Current issue

• 2015 Vol.31 No.11 Published:06 May 2015

  Research Progress on Application of tea saponin and biological activityin animal production 2015, 31 (11):  1-4.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb14110142 Abstract + ( 691 )   PDF ( 516KB )   ( 482 ) Tea saponin is an active substance from plant and it has a considerable prospect in feed industry. This paper summarized the physicochemical properties and biological functions of tea saponin such as antibacterial function, immune function, being antioxidant, reducing blood pressure and protecting heart and cerebral vessels. Effects of tea saponin on growth performance and production quality of animal were also reviewed. Then the feasibility of taking tea saponin as a feed additive was analyzed based on the existing researches. Finally the author put forward future prospects of tea saponin application.

  Research Progress of Grape Seed Proanthocyanidin Biological Function and Its Application in Animal Product 2015, 31 (11):  5-8.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb14110141 Abstract + ( 811 )   PDF ( 496KB )   ( 636 ) Proanthocyanidins is a collective name of a class of polyphenolic compounds widely existing in plant kingdom, of which the most abundant content in grape seed. Research shows that grape seed proanthocyanidins (GSP) have many biological activities. This paper reviewed the research progress on biological function of GSP, such as free radical scavenging, anti-oxidation, anti-cancer, on vascular endothelial and blood lipids, and its application in animal production. Put forward the suggestion of using GSP as a new feed additive to improve animal immunity, meat quality and anti-stress effect, and provide reference for further development and utilization of GSP.

  Effect of Soy Isoflavones on Lactating Performance, hematogenic immunity and antioxidative activity of Dairy Cows 2015, 31 (11):  9-15.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb14110164 Abstract + ( 732 )   PDF ( 696KB )   ( 669 ) The research aimed to study the effect of soy isoflavones on lactating performance, antioxidant capability and immune functions of dairy cows. A single factor design was used, 24 ‘Holstein cows’ were divided into 4 groups randomly. Set group A as the control group, group B, C and D as test groups. Cows in group B, C and D were fed by total mixed ration adding 10, 20, 30 mg/kg soy isoflavones respectively. Milk and blood samples were collected at the 1st, 14th, 21st, 28th, 35th and 42nd days. The results showed that soy isoflavones could significantly enhance milk yield, especially group D whose milk yield increased 21.8% (P<0.05) after 42 days. But no continuable and significant change showed in milk protein rate and butter-fat rate. Lymphocytes and monocytes were significantly reduced but the amount of PMN did not change. The amount of RBC significantly increased (P<0.05) after 28 days while the amount of WBC did not show obviously change. After feeding soy isoflavones for 28 days, the expression of IL-4 in serum enhanced significantly (P<0.05). Soy isoflavones could significantly enhanc the activity of GSH-Px and T-SOD after 35 days (P<0.05). It could be concluded that SI could improve the lactation performance, enhance the immune function and activities of antioxidant enzyme.

  Study on Meat Quality Characteristics of Wushan Black Goat, Dazu Black Goat and Their Hybrids of Boer Goat 2015, 31 (11):  16-22.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-2179 Abstract + ( 993 )   PDF ( 534KB )   ( 505 ) At the beginning, we randomly selected 9 of 4-month-old Wushan black goat, Boer ×Wushan black goat F1, Dazu black goat, and Boer ×Dazu black goat F1 respectively; after 60-day castration and strength fattening, we selected 6 lambs from each group for slaughtering and studies on meat quality characteristics. The results showed that: (1) Boer ×Dazu black goat F1 had higher total fat in muscle than Wushan black goat (P<0.05), and ash content was significantly lower than that of Wushan black goat and Dazu black goat (P < 0.01), but there was no significant difference in crude protein, cholesterol, and water of four groups (P > 0.05); (2) the content of various amino acids in Dazu black goat muscle was highest, the content in Boer ×Wushan black goat F1 was second highest , the content in Boer ×Dazu black goat F1 was minimum; 14 kinds of amino acids content in the muscle of Boer × Wushan black goat F1 had significantly improved than their female parent, while 16 kinds of amino acids in Boer ×Dazu black goat F1 was significantly lower than that of its parent; there were 5 essential amino acids score close to or more than 100 in Boer ×Wushan black goat F1, but other groups only had 4 essential amino acids; (3) there was highest stearic acid, palmitic acid and myristic acid content in the muscle of Boer ×Wushan black goat F1, oleic acid and linoleic acid content in Boer ×Dazu black goat F1 and Dazu black goat muscle were significantly higher than that of the Wushan black goat (P<0.05), relative content of linoleic acid in intramuscular fat in Dazu black goat muscle was significantly higher than that of the Boer ×Dazu black goat F1(P<0.05). (4) The phosphorus content was significantly higher than other elements in the 4 groups; selenium content was highest in muscle of Boer ×Wushan black goat F1, and significantly higher than the content in muscle of Boer ×Dazu black goat F1 (P<0.05). 7 kinds of elements were on the rise in the muscle of Boer ×Wushan black goat F1 than its parents, while 5 kinds of elements were significantly reduced in Boer ×Dazu black goat F1 than its parents.

  Study on Identifying Critical Factors of Farmers’ Disposing Behavior of Dead Pigs Based On DANP Method 2015, 31 (11):  23-32.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb14120007 Abstract + ( 615 )   PDF ( 702KB )   ( 533 ) In order to regularize farmers’ disposing behavior of dead pigs, to make the pork safety and public health and to protect ecological environment, the research summarized four dimensions and 17 main factors that may affect farmers’ disposing behavior of dead pigs based on existing findings, used a method known as DANP that combines DEMATEL (decision making trial and evaluation laboratory) with ANP (analytic network process), to quantitatively analyze the relationship among dimensions and factors that influence farmers’ disposing behavior of dead pigs and then to identify the critical factors. The results show that production characteristics were the most important dimension of pig farmers. In the influencing weight, the highest five factors are knowledge of relevant laws and regulations, knowledge of pig disease and prevention, costs and profits, scale of farming, and mode of farming. In this paper, the research demonstrated DANP is an effective method that can identify the critical factors and our conclusions provide some useful decision-making reference for the government to regulate the farmers’ behavior of disposing dead pigs.

  Canonical correlation Analysis between Body Measurements and Slaughter Performance of Xuhai Henn Spur Chicken 2015, 31 (11):  33-37.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb14110065 Abstract + ( 619 )   PDF ( 516KB )   ( 550 ) In order to study the relationship between body measurement traits and slaughter performances of Xuhai Henn Spur Chicken, 24 Xuhai Henn Spur Chicken (12 male, 12 female) of 13 weeks were chosen randomly. Body measurement traits and slaughter performances were measured and analyzed using bivarite correlation analyze and canonical correlation analyze. The results showed that shank girth, shank length and body slanting length had highly significant or significant correlation with most traits. There were highly significant or significant correlation between slaughter performances except muscular stomach weight. The results of canonical correlation analysis showed that the first canonical correlation coefficient between body measurement traits and slaughter performances was 0.967 which explained 72.6 percent of total correlation and was highly significant. The analysis incicated that main traits for the canonical correlation coefficients were shank length, chest width, half-eviscerated weight, carcass weight. The results of the study offered some references for early breeding of Xuhai Henn Spur Chicken.

