used in food processing, military chemistry, environmental protection, etc. Through the utilization of Salix psammophila wood, the author selected potassium hydroxide as the activating agent, prepared sand willow wood activated carbon, and investigated the effect of microwave irradiation, activator concentration, liquid-solid ratio, dipping time, radiation time, radiation power and other factors on the adsorption properties of activated carbon prepared by orthogonal optimization of the results of single factor test. The optimum technological condition for preparing sand willow wood activated carbon through activation of potassium hydroxide was: liquid-solid ratio 4:1, soaking time 18 h, irradiation power 560 W, irradiation time 20 min; under this condition, the activated carbon iodine adsorption value was 1011.01 mg/g, reaching the GB/T 13803.2—1999 standard.

  Study on the Species of Fraxinus from Henan Province Song Lianghong,Chen Juntong,Li Xiaokang,Zhao Tianbang,Chen Zhixiu and Wang Hua 2015, 31 (22):  32-38.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15010204 Abstract + ( 1034 )   PDF ( 1551KB )   ( 458 ) In order to provide excellent Fraxinus species for landscaping, timber forest, economic forest and water source conservation forest, etc., the author not only systematically studied the genus germplasm resources and variety breeding, but also carried out an investigation on the introduction and acclimatization of species resources of the genus in Henan. In addition, the author tentatively put forward Henan Fraxinus classification system in this paper. The research results showed that the classification system of the genus was: genus, subgenus, group, subgroup, species, subspecies, varieties; this genus was divided into 2 subgenera, 5 groups, 2 subgroups, 18 species, 1 subspecies, 6 varieties, including 2 new record subgenus, 5 new record group, 1 new subgroup, 5 new record species, 1 new record subspecies, 2 new record varieties，2 varieties and 2 new varieties. At the same time, the author also described the main use and excellent properties of the genus and so on.

  Research on Geographic Provenance Variation and Morphological Characteristics Differences of Xanthoceras sorbifolia Seeds in Shanxi Province Zhang Yunxiang,Liu Jingjing,Guo Jinping and Bai Jinhua 2015, 31 (22):  39-45.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1499 Abstract + ( 907 )   PDF ( 1482KB )   ( 435 ) Based on the research on the law of morphological characteristics variation of Xanthoceras sorbifolia seeds from different geographic provenances in Shanxi Province, this paper revealed the relationship between geographic variation and environmental factors, in order to utilize the geographic variation of population from different provenances. This paper compared the seeds traits variations of the wild adult trees from 18 geographic provenances in Shanxi Province with variance analysis, partial correlation and cluster analysis. The differences of length, width, thickness, morphological indices and 1000-grain weight of seeds from 18 geographic provenances were significant. The morphological indices above were positively correlated with annual average temperature of geographic habitat. There was an obvious law of geographic variation in morphological indices of seeds, the morphological indices decreased gradually with the increase of longitude. There was no obvious geographic and air temperature variation law of oil yielding rate. The oil yielding rate of kernel, seed and seed shell were negatively related with elevation. The oil yielding rate of seed was also affected by the annual precipitation, and it increased gradually with the increase of annual precipitation. The Xanthoceras sorbifolia seeds of 18 geographic provenances could be classified into 4 types according to the morphological characteristics and oil yielding rate using UPGMA method.

  Research Advances on Physiology and Biochemistry in Cold and Drought Resistance of Palmae Liu Yanju and Cao Hongxing 2015, 31 (22):  46-50.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15020021 Abstract + ( 950 )   PDF ( 1321KB )   ( 440 ) Palmae plant is one of the most important families in tropical regions of the world, with high ornamental and economic value. Low temperature and drought are the main factors limiting growth and cultivation area of palm plants. The physiological and biochemical changes in plants can directly reflect the cold and drought resistance strength. We reviewed the physiology and biochemistry research progress on cold and drought resistance of palm plants, analyzed their variation law, proposed methods to improve the cold and drought resistance of palm plants, and made prospects on the future research direction. Finally, we provided the reference for further study on cold and drought resistance mechanism of palm plants and improving the cold and drought resistance of palm plants.

  Study on Relationship Between the Distributions of Calligonum mongolicum Communities and Soil Physical and Chemical Properties in the Edge of Minqin Oasis Wan Xiang,Wang Li,Xu Xianying,Zhao Peng,Zhang Jinhu,Tang Weidong and Chai Chengwu 2015, 31 (22):  51-56.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15010248 Abstract + ( 788 )   PDF ( 1548KB )   ( 483 ) In the background of global climate and land use change, understanding of the relationship between vegetation and soil environment timely is useful to predict the succession change of vegetation communities. Based on field survey and laboratory analysis, the relationship between C. mongolicum communities’ spatial distribution and soil physical and chemical properties in the edge of Minqin Oasis was studied with the methods of traditional statistical and redundancy analysis (RDA). The results showed that there were only 14 plant species which belonged to 7 families and 14 genera in the study area. The species composition and structure of C. mongolicum communities were poor and simple. Water and nutrient condition of C. mongolicum communities was poor, mainly was coarsening and weakly alkaline sandy soil. The RDA results showed that pH and EC had significant influence on the distribution of C. mongolicum communities. As an important sand-fixation afforestation variety, the author suggested that soil salinity should be given more consideration when choosing planting site.

  Effects of Different Growth Temperatures on Photosynthesis and Plastid Pigment Catabolism of Tobacco Leaves at Different Growth Stages 龚明 2015, 31 (22):  57-74.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15020075 Abstract + ( 1353 )   PDF ( 1868KB )   ( 586 ) To investigate the effects of different growth temperature on photosynthesis, content of plastid pigments, enzyme activities and gene expression of plastid pigment catabolism in tobacco leaves at different growth stages, the tobacco cultivar‘Yunyan 87’was used as experimental material, and different growth temperatures were simulated in artificial climate chambers similar to the temperatures in Jiangchuan Yunnan, Zunyi Guizhou, and Xiangxian Henan during the transplanting to resettling stage, resettling to squaring stage and mature stage of‘Yunyan 87’plants. The results indicated that the growth temperature treatments simulated to the above- mentioned three regions had similar effects on photosynthetic rate, content of chlorophyll and carotenoid, and activities of metabolism related enzymes with prolonged tobacco growth and development stages, which firstly showed an lower level at early growth stage, then rise at middle growth stage, and gradually decline at mature stage, like a parabolic type. In general, different growth temperatures all could influence photosynthetic rate, content of plastid pigments, activities of metabolism related enzymes and gene expression to some extent in tobacco leaves at different growth stages. Compared to other growth stages, the temperature at mature stage demonstrated the most significant effects on photosynthetic rate and content of plastid pigments. Xiangxian, which had higher growth temperature than the other two regions, was more suitable for photosynthesis and accumulation of plastid pigments in tobacco leaves. In addition, the temperature simulated to Zunyi was also suitable for carotenoid accumulation. These results explain why tobacco leaves from these three regions have great differences in tobacco flavor style based on photosynthesis and plastid pigment catabolism to some extent.

