Abstract: The study aims to compare the total factor of productivity and find the reasons of different development levels of county economy in Jiangxi Province and enrich the research filed of productivity. The author calculated the total factor productivity index, including technical progress index and technical efficiency index, of 80 counties in Jiangxi Province from 2000 to 2010 by using the DEA-Malmquist index method. Then, the author analyzed the total factor productivity from the perspectives of overall situation, internal structure, time trends and spatial distribution. The results show that the total factor productivity of Jiangxi Province is low on the whole, and individual difference is significant. Regarding the internal structure, the counties in Jiangxi belong to four types: ‘lower TE and lower TC’, ‘higher TE and higher TC’, ‘higher TE and lower TC’ and ‘lower TE and higher TC’. Among these types, counties with ‘higher TE and lower TC’ account for the most; regarding the time trend, total factor productivity of counties in Jiangxi shows an obvious phase fluctuation, there are differences of productivity change models at different stages; regarding the regional distribution, total factor productivity of counties in Jiangxi shows an inverted U type characteristics, obviously ‘high in the middle and low in the north and the south’. Finally, the author suggests that the drive of the county economy growth in Jiangxi Province should be the factor of production other than productivity.