  Introduction test and evaluation of production performance of 14 alfalfa varieties 2015, 31 (11):  38-44.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15010064 Abstract + ( 611 )   PDF ( 525KB )   ( 471 ) To evaluate the performance of different alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) varieties and select alfalfa varieties can be planted in Northeast part of China. Performance test to compare the differences in winter surviving ratio, fresh yield, plant height, hay yield stem to leaf ratio were conducted and evaluated with gray correlation analysis with 14 domestic and introduces alfalfa varieties. The results indicated that there were no differences among varieties in groeth period in the first year. WL525HQ、WL712、WL656HQ、WL903 with lower winter surviving rates and not suitable to be extended in east area of Jilin province. WL440HQ、Gannong No.3、Gannong No.6 and WL168HQ with excellent comprehensive characteristics and higher winter surviving rate were more suitable of east area of Jilin province.

  Effects of Xylanase on Quality of Rice straw Silage Zhang Wen-chang,,, and 2015, 31 (11):  45-49.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-2548 Abstract + ( 666 )   PDF ( 558KB )   ( 554 ) This study aimed to prove the effects of different xylanase addition levels on quality of rice straw silage. Three treatment groups added with 20, 40, 80 mg/kg of xylanase respectively and a compared group were set up with conventional and low moisture of rice straw silage. They were named XYL1, XYL2, XYL3 and CON. Each treatment was repeated 3 times. The materials were ensiled for 60 days and opened. The fermentation quality and the chemical composition were analyzed. Compared with conventional silages, DMR (Recovery rate of dry matter), pH of low moisture silages significantly increased (P＜0.01). In the conventional ensilaging, WSC (water soluble carbohydrate) and DMR increased by adding xylanase (P＜0.01, P＜0.05). In the low moisture ensilaging, as the content of xylanase increased, the pH value was decreasing (P＜0.01, P＜ 0.05), DMR had a rising trend. Therefore, in the two moisture contents of rice straw silage, adding xylanase can significantly improve the effect of silage. The effects of XYL3 group in both conventional and low moisture ensilaging were the best.

  Study on Production Process Parameters of Single Cell Protein Fermented by Aspergillus niger and Candida utilis 2015, 31 (11):  50-53.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb14110113 Abstract + ( 889 )   PDF ( 555KB )   ( 580 ) To produce single cell protein, corn straw was fermented by Aspergillus niger and Candida utilis. Activity strains Aspergillus niger ZM-8 and Candida utilis SJ2 which had high yield of cellulase were screened by space mutation. Single cell protein was produced by fermentation of corn straw using mixed solid state fermentation. Effects of inoculation quantity and vaccination time of Candida utilis SJ2, combined fermentation time and other factors influencing yield of SCP were studied. The results showed that inoculating Aspergillus niger ZM-8 on the rate of 1:30 first, then inoculating 5% Candida utilis SJ2 after 24 hours, and fermenting for 36 hours was the optimal fermentation condition. And the content of SCP in the product reached 25.44% under the optimal condition.

  Initial Study on Lactic Acid Inhibiting the Apoptosis of IPEC-J2 Induced by TNF-alpha 2015, 31 (11):  54-58.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb14120211 Abstract + ( 605 )   PDF ( 529KB )   ( 634 ) The purpose of this study was to determine whether lactic acid, the main product of lactobacillus, could inhibit the apoptosis of IPEC-J2 induced by TNF-alpha, and conduct an initial study on the specific mechanism of lactic acid in protecting the intestinal barrier. Four groups were created: TNF- alpha group, treated with TNF- alpha with the concentration of 200 μg/L; LAC group, treated with lactic acid with the concentration of 100 μL/L; LAC + TNF- alpha group, treated with TNF- alpha with the concentration of 200 μg/L and lactic acid with the concentration of 100 μL/L; control group, treated with maintenance medium. Cell vitality of each group was measured by MTT, proportion of caspase-3 and the vitality of caspase-3 in the total protein were detected by ELISA after 12 hours. The results showed that the cell vitality of TNF-alpha group was significantly lower than that of the control group (P＜0.01), while cell vitality of LAC+TNF-alpha group was significantly higher than that of TNF-alpha group (P＜0.05). The proportion of caspase-3 and its vitality in the total protein of the LAC+TNF-alpha group were lower than those of TNF-alpha group(P＜0.05). Thus it came to a conclusion that the lactic acid could inhibit the cellular damage induced by TNF-alpha as well as down- regulate the expression and vitality of caspase- 3. The results implied that lactic acid might protect the intestinal epithelium through inhibiting the apoptosis of the epithelial cells.

  Influence of different united activation on development of bovine somatic cell transfer embryo 2015, 31 (11):  59-62.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb14120066 Abstract + ( 596 )   PDF ( 593KB )   ( 479 ) The aim of the study was to explore the best united activation method of bovine somatic cell nuclear transplantation. Enucleated oocytes matured in vitro for 22-24 hours were taken as the recipient cytoplasts, the fibroblasts from bovine ears were taken as donor cells and were inserted into the perivitelline space of the enucleated oocyte to form the reconstructed couplet. The combined chemical activation methods were compared under the condition of electrical filed strength 25N/C, pulse width 10 μs, pulse number 2 times. The results showed that the best chemical activation was 6- DMAP + CB whose rates of cleavage (74.1% ) and blastula (27.8%) were higher than those of other groups. The fusion rate of 6-DMAP+CB was the highest but was not significantly different compared with that of other groups. The optimal condition for fusion and activation of the bovine somatic cell nuclear transfer was obtained preliminarily and would make foundation for somatic nuclear transplantation in the future.

  Cultivation,Purification and Characterization of Ovine Endometrial Epithelial Cells 倪和民 2015, 31 (11):  63-67.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb14120034 Abstract + ( 817 )   PDF ( 3278KB )   ( 428 ) The objective of this study was to investigate a simple but efficient way to obtain purer ovine endometrial epithelial cells cultured in vitro. In this experiment, two methods were applied as following: one is tissue culturing following trypsin digestion; the another one is collagenase digestion by filtration. Finally, cytokeratin 18 was detected with immunocytochemical staning to evaluate the purity of ovine endometrial epithelial cells collected by these two different ways. The result showed that by method of tissue culturing following trypsin digestion, we could obtain high purity epithelial cells (>95%), which exhibited homogeneous cobblestone morphology and good cell activity. Compared with this method, the collagenase-digesting way by filtration could get lower purity epithelial cells (about 70%), even though the morphology of cells was similar to that of formal one. Collectively, it can be concluded that tissue culturing with trypsin digestion is a simple and efficient way for purifying ovine endometrial epithelial cells, which can be passaged for at least 3-4 generations while they are cultured in vitro.