  Ways of Improving the Quality of Flue-cured Tobacco in View of Varieties Cao Jinglin,Cheng Junqi,,Li Yapei and Wu Chenglin 2015, 31 (22):  75-87.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb14100110 Abstract + ( 1208 )   PDF ( 1619KB )   ( 450 ) The quality of flue-cured tobacco is closely related to the quality of cigarette products and farmers’ economic benefit in planting tobacco, as variety is the foundation of flue-cured tobacco production, so it is important to explore the ways of improving the quality of flue-cured tobacco in China in view of varieties. In this paper, the evaluation criteria for the quality of flue-cured tobacco and the influencing factors were summed up on the basis of literatures of domestic scholars, and the effects of varieties on the quality of flue-cured tobacco were analyzed combined with the actual situation of tobacco production and breeding experience. It was supposed that the evaluation on the flue-cured tobacco quality should be combined with the specific demands of cigarette industries for the quality of tobacco leaves, and concerning a particular ecological environment, the variety was the most important factor among many factors which affected the quality of flue-cured tobacco. The effect of varieties on the quality of flue-cured tobacco included the genetic background of varieties which determined the quality of tobacco leaves, the interaction of varieties and ecological conditions which strengthened the quality of tobacco leaves, the anti-adversity and resistance of varieties which ensured the quality of tobacco leaves, and the harmony of varieties with production technologies which enhanced the quality of tobacco leaves. Accordingly, the paper put forward the ways to improve the quality of flue-cured tobacco in China in view of varieties, including: (1) to carry out the breeding aiming at the practical requirement of flue-cured tobacco production; (2) to make a rational distribution of flue-cured tobacco varieties and select the optimum variety for the suitable area,(3) to develop suitable planting technique for good varieties according to their characteristics.

  Effect of Planting Density on Growth of Summer Water Spinach in Greenhouse Gu Dalu,Sun Aixia,Yang Wenfei,Zhu Yunlin and Wang Weizhong 2015, 31 (22):  88-92.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15010244 Abstract + ( 1409 )   PDF ( 1460KB )   ( 594 ) To study the effect of planting density on yield and quality of summer water spinach in the idle greenhouse, 4 planting densities, 20 cm×15 cm, 20 cm×10 cm, 15 cm×15 cm, 15 cm×10 cm, were employed in the experiment to investigate the variation of production, yield and quality of water spinach. The results showed that different planting densities had a certain influence on yield and quality of summer water spinach planted in greenhouse. The water spinach at the density of 20 cm×10 cm obtained the highest production and yield, and possessed lower nitrate content and higher soluble protein, Vc, dry matter content which improved the quality. Therefore, the large or small planting density of water spinach can not acquire high production, yield and quality. Only with an appropriate planting density, water spinach can obtain higher production, yield and the best quality at the same time.

  Comparison of Agronomic Traits and Flower Stalk Quality of Several Chinese Kale Varieties Xie Jing,Li Zhijun,Lu Wenjia,Zeng Jing and Suo Haicui 2015, 31 (22):  93-98.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15050106 Abstract + ( 1212 )   PDF ( 1515KB )   ( 579 ) In order to evaluate the applying value of a newly bred F1 hybrid ‘#25’ of Chinese kale, its agronomic traits and flower stalk quality were compared with those of 5 F1 and 3 conventional varieties planted in Guangdong. The results indicated that: there were significant differences in yield, plant characters, flower stalk traits and total sugar, protein and crude fiber contents among 9 tested varieties, except for vitamin C content of flower stalk. Comparing with the 3 conventional varieties, 6 F1 varieties showed more uniform growth and relatively concentrated harvest period of flower stalk, in which the main and side flower stalk yields of ‘#25’, ‘Shunbao’ and ‘Qiancui’ ranked top three and exhibited obvious yield advantage, and the yields of ‘Lvbao’ and ’Xiacui’ were lower, but had early maturity with higher stem-leaf ratio of flower stalk, and a good appearance characteristic of flower stalk. Through comprehensive comparison, the newly bred F1 ‘#25’ has the advantages of vigorous growth, good plant type, high flower stalk yield, relatively better commodity traits and quality, and consequently it is worthy of popularization and application in the kale-growing areas of south China.

  Research on Sunless Grade Index of Tomato in Solar Greenhouse Li Nan,Xue Xiaoping,Zhang Jibo and Chen Chen 2015, 31 (22):  99-104.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15030021 Abstract + ( 808 )   PDF ( 1551KB )   ( 567 ) This study aimed to investigate the sunless grade index of tomato’s seedling stage and mature stage in solar greenhouse. According sunless experiments on tomato’s seedling stage and mature stage in solar greenhouse, meteorological grade indexes of chilling damage were explored in this study. The sunless damage was divided into 4 grades, which were non-damage, light-damage, medium-damage, and heavy-damage. The photosynthetic rates of plant samples and contrast samples were observed and analyzed by different durations of sunless. With the records of plants growing condition and analysis of sample yield after sunless treatment, the sunless grade indexes in solar greenhouse were decided. Results showed that the sunless grade indexes of seedling stage were non-damage (3 days and less than 3 days), light-damage (4-7 days), medium-damage (8-10 days), and heavy-damage (more than 10 days); the sunless grade index of mature stage: non-damage (3 days and less than 3 days), light-damage (4-5 days), medium-damage (5-10 days), and heavy-damage (more than 10 days). These results will provide the basis for sunless forewarning in tomato production in solar greenhouse.

  Effect of High Nitrogen Controlled-release Fertilizer on Physiological Growth and Dry Matter Distribution in Different Organs of Pepper Huo Shunli,Xie Jianming,Shen Lei,Qi Guangbin,Wang Xiaolong,Xue Juan,Yang Rui,Yu Hongxiang and He Zhixue 2015, 31 (22):  105-110.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15020013 Abstract + ( 989 )   PDF ( 1446KB )   ( 413 ) Taking pepper ‘Longjiao No.5’ cultivated in pot as the material, no fertilizer (CK) and conventional fertilizer (CK1) as contrast, the author studied pepper plant growth, dry matter accumulation and the distribution of dry matter in each organ under different fertilizations: application of high nitrogen controlled-release fertilizer once and application of conventional fertilizer with "basal fertilizer once and top dressing many times", so as to save labor and fertilizer, increase fertilizer use efficiency, and provide a theory for the reasonable application of controlled-release fertilizer in vegetable production. Results showed that, compared with CK, fertilizers could enhance the plant height, stem diameter, leaf area, dry matter of shoot and total plant and root activity. 120 days after being planted, compared with the application of conventional fertilizer (CK1), dry matter accumulation of controlled-release fertilizer applications (T3, T4) was 19.3%-30.5% lower, and the rate of dry matter accumulation was 20.8%-33.5% lower. 120 days after transplant, compared with CK1, dry matter accumulation of T3 and T4 was 3.9%-15.5% higher, and the rate of dry matter accumulation was 60.9%-63.6% higher. The maximum rate of dry matter accumulation was 26-29 days later than that of CK1. Dry matter distribution in root of T3 and T4 was lower than that of CK1 by 8.3%-11.1%, but in the leaves, it was 7.0%-7.2% higher. Therefore, the basal application of controlled-release fertilizer once could benefit later growth of pepper.

  Effects of Low Temperature, Weak Light and Salt Stress on Growth and Physiological Characteristics of Pepper Seedling Wang Qinli,Xu Yaozhao,Yan Fang,Yang Hongtian,Hou Liangyu and Zhang Wenbin 2015, 31 (22):  111-114.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15050163 Abstract + ( 876 )   PDF ( 1542KB )   ( 638 ) In order to provide references for the varieties choice of sunlight greenhouse, the growth and physiological characteristics of different pepper varieties’ seedling were studied under low temperature, weak light and salt stress conditions in this paper. The seedling physiological indexes of MDA content , SOD activity and seedling growth indexes of height, root length and stem diameter on the different varieties of pepper seedling were determined with the 25℃ of day temperature and 5℃ of night temperature, 8000 lx of light intensity, 8 h of day light cycle and 16 h of night light cycle and pepper varieties seedling of 200 μmol/L NaCl solution and 15 days in pepper seedling of 7 leaf stage on ‘Longjiao 2’, ‘Longjiao 5’ and ‘Hengjiaoxinguanlong’ as test materials. The comprehensive evaluation of pepper varieties resistance was studied by the method of the average number of subordinate function values. The results showed that, compared with that of CK, plant height, root length, stem diameter, SOD enzyme activity of pepper seedling decreased for different degrees. The MDA content increased. The average number of subordinate function value of ‘Longjiao 5’ was the largest, followed by ‘Longjiao2’, and the average number of subordinate function value of ‘Hengjiaoxinguanlong’ was the minimum. The growth and physiological indicators of pepper seedling had different degrees of change under low temperature and weak light and salt stress conditions. ‘Longjiao 5’ and ‘Longjiao 3’ were suitable for long season cultivation in Hexi area greenhouse. ‘Hengjiaoxinguanlong’ was suitable for early spring greenhouse crop cultivation.

  Effect of Adding Chlormequat Chloride in Nutrient Solution on Inhibition of Spindling with Cucumber in Summer 2015, 31 (22):  115-119.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15020076 Abstract + ( 1623 )   PDF ( 1527KB )   ( 651 ) Seedling culture in nutrient solution without substrate is a new seedling technology for vegetables. As the plants are grown in nutrient solution for the entire seedling stage, how to control excessive growth and how to cultivate strong seedlings are the problems to be solved, especially in summer. To study the effect of chlormequat chloride (CCC) on inhibition of spindling and cultivation of sound seedlings with cucumber in summer, different concentrations (5, 10, 15 mg/kg) of CCC were added in nutrient solution. The results showed that adding CCC in nutrient solution could apparently reduce hypocotyl length, plant height as well as internode length. With CCC treatment, the color of leaves became greener, the ratio of root to shoot was higher. Compared to the control, the seedling index of 5, 10, 15 mg/kg treatments increased by 27.3%, 45.5% and 15.2%, respectively. This suggested that adding CCC in nutrient solution could inhibit seedling spindling and the biomass accumulation in aerial parts, and promote the growth of underground part, which was beneficial to formation of strong seedling. Among the three treatments, adding 10 mg/kg CCC in nutrient solution had the best effect on inhibition of the excessive growth and cultivation of strong seedling with cucumber in summer.

  Research on Daily Variation of Sap Flow of Apple Trees Under Different Weather Conditions Xu Haihong,Guo Xianghong and Qiu Qunyi 2015, 31 (22):  120-124.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15040030 Abstract + ( 1045 )   PDF ( 1419KB )   ( 568 ) Through study on the changing rule of sap flow of apple trees, the variation of water consumption of the canopy (field transpiration) is expected to be made clear. The author set TDP stem sap flow gauge on apple tree trunk, collected data under 3 different weather conditions, and studied the changing rule of trunk sap flow with time and the change rule after irrigation. Results showed that sap flow of apple tree under different weather conditions was in an order as: sunny day> cloudy day> rainy day. On sunny and cloudy days, the variation showed a single peak curve just like the shape of the Chinese character ‘几’, while it showed a multi-peak curve on rainy days. When studying the changing rule of trunk sap flow with time, it was found that the order of the maximum value during the day from June to September was June> September> July> August, while the order of the average daily value was June> August> July> September. When studying the variation of trunk sap flow after irrigation, it was found that the value on the day irrigated was the smallest during 5 days, no matter it was peak value or daily value. The sap flow changing rule of apple trunk found in the study provided basic data for preliminary study on field transpiration of apple trees.

  Correlation Analysis of Fruit Nutrients of Ziziphus jujuba ‘Huizao’ and Ziziphus jujuba ‘Junzao’ Yang Lei,Xu Yeting,Fan Dingyu,Hao Qing,Zhang Ping and Lu Chunsheng 2015, 31 (22):  125-129.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15040147 Abstract + ( 1406 )   PDF ( 1544KB )   ( 481 ) The purpose of this project was to study the correlation of fruit nutrients (mineral element, total sugar, total acid and Vc) of ‘Huizao’ and ‘Junzao’ in Kashi, Xinjiang. The ripening fruits of 5 years old ‘Huizao’ and ‘Junzao’ were used as materials to determine the content of mineral elements, total sugar, total acid and Vc. The results showed that the order of the main mineral elements was K>N>Ca>P>Mg>Fe>Zn>Cu>Mn>B in both ‘Huizao’ and ‘Junzao’ fruits. 7 (Fe, Mg, K, P, N, Vc and total acid) of 13 indicators in ‘Junzao’ were significantly higher than that in ‘Huizao’. The contents of Ca and total sugar in ‘Junzao’ were also higher than that in ‘Huizao’ but did not reach the significant levels. However, the contents of B, Zn, Cu and Mn in ‘Huizao’ were higher than that in ‘Junzao’, but did not reach the significant levels. All 72 pairs of data from 13 indicators in ‘Huizao’ were correlated. Among them, 35 pairs were correlated significantly. In ‘Junzao’, 71 out of 72 pairs data were correlated, among them 30 pairs were correlated significantly. Collaboration and suppression coexisted among mineral elements, total sugar, total acid and Vc in the fruits of both ‘Huizao’ and ‘Junzao’. Fruit quality was the result of coordinated regulation of various nutrients.

  Research Progress of the Root Distribution 2015, 31 (22):  130-135.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15020037 Abstract + ( 1398 )   PDF ( 566KB )   ( 648 ) Root system is one of the important organs of plants. Whether the roots grow well or badly directly affects roots’ability in absorbing water and nutrients from soils, and also affects yield and quality of fruits. At present, study on roots mainly adopts direct and indirect methods. Research summary showed that roots of fruit trees mainly distributed in a certain area, and displayed a decreasing trend with the increase of distance. Different plant species or different varieties of the same species had great effect on roots distribution. Plants grown on plain areas had deeper and higher root biomass than those on slope lands. Roots grew up towards water and fertilizer, so increase of water and fertilizer led to growth of roots. Roots growth also varied with the changing of time, which meant trees of different ages or same tree age in different stages had different roots distribution. Different planting patterns, planting densities, agronomic measures, irrigation techniques and soils with different water distribution also had important effect on roots distribution. The paper pointed out problems existing in current studies on roots distribution and suggested corresponding solutions, so as to provide references for further study.