  Effects of FMR1 Gene Knockout on Reproductive Performance of C57BL/6 Mice Based on Gene Identification 2015, 31 (11):  68-71.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb14120017 Abstract + ( 648 )   PDF ( 561KB )   ( 710 ) The purpose of this study was to investigate effect of FMR1 gene knockout on productive performance of C57BL/6 mice. The gene knockout heterozygous mice were fed in SPF environment for propagation according to principles of genetics. The genomic DNA from tail tissue of each genotype mice was extracted to identify their genotypes using PCR technology. The results showed that PCR technology could detect genotypes in mice, and was convenient, intuitive and reliable. There were 3 genotypes (wild type, heterozygous and homozygote) in offspring of FMR1 gene knockout heterozygous mice. On the basis of gene identification, 40 offsprings of C57BL/6 FMR1 KO and C57BL/6 (20 male and 20 female mice, aged 10 weeks) were chosen and monogamously mated. After natural delivery, the research tested the reproductive performance and done statistical analysis. Reproductive performance indices of C57BL/6 FMR1 KO mice, such as litter size, weaning rate, body weight and body length of neonatal mice, body length of weaning mice and rate of male and female, had relative low values compared with C57BL/6 mice, but were not significant(P>0.05). However, there was extremely significant difference between C57BL/6 FMR1 KO and C57BL/6 mice in body weight of weaning mice.

  Effect of lipopolysaccharide on the expression of TLR2 and TLR4 in intestinal mucosa microvascular endothelial cells 2015, 31 (11):  72-77.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb14120159 Abstract + ( 805 )   PDF ( 1839KB )   ( 598 ) The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of TLR2, TLR4 in injury of rat intestinal mucosa microvascular endothelial cells (RIMECs) induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Rat intestinal mucosa microvascular endothelial cell in vitro was taken as a model, and different concentrations of LPS (1, 5, 10 μg/mL) were used to stimulate RIMECs for different time (3, 6, 9, 12, 24 h). Expressions of TLR2 and TLR4 on cell surface were detected by semi quantitative RT-PCR method. Then LPS at different concentrations (1, 5, 10 g/mL) were used to stimulate RIMECs for 9 h. Then expressions of TLR2 and TLR4 cells were detected by semi quantitative RT-PCR method. The results showed that expression of TLR2 and TLR4 increased when RIMECs were stimulated by LPS compared with the control group. Moreover, after stimulation with different concentrations of LPS for different time, expression of TLR2 mRNA and TLR4 mRNA basically reached the peak at 9 h, and the expression was time-independent. Expression of TLR2 mRNA was the highest when the concentration of LPS was 5 μg/mL after 9 h, and the expression was dose-independent. LPS at a concentration of 10 μg/mL stimulating RIMECs had the strongest effect in the expression of TLR4 mRNA, and was dose-dependent. The results demonstrated that TLR2 and TLR4 played an important role in the process of LPS damaging RIMECs.

  Research Advances in Gene Regulation and Genetic Improvement of Fish Feeding 2015, 31 (11):  78-82.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb14100013 Abstract + ( 621 )   PDF ( 518KB )   ( 1076 ) Feeding habit is one of the important traits affect the growth of fish, it is also an important content in the study of genetic improvement. Diets is regulated by many factors, not only with the intrinsic genetic and physiological factors such as appetite, the structure of the digestive tract, but also external bait properties such as sources of protein, feed palatability and so on; Relating genes of genetic manipulation is the major determinant of diets. Size of the farming industry of the fish especially carnivorous fish could be enlarged by improvement of the feeding, urging the fish depending on the ice fresh feeding or the live fish to receive breeding artificial feed, and the economic benefits of aquaculture industry will be improved a lot. This article summarizes the fish feeding of gene regulation and improvement, combining with feeding related gene polymorphism and artificial feed protein source in order to provide help to the genetic improvement of fish feeding .

  Path Analysis for Growth-related Traits of GIFT Strain of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) under Different Stocking Densities 2015, 31 (11):  83-87.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb14110027 Abstract + ( 1751 )   PDF ( 455KB )   ( 436 ) Four kinds of growth- related traits, which were body length, total length, body height and body width, were selected to study their effects on body weight of GIFT strain of Nile tilapia under different stocking densities. One way ANOVA was applied to analyze the differences of growth- related traits under different stocking densities. Path analysis was employed to study the importance of all variables. After removing variables without significant differences, the results showed that most of the growth-related traits under the three stocking densities were significantly different (P＜0.01) except body length and the total length under the densities of 18000 fish/hm2 and 22500 fish/hm2 (P＞0.05). Body weight of GIFT strain of Nile tilapia was mostly affected by body length, body width, and total length when the stocking densities were 18000 fish/hm2, 22500 fish/hm2, and 27000 fish/hm2, respectively. So in the regression equations, the variables without significant difference were also removed. They were the trait of total length at the density of 22500 fish /hm2, the trait of body length at the densities of 18000 fish /hm2 and 27000 fish /hm2. To sum up, effects of growthrelated traits on body weight were significantly different under different stocking densities of GIFT strain of Nile tilapia, and should be considered in breeding.

  Analysis and evaluation of nutritional components in meat of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus×O.aureus) 2015, 31 (11):  88-93.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-2485 Abstract + ( 593 )   PDF ( 480KB )   ( 837 ) Nutritional components in the meat of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus×O.aureus) were analyzed through the common methods. The results showed that the contents of moisture, crude protein, crude fat and ash of fresh meat were 77.90%, 18.70%, 2.65% and 1.09%, respectively. Seventeen kinds of amino acids (excepted tryptophan) were detected out in the meat, total content of amino acids was 16.90% (% fresh samples), and essential amino acid index (EAAI) was 67.68 which was in general accorded with that of FAO/WHO food standards. According to AAS score, the first- and second-limiting amino acids of the meat of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus×O.aureus) were threonine and sulfur-containing amino acids (methionine and cystine), respectively. According to CS score, the first- and second-limiting amino acids of the meat of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus×O.aureus) were sulfur-containing amino acids (methionine and cystine) and threonine, respectively. Furthermore, the total content of delicious amino acids (Asp, Glu, Gly and Ala) was 39.11%. The?present study shows that tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus×O.aureus) is one of freshwater fishes with high delicious, nutritional quality and health effects.