  Role of Abscisic Acid in Senescence of Tree Peony Cut Flower Cui Yuanyuan,Guo Xianfeng,Xing Shutang and Yu Xiaoyan 2015, 31 (22):  136-141.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15010199 Abstract + ( 1237 )   PDF ( 1591KB )   ( 463 ) The study aims to investigate the role of abscisic acid in senescence of tree peony cut flower and provide a theoretical basis for the development of preservation technology. The tree peony cut flower ‘Ruhua Siyu’ which produced ethylene in a like climacteric type was taken as material to investigate the influence of ABA and sodium tungstate (ABA biosynthesis inhibitor) on flower opening index, diameter increasing rate, vase life, best viewing period, ABA contents and endogenous ethylene production of petals during vase period. The results showed that the senescence process was hastened, vase life and best viewing period were shortened by exogenous ABA treatment. Significant and positive relationship was found between ABA contents and endogenous ethylene production of petals. The ABA peak of petals preceded the endogenous ethylene peak all the time. ABA may indirectly hasten the senescence process of cut tree peony flower by inducing great ethylene production.

  Existence Characteristics of Endogenous Inhibitor in 4 Species of Viburnum Seeds Yang Yihua,Liang Ming,Sun Bo and Gong Wei 2015, 31 (22):  142-147.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15020103 Abstract + ( 1192 )   PDF ( 1529KB )   ( 449 ) Through the inhibitory effects of leaching solution from Viburnum seeds on seed germination of Brassica rapa chinensis, the study analyzed the distribution and soluble chemical characteristics of endogenous inhibitor existing in Viburnum seeds. In this way, scientific basis could be provided for breaking dormancy of Viburnum plant seed. The experimental results showed that the inhibitory effects of leaching solution from 4 kinds of Viburnum seeds with different solvents such as water or methanol were significant on seed germination and radicle growth of Brassica rapa chinensis. The sequence of activity of water-soluble inhibitor in seed coat was: Viburnum mongolicum＞V. koreanum＞V. burejaeticum＞V. sargenti. The sequence of activity of water-soluble inhibitor in endosperm was: V. mongolicum＞V. sargenti＞V. burejaeticum＞V. koreanum. The sequence of activity of fat-soluble inhibitor in seed coat was: V. burejaeticum＞V. mongolicum ＞V. koreanum＞V.sargenti. The sequence of activity of fat-soluble inhibitor in endosperm was: V. sargenti＞V. koreanum＞V. mongolicum＞V. burejaeticum. In conclusion, the endogenous inhibitors of V. koreanum, V. burejaeticum (distributed in the endosperm) and V. sargenti (distributed in the seed coat) were mainly fat soluble substances. The endogenous inhibitor of V. mongolicum (distributed in the endosperm) was water soluble substances.

  Investigation and Analysis of Woody Landscape Plant Resources in Ji’nan City Zhang He and Zhou Jun 2015, 31 (22):  148-151.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.cjas14100106 Abstract + ( 1395 )   PDF ( 1468KB )   ( 963 ) In order to grasp the species composition, life forms, seasonal characteristics and application status of Ji’nan woody landscape plants, an investigation was conducted. Survey results showed that: there were a total of 535 species of Ji’nan City landscaping plant (including variants, subspecies and cultivars), belonged to 77 families and 199 genera, including 5 families 16 genera 49 species of gymnosperms, 72 families 183 genera and 486 species of angiosperms (containing dicotyledonous plants of 69 families, 174 genera and 467 species, monocotyledon plants of 3 families, 9 genera and 19 species). The number of Ji’nan woody landscape plants was very large. There were 286 kinds of plants trees, accounting for 53.4% of all species; 216 shrub species, accounting for 40.4% of all species; 33 kinds of vines, accounting for 6.2% of all species. Arbor and bush were widely used, however, lianas were lacked. And there were 103 evergreen species, accounting for 19.25% of all species, 432 deciduous trees species, accounting for 80.75% of all species. Application forms of woody plant in Ji’nan were diversified, but innovative applications were limited. Through the survey, we found that the use of Ji’nan woody plants had following problems: (1) the amount of landscape tree species in Ji’nan was large, but the utilization was not good, there was great room for improvement; (2) the application of evergreen species in Ji’nan was insufficient, the landscape is monotonous; (3) the application of native tree species was not enough. Suggestions based on the above problems were as follows: (1) scientific collocation must be carried out in city landscape greening plant selection; (2) the planting of native tree species should be extended; (3) introduction and domestication of tree varieties should be carried out actively. The survey provided a scientific basis for sustainable use of woody plants resources in Ji’nan.

  Effect of Horticulture Therapy in Holistic Integrated Medicine Jin Tao,Zheng Li,Ai Wanfeng,Li Mengchun,Ke Yi and Gao Fei 2015, 31 (22):  152-156.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15030002 Abstract + ( 1465 )   PDF ( 1266KB )   ( 959 ) With the increasing differentiation of subject, cross field between subjects gradually increased. In order to promote the development of horticultural therapy and holistic integrated medicine, this paper presented the definition of horticultural therapy and holistic integrated medicine and introduced their effects on human health. Then the article analyzed the effect of plant in promoting human physical and mental health from the aspect of color, fragrance, food therapy and gardening. Effects and functions of horticultural therapy as an auxiliary therapy on concepts of holistic integrated medicine were described. Finally, the author discussed the application prospect of plant in cross field of horticultural therapy and holistic integrated medicine in the future.

  Study and Application of the Anthocyanin from Gynum bicolor Zhang Shaoping,Qiu Shanlian,Deng Yuan,Zheng Yunyun,Lai Zhengfeng,Chen Yushui and Zheng Jiaxie 2015, 31 (22):  157-162.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15010222 Abstract + ( 1372 )   PDF ( 1526KB )   ( 485 ) The author summarized research progress of anthocyanin extraction from Gynum bicolor, external influencing factors on the stability of anthocyanin, and common purification method of anthocyanin extraction from Gynum bicolor. At the same time, the author also introduced the special health function of natural anthocyanin, analyzed functional ingredients of anthocyanin extracted from Gynum bicolor, overviewed the advantage of anthocyanin utilization and its products development. Aiming at the wide utilization of artificial pigment at present, the author pointed out that the unstability of natural pigment was the key restricting factor for its wide application, and proposed certain methods for improving the stability of anthocyanin from Gynum bicolor. Gynum bicolor, with high yield and rich in anthocyanin, is an important source of pigment, but the development of its related products is insufficient at present. Nonetheless, Gynum bicolor has a promising future for comprehensive exploitation, including the series drinks, compound fruit and vegetable juice and food additives.

  Researches Advances on Integrated Pest Management of Thrips (Thysanoptera) 2015, 31 (22):  163-174.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15030049 Abstract + ( 1003 )   PDF ( 1610KB )   ( 1182 ) Thrip is the general term of Thysanoptera. Thrips have minute body size and prefer to inhabit and damage on flowers and young leaves. Thrips usually have high fecundity and short developmental time, which results in serious overlapping generation and high infestation frequency, so they are consequently regard as one of the most important insect pests. There are a large number of literatures about thrips, including the occurrence, damage and control technology, but lack a systematic summarize. In this paper, the author reviewed the biological and ecological characteristics, occurrence and damage and integrated control technology of thrips. Then the author made an outlook on integrated pest management (IPM) of thrips in the future and put forward suggestions which were combining the use of biological control with physical/chemical control and reasonably use agricultural control to control thrips.

  Control Effects of Different Medicaments on Tobacco Bacterial Wilt in Tobacco Field 2015, 31 (22):  175-179.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15010138 Abstract + ( 1083 )   PDF ( 1391KB )   ( 531 ) In order to select more effective control medicaments against tobacco bacterial wilt of flue-cured tobacco, field experiments on tobacco bacterial wilt were conducted in Longyan, and the control effects were calculated. The results showed that the control effect of 72% streptomycin sulfate WP (North China Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd.) was the best, which was 36.15%; the control effects of 20% metalaxyl thiram WP and 72% streptomycin sulfate WP (Shijiazhuang Shuguang Pharmaceutical Factory) were the worst. Their control effects were 16.11% and 14.77%, respectively. Phytotoxicity of the several control medicaments did not appear against tobacco plants in different treatments. Therefore, 72% streptomycin sulfate WP (Chengdu Pratt & Whitney Biological Engineering Co., Ltd. or North China Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd.) is better against tobacco bacterial wilt in Longyan, Fujian Province. However, the mixed use of streptomycin sulfate WP and metalaxyl mancozeb WP should be avoided for better control effects.

  Study on Residue and Degradation Dynamics of Chlorpyrifos in Celery in Winter Zhou Ying,Wang Liang,Li Gang,Xu Fangcheng and Chen Wenhua 2015, 31 (22):  180-183.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15020110 Abstract + ( 1133 )   PDF ( 1550KB )   ( 438 ) In order to explore the possible reasons of the excessive pesticide residues in celery and reduce the over standard rate of pesticide residue, the author investigated the residue and degradation dynamics of chlorpyrifos in celery in winter greenhouse and open field by 2 years’ degradation dynamic tests, and conducted the control test on Chinese cabbage under the same condition. The results showed that the residue half-life of chlorpyrifos in greenhouse celery was 11-12 d under different doses, while it was 4-6 d in Chinese cabbage, which indicated that the degradation rate of chlorpyrifos in greenhouse celery was significantly lower than that of Chinese cabbage. The half-life of chlorpyrifos in open field celery was 9-10 d, which was faster than that in greenhouse celery. Therefore, the author suggested that the safety interval period of chlorpyrifos in celery should be 60 d, and the control of chlorpyrifos treatment should be strengthened or using the degradable biological pesticides in the process of celery production.

  Resistance Research of Transgenic Tobacco T2 Generation with Lchi1 Against Valsa ceratosperma Li Weiyang,Zeng Bin,Jiang Ping,Li Jiang,Li Xiugen and Wang Suke 2015, 31 (22):  184-190.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15030047 Abstract + ( 1042 )   PDF ( 1911KB )   ( 501 ) The study aims to obtain the transgenic tobacco containing Lchi1 which is the chitinase gene, and detect whether the transgenic tobacco with constitutive Lchi1 gene expression can improve resistance to Valsa ceratosperma, thus to preliminarily determine the function of Lchi1 gene and provide a reference for the further research on molecular breeding about pear Valsa canker. Plant expression vector with gene Lchi1 was constructed and transformed into tobacco by leaf disc mediated with Agrobacterium tumefaciens, and transgenic tobacco T2 generation was detected by PCR and RT-PCR. The resistance of transgenic tobacco against Valsa ceratosperma was verified more intuitively by isolated leaf inoculation method. Lchi1 was integrated into tobacco genome, and it was expressed effectively in the transgenic tobacco T2 generation. After inoculating Valsa ceratosperma, the resistance of transformant against Valsa ceratosperma was obviously more enhanced compared with non transgenic tobacco. In conclusion, Lchi1, which is the pear chitinase gene, is associated with the resistance of pear Valsa canker, and it will be used as an important genetic source in the research of molecular resistance breeding.

  Research Progress of Jinggangmycin Xu Lijian,Zhao Wei,Cao Cong,Wang Jian,Wang Qian and Wang Qinggui 2015, 31 (22):  191-198.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15020060 Abstract + ( 1532 )   PDF ( 1416KB )   ( 806 ) Jinggangmycin is one of the most successful bio-pesticides and is mainly used to protect Oryza sativa against Rhizoctonia solani. This paper reviewed the physicochemical property of jinggangmycin and the researches about the bioactivity of Jinggangmycin. jinggangmycin not only inhibited the activity of trehalase, cellulose-degrading enzymes and polygalacturonase but also affected the biosynthesis of inositol. Then the author summed up the detection method of Jinggangmycin. The lowest limit of jinggangmycin that could be detected was 0.4 ng with the LC-MS or GC-MS method. Then biosynthesis pathway of jinggangmycin was put forward, which was producing sedoheptulose-7-phosphate using glucose by pentose phosphate pathway and then catalyzing glucose and sedoheptulose-7-phosphate by 10 enzymes. The manufacturing technique of jinggangmycin has been greatly improved with the optimization of media components and feed-batch, the control of fermentation conditions and the separation process.

  Analysis of Alleviation of Urban Heat Island Effect by Wetlands in Beijing Kang Xiaoming,Cui Lijuan,Zhao Xinsheng,Li Wei,Zhang Manyin,Ma Muyuan,Lei Yinru and Wei Yuanyun 2015, 31 (22):  199-205.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15050170 Abstract + ( 1943 )   PDF ( 2014KB )   ( 573 ) To study the impacts of Beijing wetlands on urban heat island effect, the temperature of different surface types and the cooling effect of different wetland types were compared by using remote sensing images and observed data at multiple spatial and temporal scales. The paper aims to explore the function of wetlands in Beijing in regulating regional climate and alleviating the urban heat island effect. The results showed that wetlands played a significant role in mitigating the urban heat island effect (P<0.001) due to the low temperature, the cooling effect of wetlands was obviously higher than that of vegetation and bare land (P<0.0001). The temperature range increased gradually with the lapse of time, following a pattern of 2012>2004>1996. Moreover, the observed results in 2013 also showed that air temperature increased (R2≥0.88, P<0.01) with the distance increasing from wetlands. According to the four-year inversed temperature data of MODIS, the research findings suggested that lakes depressed the surface temperature more pronouncedly than rivers (P<0.01), by about 7.5-10.9℃ and 4.4-7.2℃, respectively. Therefore, the authors suggest constructing more wetlands with appropriate types and patterns and allocating wetland resources rationally to make best use of the integrated functions of urban wetlands in regulating regional climate and reducing urban heat island effect.