  Effect of stocking density on growth and economic benefit of juvenile Oreochromis niloticus in recirculating aquaculture system 2015, 31 (11):  94-97.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-2197 Abstract + ( 921 )   PDF ( 482KB )   ( 461 ) In order to discuss the effect of breeding density on juvenile Oreochromis niloticus in recirculating aquaculture system, the same batch of juvenile Oreochromis niloticus were feeding. The change of growth indicators were measured under four different groups, and the economic efficiency was calculated. Results show that the breeding density has a certain influence on the growth of juvenile Oreochromis niloticus. Along with the rising of the breeding density, the survival rate of juvenile fish and the final average weight and body length, showed a downward trend, and specific growth rate, average weight, growth efficiency, fat full growth index also showed similar rules, such as the growth indicators of the lowest density of A group was higher than the highest density of group D. High density would inhibits the growth of juvenile Oreochromis niloticus. Economic benefit analysis shows that the yields of group C was highest, which was more suitable for the breeding density.

  The Flora of the Pomacea canaliculata Gastric and Intestinal Contents with PCR-DGGE 2015, 31 (11):  98-102.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-2281 Abstract + ( 729 )   PDF ( 634KB )   ( 805 ) In order to explore on the digestive physiological mechanism of fiber, the florae of the P.canaliculata gastric and intestinal contents ware determined with PCR-DGGE. the analysis process were as followes: Collecting the gastric and intestinal contents in sterile conditions, extracting the bacterial total genomic DNA, amplifying the 16S rDNA V3 with universal primers, DGGE electrophoresis; recycling, cloning and sequencing the selected bands. The results show that the florae of the male and female P. canaliculata gastric and intestinal contents were the same, containing 22 bacteria; the sequences of the ten distinct bands are highly similar with Aeromonas sp, Shewanella sp, Serratia marcescens, Enterobacter, Ferrimonas sp and other uncultured bacteria. two kinds of bacteria were separated, one of them is Shewanella putrefaciens.

  Variation Characteristics of Water Temperatures at Different Depths of Fishpond 2015, 31 (11):  103-108.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb14110059 Abstract + ( 612 )   PDF ( 710KB )   ( 1541 ) In order to ensure the creatures safe living through winter and summer by scientific regulation of water temperature of fishpond, water temperatures of different vertical layers of fishpond and the shore air temperature were researched at different time scales from March 2011 to February 2012 in Wuhan. The results showed that diurnal change trend of water temperatures at different depths of the fishpond was in consistent with that of the shore air temperature which had relatively smaller amplitude. The amplitude of air temperature and water temperature of each layer under clear weather was significantly greater than that of cloudy days. Monthly averaged air temperature and water temperature of each layer increased from March to July, especially in April. Water temperature decreasing with increasing depth was significantly obvious under clear weather than that under cloudy days. The monthly averaged air temperature and water temperature of each layer decreased from August to February of the next year, especially in January. The variation of water temperature with depth took on fall- rise- fall or fall- rise modes. On the seasonal scale, the decreasing rate of water temperature with increasing depth decreased from spring to autumn. Water temperature with increasing depth presented a fall-rise-fall mode in winter. The results could provide guidance for the scientific management of fish ponds in Wuhan, and could also lay foundation of water temperature forecast for aquaculture.

  Effect of fishery loans on fishery economic development —Based on VAR model 2015, 31 (11):  109-113.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb14120108 Abstract + ( 631 )   PDF ( 476KB )   ( 432 ) In order to better development of the fisheries economy, promote the healthy and sustainable development of fishery economy, solve the problem of fishery loans is a particularly important.Based on vector auto-regression model(VAR), this paper makes an empirical research on the relevance between fishery loans and fishery economic growth with Chinese data from 2004 to 2013. The results of Grange Causality Test show fishery financial development and fishery economic growth are not grange causes for each other.Fishery loans on economic growth did not play a supporting role.Therefore, to promote the fishery loans input and make reasonable fishery loan policy has become the inevitable choice to promote the sustainable development of fishery economic in China.

  Effect of Osmotic Stress on Tube Culture Physiological Characteristic of Ammopiptanthus mongolicus ( Maxi m) Cheng.f 2015, 31 (11):  114-117.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb14120070 Abstract + ( 553 )   PDF ( 573KB )   ( 481 ) This paper simulated drought stress conditions by adjusting the sucrose concentration and forming different osmotic potential in the MS medium, and through the testing, studied change rule of malondialdehyde (MDA), soluble sugar content, peroxidase (POD) activity and proline content of Ammopiptanthus mongolicus ( Maxi m) Cheng.f’s tube culture under the condition. The results show that with the increase of drought stress, the content of MDA and soluble sugar increases significantly, and activities POD, proline content roses at the beginging and then declines. Therefore, ψπ=-1.540Mpa and stressing 72h is the tolerate threshold of stress,and it causes the obvious decline of proline content and POD activities, and seedling growth is affected seriously.

  Influence of Submergence on Growth and Physiology of Iris pseudacorus Seedlings 2015, 31 (11):  118-123.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb14120153 Abstract + ( 672 )   PDF ( 814KB )   ( 408 ) To select adaptable plant to grow in water- level- fluctuating zone of Three Gorges reservoir, the influence of submergence on growth and physiology of Iris pseudacorus was investigated. In laboratory condition, after the seedlings of Iris pseudacorus were submerged for 0, 10, 20, 30 and 40 days, the plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, number of roots and roots volume and other morphological indictors and the chlorophyll content, MDA, soluble sugar and starch of leaves were analyzed. The results indicated that after submerging for 40 days, the plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, number of roots and roots volume of submerged plant were respectively 11.53 cm, 4.00, 9.94 cm2, 5.33 and 0.18 cm3, which were lower than that of control plant significantly; the content of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and chlorophyll a+b significantly decreased to 0.26 mg/g, 0.10 mg/g and 0.35 mg/g, respectively; chlorophyll a/b, the content of MDA and soluble sugar significantly increased to 2.76, 0.0245 μmol/L and 95.11 mg/g, respectively; after submerging for 20 days, the starch content increased to the maximum (37.67 mg/g), then decreased to 34.56 mg/g after 40 days. In submergence condition, plant growth was inhibited, the chlorophyll content was degraded and membrane lipid peroxidation was intensified. To adapt to the energy demand under water, both the chlorophyll a/b ratio and the content of direct supply energy materials of the plant increased.