  Analysis on Vegetation Landscape Pattern of Fujian Wuyishan Nature Reserve 2015, 31 (22):  206-212.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15020040 Abstract + ( 976 )   PDF ( 1610KB )   ( 605 ) To comprehensively understand the vegetation landscape pattern of Fujian Wuyishan Nature Reserve, the quantity, area, perimeter and other information of landscape patches were extracted by Arcgis10.0 software, the fractal dimension, fragmentation, aggregation, evenness indices and landscape diversity were calculated by Fragstats 4.2 software, the vegetation landscape pattern of Wuyishan Nature Reserve was studied from characteristic indexes of vegetation landscape elements and spatial heterogeneity. The results were as follows: (1) there were 9 kinds of vegetation landscapes: shrub lands, coniferous and broadleaf mixed forest, evergreen broadleaf forest, bamboo forest, coniferous forest, middle mountain meadow, artificial vegetation, broadleaf elfin forest and deciduous broadleaf forest, the distribution of quantity, area and perimeter of vegetation landscape types in Wuyishan Nature Reserve was extremely uneven, the dominant vegetation landscape types in the research area were coniferous and broadleaf mixed forest and evergreen broadleaf forest; (2) the fractal dimension, fragmentation and aggregation were used for the spatial heterogeneity study of vegetation landscape types, the fractal dimension of coniferous and broadleaf mixed forest was the largest, reached 1.1678, which meant it had the most irregular boundary shape; the fragmentation of artificial vegetation was the largest, reached 0.0503, which meant it was mostly affected by human activities; the concentration of various kinds of vegetation was more than 95% ; (3) the fractal dimension, fragmentation, aggregation, landscape diversity and evenness indices were used for the spatial heterogeneity study of vegetation landscape, and the values were 1.1479, 0.6298, 98.1909%, 0.6629 and 1.4565, which showed that each vegetation landscape had a regular boundary shape, a small degree of fragmentation and a high degree of aggregation; but the spatial distribution of each vegetation landscape was uneven, and the overall diversity was on a low level. The results may provide basic data to support vegetation landscape pattern planning and environmental protection of Fujian Wuyishan Reserve.

  Assessment of Soil Nutrient in Urban Greens in Main Cities of Hunan Province Yan Hengqi 2015, 31 (22):  213-217.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15020094 Abstract + ( 1232 )   PDF ( 1362KB )   ( 531 ) In order to assess the soil nutrient in urban garden greens of main cities in Hunan Province, according to the topography of those cities, soil samples were collected from 6 hilly cities (Xiangtan, Zhuzhou, Hengyang, Chenzhou, Loudi and Shaoyang), 4 mountainous cities (Huaihua, Jishou, Zhangjiajie and Yongzhou), and 4 plain cities (Changde, Yiyang, Yueyang and Changsha). Soil of each city sampled according to 4 different land-used types, including park, administrative institution (school, hospital and government institution), residential area and arterial road. The results showed that: (1) the pH of garden greens in main cities were relatively high, with the average value of 7.9, while the contents of SOM were relatively low (6.8 g/kg), the contents of NH4 -N and NO3--N were low, AP (Available P), AK (Available K), ACa (Available Ca) and AMg (Available Mg) were at higher levels, AS (Available S), AFe (Available Fe), ACu (Available Cu), AMn (Available Mn), AZn (Available Zn) and AB (Available B) had moderate contents; (2) land-use types significantly affected soil nutrient contents in plain cities, the soil pH of greens in residential area was significantly higher than that in administrative institution, park and arterial road, the soil contents of AS, ACu, AZn and AMn in park greens were significantly lower than that in the other 3 land-use types; (3) soil nutrient contents had significant differences among different topographies, the soil pH in mountainous and hilly cities were significantly higher than that in plain cities, the contents of SOM, AK, AMg, NH4 -N, ACu, ACa and AMn in mountainous cities were significantly lower than that in hilly and plain cities, the contents of AP and AB in hilly cities were significantly higher than that in mountainous and plain cities, the contents of AS and AFe in plain cities were significantly higher than that in hilly and mountainous cities. All the results could provide theoretical and practical significance for the construction of landscape green system.

  Status and Improvement Measures of Soil Organic Matter in Upland of Hangzhou Suburb 许杰, and 2015, 31 (22):  218-222.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15030027 Abstract + ( 902 )   PDF ( 1461KB )   ( 541 ) In order to understand the status of organic matter in upland of Hangzhou suburb, put forward proper improvement measures, the author used field survey methods and laboratory analysis to analyze soil organic matter. The results showed that: the content of soil organic matter was from 7.59 g/kg to 52.87 g/kg, averaged by 26.61 g/kg which belonged a middle level (20-30 g/kg); and the proportion of high organic matter levels were increased by productivity grades. There were significant differences of soil organic matter in different soil types and regions. The average content of organic matter in different soil types was as follows: skeleton soil > red soil > lime soil > paddy soil > alluvial soil > seashore saline soil. The average content of organic matter in different regions was as follows: water net plain > low hill > valley plain > coastal plain. The content of organic matter of 43.64 percent upland was below 20 g/kg. The author suggested that some improvement measures, such as straw returning, adding organic manure, promoting soil testing and formula fertilizing and improving irrigation and drainage facilities, should be taken.

  Retrieval of Land Surface Temperature from FY-3 MERSI Data Li Linlin,Li Guochun,Wang Ying,Zhang Qi,Zhang Xiaoyue,Zhao Ziqi,Zhao Gang and Song Xiaowei 2015, 31 (22):  223-229.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15020047 Abstract + ( 1786 )   PDF ( 1917KB )   ( 608 ) Land surface temperature (LST), one of the most important ground parameter that can be retrieved from earth observation satellite data, is of great importance in studying energy flow and material exchange in soil-vegetation-atmosphere system. To acquire instantaneous LST of large area, radiation surface sensors carried by meteorological satellite platforms are often used. On board FY-3 satellite which was launched by China in 2008, MERSI is one of the sensors that can be used to get large area of LST with significant enhancement of spatial resolution to 250 m in far infrared band and leads to a higher LST spatial precision. In this paper, far infrared data of MERSI band 5 together with other MERSI hyper-spectral 1 km band data were used to calculate atmospheric transmissivity and land surface emissivity (LSE)—2 important parameters in LST retrieval. The LST retrieval algorithms were as follows. Atmospheric transmissivity which could be used to obtain water vapor content via radiation transmission model was calculated using two-channel ratio weighted method; surface emissivity was obtained via NDVI threshold method; parameters used in retrieving algorithms were improved to better suite FY-3 MERS; mono-window algorithm was used to retrieve LST. Two LST retrieving experiments were carried out in Liaoning provincial area. The retrieved products were compared with that retrieved from MODIS data using split-windows algorithm. The results demonstrate that temperature precision can reach the desired accuracy, and the spatial precision can be improved significantly.