  Cloning and Sequence Analysis of the Xylose Reductase Gene (xyl1) from Candida shehatae 2015, 31 (11):  124-129.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb14100112 Abstract + ( 596 )   PDF ( 730KB )   ( 463 ) Xylose can be oxidated to xylitol by xylosere duetase, which the reaction is the node position in the xylose metabolism. Xylose can’t be utilized by Saccharomyces cerevisiae because of its lack of xylosere duetase. Therefore, the xyl1 should be inserted into the genome of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in order to consummate xylose metabolic flux, and enhance xylose utilization rate as well as the ethanol yield by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In this paper, according to the sequence similarity of xylose reductase, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to amplify the xyl1gene, a pair of primers were designed considering the Candida shehatae genome DNA and plasmid PKT0150 as template and finally 1110 bp cloning xyl1of xylose reductase gene was obtained with three base missing, The ORF located in 11-982, total length of 972 bp, encoding 323 amino acids after missing three bases TTG in the 10, 11, 12 of ORF. Results showed that the segment was the xylose reductase gene sequencesas in HDYXHT-20335 which laid the foundation for the construction of the yeast strain.

  Cloning and Preliminary Analysis of ZmCKX in Maize 2015, 31 (11):  130-136.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb14120048 Abstract + ( 748 )   PDF ( 961KB )   ( 653 ) Cytokinin oxidase could degrade cytokinins, and thus influence various aspects of plant growth and development. ZmCKX gene function could be understood from ZmCKX gene cloning, which can provide the basis for maize's resistance reaction. Prokaryotic expression vector of ZmCKX gene was constructed and was expressed. ZmCKX full length cDNA was cloned by using RT-PCR and RACE technique, and preliminary analysis of the bioinformatics was carried out on it. A pair of primers was designed according to digestion sites in plasmid pMD- 19t and the ZmCKX gene sequence by GenBank. The DNA fragment of 1035 bp was amplified by PCR from the pMD-ZmCKX recombinant plasmid with ZmCKX gene, then cloned into pMD-19t and transformed into the host E.coli strain DH5α. The fragment was conformed to the original sequence. It indicated that fusion expression vector pMD- ZmCKX was constructed. The pMD- ZmCKX plasmid was transformed into DH5α for expression. The expression product of ZmCKX gene was identified by AGE (agarose gel electrophoresis). The open reading frame of ZmCKX was 1035 bp in length and encoded a predicted protein of 344 amino acids. The analysis of cDNA sequence shows that ZmCKX shares 99% identity with ZmCKX1. ZmCKX genes encoding protein exists in the cytoplasm, and ZmCKX is hydrophilic protein.

  Cloning and Expression of Cytoplasmic Male Sterility Associated Genes in Sugar Beet and Its Relationship to CMS 2015, 31 (11):  137-142.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb14120099 Abstract + ( 655 )   PDF ( 705KB )   ( 530 ) Previous studies indicated that Mitochondrial atpA gene and orf187 fragment were closely related to male sterility in Crops. In order to research the relationship of atpA gene with orf187 fragment and cytoplasmic male sterility in sugarbeet, atpA gene and orf187 fragment in sugarbeet were isolated and cloned using homology- based technique. The sequence differences in sugarbeet sterile line and its corresponding maintainer line were defined according to sequence analysis, expression analysis of atpA gene and orf187 fragment was studied by further use of the semi- quantitative RT- PCR and Real- time PCR. The results indicated that compared with maintainer line, sterile line atpA had the replacement of bases and insertion; 6 base pairs were missing in sterile line orf187. The expression analysis demonstrated that expression of atpA in sugarbeet sterile line was significantly lower than that in maintainer line besides the big flower bud period, while expression of orf187 in sugarbeet sterile line was apparently higher than that in maintainer line besides the big flower bud period. These results indicated that structural variation and abnormal expression pattern of atpA and orf187 has a close relationship with sugarbeet cytoplasmic male sterility.

  Development of a RT-LAMP assay for rapid detection of Potato virus A 2015, 31 (11):  143-147.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-2360 Abstract + ( 597 )   PDF ( 741KB )   ( 746 ) Potato virus A (PVA) is a kind of quarantine pest which can infect potato and cause the losses of yield and value of potato. In order to prevent the pest from entry and spreading, the one step loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) method for the detection of potato virus A (PVA) was developed. Using primer explorer software, RT-LAMP primers were designed originally using a conserved region in the coat protein coding region of PVA. The amplification curve result on specificity using PVA, PVV, PVY, LMoV, negative control and water as template showed that the assay could amplify PVA specifically, which was same the fluorescent detection reagent (FDR) reaction result. The sensitivity comparison showed that the RT-LAMP was 10 times more sensitive than conventional reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) using serial dilutions of total RNA extracts. The method can be used to detect PVA rapidly on site.

  The Analysis on Threat Factor of Chinese Butterfly Diversity 2015, 31 (11):  148-155.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb14110153 Abstract + ( 657 )   PDF ( 650KB )   ( 1442 ) The butterfly is affected by various anthropogenic and natural factors. These factors directly or indirectly threatened the normal growth process of butterfly, for example breeding, growth, eclosion, mating. They result in adverse effects on the butterfly population development. The main threat factors of butterfly include environmental pollution, habitat destruction, pesticide spraying, artificial capture, these threats factors not only to reduce the butterfly population, may cause some butterfly species extinction. The secondary factors of butterfly include host plant destruction, grazing, tourism development, urbanization, climate warming, low temperature, the butterfly own factors. These factors also lead to lead to reduce the numbers of butterfly are restrict factors of butterfly normal survival.

  Study on Aromatic Compositions of the Broken Black Teas from Different Tea Areas in Yunnan 2015, 31 (11):  156-161.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-2010 Abstract + ( 875 )   PDF ( 576KB )   ( 727 ) In the purpose of clarifying the aroma material base different of broken black tea from different areas in Yunnan, aromatic components of 16 tea resources from 11 counties in Yunnan Province was conducted by GC/MS. The results showed that major aromatic components of broken black tea were linalool, (E)-2-hexena, phenylacetaldehyde, geraniol, linalool oxide trans-furanoid, cedrol, methylsaicylate, linalool oxide cis-furanoid, n-hexanal and nerolidol. The aromatic flavor of 16 broken black teas were divided three groups by dendrograms of cluster analysis based on flavor index (FI): (1) high content of linalool and linalool oxide. (2) High content of linalool. (3) High content of (E)-2-hexena. Otherwise, the result of analysis of terpene index (TI) indicated the aroma flavor of broken black teas from Baoshan and Lincang were alike, and those from Xishuangbanna, Dehong and Pu’er were similar. In a word, the aroma flavor of black broken teas from different tea areas in Yunnan were various, which were related to the characteristics of located varieties.

  Simultaneously Determination of 8 Pesticide Residues in Green Tea Based on Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry 2015, 31 (11):  162-165.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-2072 Abstract + ( 871 )   PDF ( 558KB )   ( 563 ) To improve the efficiency of detecting pesticide residues in tea,simultaneously determination of 8 pesticide residues in green tea was developed based on gas chromatography - mass spectrometry. The results show that,in an appropriate concentration range(Ametryn/0-100 ?g/L, Napropamide/ 0-10000 ?g/L,others/0-1000 ?g/L), the peak area and concentration of each residue was linear and each correlation coefficient was greater than 0.999,with the conditions of using acetonitrile as solvent, active carbon and PSA columns in series as the stationary phase, acetonitrile as eluent and with the elution volume at around 12mL.The recovery range of pesticides was 73.6%-116.8%,and the relative standard deviation range was 1.47%-15.58%.For its high sensitivity, selectivity, and strong anti-jamming capability, this method was suitable for the determination of 8residues in tea. And it provided test basis for the development of pesticide matrix reference materials in tea.

  Research on Determination of Tannin Content in Vegetable and Fruit 2015, 31 (11):  166-169.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb14120046 Abstract + ( 723 )   PDF ( 533KB )   ( 584 ) For researching and establishing a fast and convenient method to measure tannins in fruits and vegetables, the author chose the most widely applied method, Folin-Denis spectrophotometric method, as the basis to analyze the feasibility. The author adopted paired t-test, compared the results of experiments that used different tannins extraction solvents, temperature, duration time and coloring time upon the same sample, then did the verifying experiment against the method’ s linearity and accuracy. The experiment confirms that the best extraction and measuring conditions are: 500 W ultrasonic extraction, 20 minutes ultrasonic time, extraction solvent: H2O2, temperature 60℃ and coloring time 1 hour. The linear range of tannins measurement is 0- 30 mg/L; the detection limit is 0.2 mg/g; recovery rate is 95.8%- 101.9% ; RSD (relative standard deviation) is 1.07%- 4.29% . This method has the advantages of simplicity, quickness, high precision, good reproducibility, high recovery rate and low cost. It would be suitable for fast and accurate measurement of tannins in fruits and vegetables.

  Growth of Escherichia coli and Salmonella enteritidis on Fresh-cut Apple as a Function of Temperature Based on Modeling Study 2015, 31 (11):  170-176.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb14120101 Abstract + ( 749 )   PDF ( 839KB )   ( 501 ) The objective of this study is to utilize predictive model to investigate the growth of Escherichia coli and Salmonella on fresh-cut apple as a function of temperature. The primary model Baranyi model was used to estimate the parameters of the growth of the pathogens on the surface of fresh cut apple at different temperatures during storage time, the secondary model square root model was used to fit the relationship of temperature and the maximum growth rate. The results showed that: since no growth was observed for both pathogens at 4℃, the Baranyi model could not fit the growth of the microorganisms. At 10, 15 and 25℃, the models fitted well with the growth of the tested strains as the coefficients of determination were higher than 0.96, the root mean square errors were lower than 0.23 and the fitted curves all had the statistical significance (P＜0.01), the square root model fitted well with the relationships of temperature and the maximum growth rate of both pathogens, the coefficients of determination were higher than 0.99, the root mean square errors were lower than 0.0023 and the fitted curves both had the statistical significance (P＜0.05). In conclusion, the established models fitted well with the growth of E. coli and Salmonella on fresh cut apple and could provide practical guidance for the prevention and control of pathogens on fresh cut apple.

  Simultaneous Determination of Mannitol and Betaine in Seaweed Fertilizer by Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass spectrometry 2015, 31 (11):  177-181.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15010123 Abstract + ( 629 )   PDF ( 688KB )   ( 799 ) A sensitive method was developed for the simultaneous determination of mannitol and betaine in seaweed fertilizer by ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). The real samples can be determined only by dissolution without further complicated pretreatment. The separation was performed on a waters BEH C18 column with 5 mM ammonium acetate and acetonitrile as the mobile phase at a flow rate of 0.3 mL／min. The temperature of column was 35 ℃. The electrospray source was operated in both positive and negative ion mode by using multiple reaction monitoring (MRM), and the results were calculated by external standard method．The research showed that the linear range of mannitol and betaine was 5-50 and 0.05-0.5 mg/L, and the detection limits were 0.18 and 0.083 mg/L, respectively. The average recoveries were within the range of 90％-110％.

  Antifungal activity and taxonomic status of two actinomycetes 2015, 31 (11):  182-189.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb14120049 Abstract + ( 636 )   PDF ( 3686KB )   ( 747 ) The objectives of this work were to compare and analyze the antibacterial activity between strain HD-103 and strain HD-109 and the stability of fermentation broth of the two actinomycetes against pathogenic fungi in vitro, and to identify their taxonomic status. 13 kinds of plant pathogenic fungus were used as target microorganisms, antifungal spectrums of the two strains against target fungus were determined by measuring the diameter of inhibition zone. The thermostability, pH stability and UV resistance of fermentation broth of the two strains were detected and compared through cylinder plate method, and multiple classification method was used to clarify and define their taxonomic position. The experiment results showed that the two strains had broad anti-fungal spectrum for their inhibiting growth of 10 pathogenic fungus, wherein strain HD-103 had the best activity of inhibiting Fusarium graminearum f. sp. glycines, the diameter of inhibition zone reached 23.7 mm; strain HD-109 had the best activity against Alternaria alternata, the diameter of inhibition zone reached 25.0 mm. The antimicrobial active substances produced by strain HD-103 were more stable than that of strain HD- 109. Evaluation results of taxonomy showed that HD- 103 and HD- 109 should belong to Streptomyces albidoflavus, and probably were two different variants of S. albidoflavus. The two strains of Streptomyces albidoflavus had great disease suppression effects in vitro, therefore they could be developed as a potential biological control agent against plant fungal pathogens, and had great value of application.

  Study on the Comprehensive Prevention and Control Technology of Rice Blast in Nanchong City 2015, 31 (11):  190-199.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb14120135 Abstract + ( 1051 )   PDF ( 674KB )   ( 672 ) The study aims to reduce blast damage and the use of pesticides residue, environment pollution and control costs, and to make a significant contribution to ensuring rice and grain production, grain quality and trade and agricultural ecological environment safety. Over these years, by the methods of systematical monitoring, regular surveys, field investigation, rice blast resistance identification, physiological sampling inspection of morbidity plant, experiment and meteorological data analysis, the study on comprehensive prevention and control technology of rice blast in Nanchong city was carried out. The results showed that the higher the degree of rice blast disease sensitivity, the heavier occurrence of the disease would be. Replacing the main varieties resistance sources each 3-5 years and a well-planned variety distribution would make multi resistance source be the group head which can effectively reduce the prevalence of rice blast. In the study we firstly discovered that rice variety mixture was good for preventing the rice blast. The measures such as straw treatment, overwintering pathogen source treatment before planting, health cultivation, soaking seed with medicine and planting with medicine can reduce the occurrence of rice blast. It was necessary to find out the prevention time and number of rice blast, especially in heavy occur year the prevention should be carried twice in the early break to heading time, otherwise, it would cause serious loss. The effect and appropriate dosage of 75% Tricyclazole (Fengdeng) was proved, and the prevention effect and significant difference of 4% kasugamycin, 20% Tricyclazole and 100 billion/g of Bacillus subtilis to leaf blast and neck blast were also proved. Meanwhile, the effect and evaluation of 2%·800 million/g Jinggangmycin- wax bud bacteria, 41% kasugamycin- isoprothiolane with 3 treatments, 5% Tricyclazole (contrast medicament1) and 40% isoprothiolane (contrast medicament2) to prevent neck blast were found out. Effective prevention and emergency prevention and control could significantly improve the control effect, and put the large area control into practice. Since 1997, the frequency of heavy occurrence reached to 50.0% in Nanchong city. Through the measures of comprehensive prevention and control technology, the rice blast was effectively controlled and the actual loss rate was controlled below 2% which reduced the application of pesticide of 4523 t in total. In 2014, 327000 t rice and 44129.1 hm2 of rice base gained pollution- free, green and organic agricultural products certification. The economic, social and ecological benefit was obvious.