  Analysis of Variation Characteristics of Deep Geotemperature in Hainan Area, Qinghai Qi Shumei,Qi Caihong,Zhang Haichun and Zhao Henghe 2015, 31 (22):  230-235.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15010088 Abstract + ( 920 )   PDF ( 1466KB )   ( 446 ) The paper aims to analyze the climate variation characteristics of deep geotemperature in Hainan Area, Qinghai for 33 years. The author used the monthly mean geotemperature data of 0.8, 1.6, 3.2 m from 1982 to 2014 in Hainan Meteorological Station, and studied its change rule. The results showed that the deep geotemperature had very significant upward trend in recent 33 years in Hainan Area, but the situation was not in accordance with the seasonal changes, the deep geotemperature of 0.8 m and 1.6 m in summer was the strongest, and the increase rate of the deep geotemperature of 3.2 m in spring was rather high. Average annual changing trend of shallow and deep geotemperature on time scales were highly consistent. Temperature was one of the main influencing factors of the deep geotemperature change, and there was an extremely and significantly positive correlation between the two, which maintained a high degree of consistency on change scale. Total cloud cover had certain positive influence on the change of the deep geotemperature, the change of the deep geotemperature was affected by the change of low cloud cover obviously. The author used MannKendall test to detect the mutation phenomenon of deep geotemperature sequence in Hainan, it was found that deep geotemperature of 0.8, 1.6 and 3.2 m had obviously rising mutation in 1998.

  Analysis and Forecast of Greenhouse Temperature Variation Regularity at Cold Area of High Latitude Li Quanping,Zhu Baowen,Gao Junyuan and Qi Donglin 2015, 31 (22):  236-242.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15020048 Abstract + ( 1198 )   PDF ( 1663KB )   ( 452 ) For the sake of carrying out agrometeorological forecast service for the refined facilities, realizing off-season vegetable cultivation with high and stable yield and thus achieving the aim of disaster prevention and reduction and sustainable development, in this paper the observation data of microclimate and meteorological observation materials for the sunlight greenhouse in the national modern agricultural demonstrative zones, Datong County, Qinghai Province were applied to analyze the temperature variation laws in this region and build the corresponding forecast model. The results showed that the all daily variations of indoor annual average temperature appeared as a “1 rise, 2 falls” process. From 08:00 to 14:00, it was a temperature-rising phase, the maximal temperature-rising velocity was in an order as cloudy day (5.46℃) > sunny day (5.34℃) > rainy day (1.6℃); from 14:00 to 21:00, it was a rapid temperature-falling phase, the temperature-falling velocity was in an order as cloudy day (2.79℃) > sunny day (2.69℃) > rainy day (1.56℃); and from 21:00 to 08:00 (the next day), it was an slow temperature-falling phase, the temperature-falling velocity was in an order as sunny day (0.57℃) > cloudy day (0.53℃) > rainy day (0.49℃). A step-wise regression method was applied and the average temperature forecast model and the lowest temperature forecast model were built for the sunlight greenhouse in the plateau area. The average temperature forecast model was Tave=3.991 0.688T1 0.113T4, the correlation coefficient (R2) of predicted value and actually measured value reached 0.7062, the ABSe and RMSe were 1.45 and 1.85℃, the accuracy rate ≤2% was 75%, and the accuracy rate ≤4% was 96%. The lowest temperature forecast model was Tmin=-3.05 0.366T3 0.692T1-0.098T2, the correlation coefficient (R2) of predicted value and actually measured value reached 0.8373, the ABSe and RMSe were 1.15 and 1.55℃, the accuracy rate ≤2% was 81%, and the accuracy rate ≤4% was 99%. The models simulated soundly and showed better practicability.

  Study on Identification Criterion of Precipitation Phase in Winter-Half-Year in Benxi Wang Huanyi,Zhang Qiao,Xiao Bihong and Kou Sicong 2015, 31 (22):  243-247.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15020104 Abstract + ( 979 )   PDF ( 1691KB )   ( 422 ) Based on the precipitation data of Benxi during October to April in 1981-2013, the climatic characteristics of precipitation phase in the winter-half-year were analyzed. The results showed that the conversion between snow and rainfall usually happened in March and November. The analysis of atmospheric stratification based on sounding and automatic station data in winter-half-year during 2005-2013 indicated that different precipitation phases corresponded to different heights. When it was snowing, both the upper and surface temperatures were under 0℃; when it was raining, the height of 0℃ level was between 850 hPa and 700 hPa; during the conversation of rain and snow, the height of 0℃ level was close to 925 hPa. In this situation, the temperature range at 700 hPa was -11℃ to -7℃, at 850 hPa was -6.5℃ to -1.5℃, at 925 hPa was -3℃ to 1℃, and at 1000 hPa was 0℃ to 3℃, and the surface temperature was lower than 1000 hPa temperature. The results of this study will be useful for Benxi, the eastern mountainous areas of Liaoning and some areas of Jilin to forecast the precipitation phase.

  Precipitation Patterns During 1961-2013 in the Area of Southern Qinghai Lake. Yan Rong,Guo Shousheng,An Guanghui,Xiao Jianshe and Zhang Haijing 2015, 31 (22):  248-255.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15020027 Abstract + ( 857 )   PDF ( 3248KB )   ( 376 ) The study aims to fully understand the spatial-temporal pattern of climate change around of Qinghai Lake, furthermore, to reduce the deficiency in understanding the dynamic process of climate change in the area of Qinghai Lake basin and its surrounding areas under the condition of warming in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Daily and monthly rainfall data from 1961 to 2013 at five weather stations in the south region of Qinghai Lake were used in this paper, annual and seasonal precipitation data, as well as the precipitation days in different levels were analyzed by linear regression and moving average method. We also tested the mutation of precipitation by Mann-Kendall method. The results showed that the annual rainfall had a weak increasing trend with a growth rate of 4.42 mm per decade in the studied area in 1961-2013, it was mainly contributed by the precipitation trend in summer, spring and autumn. The tendency of precipitation showed a clear increase in spring, summer and winter except autumn, and precipitation increase in summer was more obvious. The most wide rainfall amplitude appeared in summer, and then in autumn, spring and winter as a sequence. The amount and intensity of rainfall tended to increase in the summer half year, with a decrease trend of light rain days and an increase trend of both days and amount of moderate rain. However, in the winter half year, snow days of light snow declined but the intensity increased. Our analysis indicated that among the different levels of precipitation, there was an increased trend of days and amount of moderate rain, while there was a decreased trend of light rain days, amount and intensity. Precipitation mutation test indicated that two mutations occurred in 1976 and 2004 for average annual rainfall, it experienced an obvious change from rainy period into dry period in 1976 with a difference of average annual rainfall of 158.4 mm, in contrast, the precipitation showed a change from dry to rainy after 2004 mutation with a difference of 95.5 mm.