  Residual dynamics of cypermethrin in pakchoi under open field and greenhouse conditions 2015, 31 (11):  200-204.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb14120149 Abstract + ( 608 )   PDF ( 599KB )   ( 549 ) In order to apply cypermethrin scientifically and safely to greenhouse vegetables, the residue dynamics and final residues of 10% cypermethrin EC on pakchoi in open field and greenhouse were compared by using the methods of gas chromatography and field experiment. The pakchoi samples were extracted by acetonitrile with ultrasound assistance, cleaned up by self- made florisil solid- phase extraction column and determined by gas chromatograph with electronic capture detector (GC- ECD). The mean recoveries of cypermethrin in samples ranged from 92.9% to 106.0% at the added levels of 0.1- 1.0 mg/kg with relative standard deviation (RSD) of 2.8%-8.4%, and the minimum detectable concentration was 0.01 mg/kg. The field experiments indicated that cypermethrin was rapidly degraded in pakchoi. The degradation velocity was related to cultivation methods. With double recommended dosage (effective constituent concentration was 90 g/hm2), the half-lives of cypermethrin in open field and greenhouse were 1.856 d and 2.314 d, and degraded above 90% after 7 d and 10 d, respectively. When pakchoi was treated for 3 times at an interval of 7 d with effective constituent concentration of 90 g/hm2, the safety interval of cypermethrin in pakchoi under open field was 3 days, which should be extended to 7 days under greenhouse conditions.

  Disease Analysis and Primary Bio-control Study about Damping-off Disease of Radix pseudostellariae in Southeast State of Guizhou Province 2015, 31 (11):  205-209.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-2570 Abstract + ( 573 )   PDF ( 1615KB )   ( 672 ) The serious fungi disease of Radix pseudostellariae annually occur in Guizhou Qiandongnan from March to May. The main pathogen was Rhizoctonia solani which was obtained by field investigation, tissue isolation and microscopic identification. It could cause the damping- off disease of Radix pseudostellariae. Alternaria alternate was found in disease soil which had pathogenic ability to seedlings of Radix pseudostellariae. The results of primary bio- control study showed that GH18 strain of Bacillus spp. had significant effect on Rhizoctonia solani and Alternaria alternate, respectively.

  Study on Planting Suitability Regionalization of Cotton in Tarim River Basin Based on DTOPSIS Method 李美华 and 袁新琳 2015, 31 (11):  210-216.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb14120056 Abstract + ( 634 )   PDF ( 596KB )   ( 361 ) In order to provide scientific basis for the rational use of agricultural climate resource and distribution of cotton production, the author made a comprehensive evaluation of cotton cultivation suitability in counties around Tarim River Basin and made reasonable regionalization by analyzing the results of evaluation and considering the actual situation in Xinjiang cotton production. Based on the climate data from 23 meteorological stations in Tarim River Basin during 1993—2012, suitability evaluation of cotton planting in Tarim River Basin was conducted with the method of DTOPSIS. On this basis, the author researched the regionalization of cotton planting in Tarim River Basin taking into account water potential index of each city and county. Zoning results showed that the most suitable region for cotton planting was the main stream area, the suitable region included tributaries and middle reaches areas, the sub- suitable region included downstream and border areas, and the unsuitable region included mountain area with higher elevation of Tarim River Basin. There was little difference in average temperature and sunshine hour in cotton planting regions among all counties except individual counties. Thus, irrigation condition was the main impact factor on cotton planting suitability in each county.

  The Review of Eco-enviromental Effect of Orchard Sod Culture 2015, 31 (11):  217-221.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb14120163 Abstract + ( 619 )   PDF ( 518KB )   ( 532 ) Orchard sod culture is an effective method to maintain soil fertility and improve soil environment, which had been widely used in Europe, the United States and other countries. In the early 1980s, China brought orchard sod culture and applied it in Fujian and Guangdong Province. Because of the great climate differences in China, and the lack of standard, orchard sod culture hasn’ t been well spread and applied. This paper reviewed the research progress on the orchard environmental effect of orchard sod culture and the orchard physiological effect, which would provide guide for the sustainable development of orchard and the popularity of orchard sod culture technology.

  Spatial variability on soil trace elements distribution in cultivated fieldof Ganzhou District 2015, 31 (11):  222-228.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb14120012 Abstract + ( 546 )   PDF ( 937KB )   ( 541 ) Through analyzing spatial distribution of soil trace elements (Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, B) of topsoil in farmland in Ganzhou District, the author took a research on the content of soil trace elements in the whole region from both horizontal and vertical directions, and drew a conclusion about the sufficiency and deficiency situation of the content of soil trace elements in this area by comparing them to the national soil trace element standards. The main conclusions were as follows: in the horizontal direction of 0-5, 5-10, 10-20 cm soil layer, the distribution characteristics of soil trace elements were quite different, the main characteristics showed that there was a decreasing trend of soil trace elements distribution from northwest to southeast and low in the middle and high on all sides. From the vertical direction, the average content of soil available Fe and Zn showed a slow upward trend with the increase of soil depth; the distribution of the average content of soil available Cu and B decreased with the soil depth increase; soil available Mn was high in both top and bottom layer and low in middle layer; the vertical distribution characteristics of trace elements in some towns were different from the whole region. The contents of soil available Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn in most of the towns were at moderate level, soil available B belonged to deficiency level. The author suggested that B fertilizer should be applied in this area for future planting.