  Research on Application of Tobacco Redrying Waste Tobacco Stalk Ash in Flue-cured Tobacco Production 2015, 31 (22):  256-262.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15020080 Abstract + ( 1738 )   PDF ( 1525KB )   ( 643 ) In order to investigate the effect of tobacco stalk ash in flue-cured tobacco planting, realize the waste utilization of tobacco stalk ash in flue-cured tobacco production, a field experiment was carried out by using tobacco stalk ash as raw material to form base fertilizer and topdressing in contrast with general base fertilizer and topdressing, the tobacco agronomic traits, tobacco quality and economic traits with different distributions and applications of tobacco stalk ash were evaluated. The results showed that: (1) using tobacco stalk ash could prolong flue-cured tobacco growing stage, and promote fully mature and dry matter accumulation of tobacco leaf; (2) using tobacco stalk ash could improve agronomic characters of flue-cured tobacco, the maximum leaf area increased by 11.3%-20.7% in dome duration compared with the control treatment; (3) using tobacco stalk ash could improve tobacco quality and yield, among all the treatments, T1 (base fertilizer: rape-seed cake 378 kg/hm2, tobacco stalk ash 252 kg/hm2, diammonium phosphate 212.55 kg/hm2 and calcium nitrate 220.65 kg/hm2; topdressing: tobacco stalk ash 735 kg/hm2 and urea 96.45 kg/hm2) had the best effect; compared with the control, the yield increased by 75.6 kg/hm2, the pure income of tobacco grower increased by 5952.9 yuan /hm2, 14.85% higher than that of the control. Accordingly, the treatment of using tobacco stalk ash as raw material to form base fertilizer and topdressing (T1) was the best way of tobacco stalk ash utilization in flue-cured tobacco production, suitable for application in Yongzhou tobacco area of Hunan.

  Research Progress of Physiological and Biochemical Changes and New Techniques in Fermentation of Black Tea Yu Luting,Yuan Haibo,Wang Weiwei,Hua Jinjie,Yin Junfeng and Jiang Yongwen 2015, 31 (22):  263-269.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15030076 Abstract + ( 1634 )   PDF ( 1551KB )   ( 565 ) In manufacture of black tea, one of the most important steps is fermentation which significantly influences the sensory quality of tea. Under the condition of certain temperature, humidity and oxygen concentration, tea polyphenols presented in macerated leaves get oxidized to form TFs, TRs, TBs and other polymers, and aromatic substances, carbohydrate and protein change dramatically during the fermentation stage of black tea processing. The main functions of important enzymes in black tea fermentation, including polyphenol oxidase, peroxidase, β-glycosidase and lipoxygenase, and change rules of the main biochemical compositions including polyphenols, proteins, sugars, amino acids and aromatic substances were summarized in this paper. Besides, the author focused on the auxiliary techniques and new fermentation techniques such as suspension fermentation, oxygen supply fermentation and exogenous additive fermentation. The control of fermentation environment parameters were reviewed as well, such as temperature, humidity, light and oxygen concentration. Based on these theoretical researches, the main mechanism of fermentation and the development of new fermentation equipment were prospected for further study of fermentation of black tea.

  Optimization of Extraction Process of Chlorogenic Acid from Lepisorus ussuriensis (Regel et Maack) Ching in Hot Water by Response Surface Methodology Wang Lihong,Jiang Xiaoting and Tan Fengtian 2015, 31 (22):  270-273.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1317 Abstract + ( 700 )   PDF ( 1551KB )   ( 467 ) The aim was to optimize the extraction process of chlorogenic acid from Lepisorus ussuriensis (Regel et Maack) Ching. The hot water was used to extract chlorogenic acid from Lepisorus ussuriensis (Regel et Maack) Ching. According to Box-Benhnken central composite design principles, three factors and three levels of response surface analysis tests were designed to determine the optimum extraction conditions of chlorogenic acid from Lepisorus ussuriensis (Regel et Maack) Ching. The results showed that the best extraction process of chlorogenic acid was as follows: liquid to material ratio was 25:1, extraction time was 4 min, and extraction temperature was 96℃. Under such condition, chlorogenic acid yield was up to 5.11% and close to the theoretical value, indicating that the hot water extraction process had good results with the response surface methodology to optimize the extraction process of chlorogenic acid from Lepisorus ussuriensis (Regel et Maack) Ching. The water extraction had characteristics such as low energy consumption, short time and low cost, which provided theoretical basis for industrialized production of chlorogenic acid from Lepisorus ussuriensis (Regel et Maack) Ching.

  Copyright Protection Research on Forestry Thematic Maps Using Digital Watermarking Zhu Yingfang and Xie Jianquan 2015, 31 (22):  274-278.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15030087 Abstract + ( 664 )   PDF ( 1886KB )   ( 504 ) Aiming at the problems of complicated production process, high-cost and urgent need for copyright protection of forestry thematic maps, the invariant property of JPEG image compression was analyzed. On this basis, a DCT digital watermarking algorithm, in which watermark information was embedded in median and high frequency coefficients of forestry thematic maps using JPEG format, was proposed. The results showed that the algorithm had better imperceptibility and larger embedding capacity because the watermark information was embedded in the median and high frequency coefficients. Even if using lossy compression to encryption forestry thematic maps with quality factor that higher than preset value, the algorithm could exactly extract embedded watermark information, and had good robustness against noisy.

  Analysis and Improvement of the Existing Problems of Agriculture, Rural Community and Farmers at the Micro Level: Taking Yazhou District in Sanya for Example Chen Guanming 2015, 31 (22):  279-285.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15030019 Abstract + ( 851 )   PDF ( 1670KB )   ( 422 ) In order to analyze the main contradiction of the Sannong issues (agriculture, rural community and farmers) at the micro level and propose countermeasures systematically, through on-the-spot investigation and organizing seminars, present situation and focuses of the Sannong issues in Yazhou District were investigated, and basic economic data of Yazhou District were collected and analyzed. The results showed that the Sannong issues were a contradictory set of disadvantaged agriculture, weak farmers and poor rural communities. The contradictory set was produced by the combined effects of the natural and social conditions. The issues were the complexity and variety of agricultural system, the lack of an overall coordination of government actions, the bottlenecks of rural economic and social management, the difficult problems of farmers, the imperfection of rural finance, the weakness of infrastructure and public services, and so on. Through improving the harmonious structure of the rural governance by the “three dimensions in one”, the micro system operational mechanism of the Sannong issues was proposed. Besides, the author recommended that the local party committees and governments should make full use of the role of national policy, reform micro level of Sannong issues deeply, optimize and integrate the resources, introduced a range of approaches and measures according to the problems, improve the hard and soft environments inside and outside, mobilize the enthusiasm of all parties to resolve specific conflicts of the Sannong issues, and help to increase farmers’ income, improve agricultural efficiency and develop the rural communities.

  Brief Analysis of Stone Farming Tools in Shanxi Province Wang Shuying 2015, 31 (22):  286-290.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15060039 Abstract + ( 1028 )   PDF ( 2116KB )   ( 390 ) In prehistoric times, ancient humans began to live in Shanxi which was one of the birthplaces of Chinese civilization. Nearly 10000 years ago, Chinese ancestors started their farming practices here. They used stone tools such as stone axe, si, shovel and plough, and prepared soil for planting crops. Then, they used stone hoes to weed and loosen the soil to preserve soil moisture and finally used stone knifes and sickles to harvest crops. The author summed up and described the stone tools used in ancient Shanxi and pointed out that the farming methods and procedures at that time were rough and primitive but had opportunities to be improved and perfected with broad prospects as new-emerging things. The ancient ancestors at this phase took the first step toward food creation and consciously changed the ecological order of the field, demonstrated the influence of human action on the surface of the earth. The ancestors initiated the economic situation of primitive agriculture in a role of pioneer. These tools and methods laid a deep and solid foundation for later agricultural intensive and meticulous farming.