  Effects of Heavy Metals Cu,SZnSPollutionSon Yield and PhysiologicalSSof Wheat Flag Leaves 栗东霞 and 杨萍果 2015, 31 (11):  229-233.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb14120037 Abstract + ( 754 )   PDF ( 743KB )   ( 629 ) The study aims to clarify the effects of Cu and Zn pollution on growth of wheat, and provide theoretical guidance for the wheat production of high quality, efficiency and safety. By adding copper and zinc salts, the author carried out a pot experiment and studied chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and chlorophyll content, protective enzyme and yield in wheat leaves during filling stage of‘Jinmai96’ . Results showed that SPAD values of Cu and Zn treatments first increased and then decreased in blooming stage. Low concentrations of Cu and Zn treatments could increase chlorophyll content and delay senescence process. In late grouting stage, 100 mg/kg of Cu and Zn treatments had strong photochemistry activity and caused lesser injury; treatments higher than 100 mg/kg were not conducive to the maintenance of cell membrane stability in wheat leaves, suitable Cu and Zn could delay membrane peroxidation and cell aging process of wheat flag leaf lipid. CAT content of flag leaves of wheat first increased and then decreased from jointing to filling stage. 100 mg/kg of Cu and Zn had the highest CAT activity. Plant height was less affected by Cu and Zn. 100 mg/kg of Cu and Zn had the highest yield of 12.86 g and 12.17 g, respectively.

  Coordinated Characteristics of Material Composition between Soil and Vegetation——Taking Paddy soil and Rice as an Example 2015, 31 (11):  234-242.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb14120050 Abstract + ( 586 )   PDF ( 568KB )   ( 553 ) Soil and vegetation are always interacting and developing mutually, the study of their mutual interaction mechanism is important to soil and vegetation management. In order to better understand the formation and maintenance mechanism of yield and quality in soil-crop system and offer scientific basis for adjusting measures to local conditions, the author based on the literatures about the relationship between soil and vegetation, took paddy soil and rice as examples, analyzed the coordinated characteristics of material composition between paddy soil and rice from 3 aspects involving paddy soil nutrient, rice yield and quality and elemental information. Soil types and spatial difference of soil nutrients could make differences in rice yield. Besides, due to different nutrient elements, different soil types also had effects on the quality of rice. In recent decades, some scholars had studied the possibility of using elemental fingerprints to estimate rice producing area, although a few studies concentrated on the combination of rice element and soil element directly, they had shown that rice elemental information was related to local soil. Therefore, on the one hand, different soil types and nutrient status could affect rice yield and quality; on the other hand, the elemental composition of rice could reflect certain information of soil. This explained that paddy soil and rice in any area had its own characteristics, and it was a harmonious system.

  Research Progress and Prospects of Soil Organic Matter of Tibet Farmland 2015, 31 (11):  243-247.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb14120091 Abstract + ( 637 )   PDF ( 568KB )   ( 531 ) In recent half a century for the Tibet, soil nutrient in farmland showed a serious degradation due to dramatically decreased usage of soil organic fertilizer; the difference in farming management system and seldom maintenance to the cultivated land by farmers and herdsmen, for 76% of arable land lack of effective nutrient content and discordant among fertility factors. It was reported that soil organic matter content reduced to 2% for more than half of the farmland since the 1960s, the scale of decrease was 26.7%~52.0% for soil organic matter content in main grain –growing areas of farmland only in ten years of 1990-2001. Soil organic matter content in farmland showed a decreased dramatically which leaded to declining of soil fertility in farmland and reducing of soil permeability and water conservation capacity. The soil organic matter in farmland of Tibet should be both taken a general investigation and conducted a lucubrate in the conversion, For the purpose of increasing soil organic matter content , reducing the soil fertility degradation speed, the following suggestions should be adopted: Increasing usage of organic fertilizer and planting green manure.

  Study on the Distribution Characteristics of Soil Nutrients in Xiaoyi City, Shanxi Province 2015, 31 (11):  248-252.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1381 Abstract + ( 614 )   PDF ( 482KB )   ( 479 ) This experiment was conducted in Xiaoyi City, Shanxi Province with the objective of clarifying the distribution characteristics of soil nutrients and further ensuring the smooth implementation of soil testing and fertilizer recommendation project. A total number of 3859 soil samples at 0-20 cm layers were collected by applying the grid sampling method, which covers 5 subtypes in all 3 soil types. Soil nutrients content such as organic matter, total nitrogen, available nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium were measured within a total or part of the samples. The results showed that the mean spatial variation of soil organic matter in the subtypes of soils was 13.2-24.8 g/kg, total nitrogen was 0.40%-1.17%, available nitrogen was 67-83 mg/kg, available phosphorus was 8.9-17.9 mg/kg, and available potassium was 123-170 mg/kg. In addition, significant differences of these soil nutrients content were observed among subtypes of soils. In general, all these nutrients presented the highest values in salined flavo-aquic soil, and followed by calcareous cinnamon soil, cinnamon soil and typically red clay soil. Meanwhile, the coefficient of variation of total nitrogen was the highest in different subtypes of soil with the CV value of 45%-107% , followed by the available phosphorus (CV 63%-76%), organic matter (CV 32%-58%), coefficient of variation of soil available nitrogen and potassium were lower to about 30%. Such distribution characteristics of soil nutrients should be considered in the strategies of fertilization recommendations on a basis of soil testing, so as to improve fertilizer use efficiency and further achieve the development of Xiaoyi agriculture in a healthy and sustainable way.

  Review on the Effects of Soil Moisture on Mechanical Properties of Soil Reinforcement by Plant Roots 2015, 31 (11):  253-261.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb14120109 Abstract + ( 1109 )   PDF ( 734KB )   ( 654 ) In order to analyze the mechanism of soil moisture influencing the mechanical properties of soil reinforcement by plant roots, to reveal the mechanism of soil reinforcement by plant roots and scientifically prevent soil erosion, effects of soil moisture on root distribution, root tensile strength, root-soil interaction, shear properties of root-soil composites and mechanical models of root reinforcement were analyzed. The present status and trend of mechanical properties of soil moisture on soil reinforcement by plant roots were discussed. The results indicated that root distribution was closely related to the effects of soil reinforcement by roots. However, quantitative research on relationships between soil moisture and root distribution and soil reinforcement was still insufficient. The influence of soil moisture on failure patterns of roots in shearing soils and on the mechanical effects of root reinforcement were still unclear, although it was considered in the hydraulic effects of soil reinforcement by plant roots. Besides, the existing mechanical models of root reinforcement were established without considering or sufficiently integrating with soil moisture, and the relative importance of the influencing factors were unclear. The results improved the understanding of the mechanism of rainfall on stability of slopes covered by plants, and provided theory basis for further research on interaction between soil moisture and soil reinforcement by plant roots.

  Study on Monitoring of Karst Rock Desertification Using Multi-temporal Remote Sensing 2015, 31 (11):  262-267.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-1026 Abstract + ( 696 )   PDF ( 1531KB )   ( 456 ) Karst rocky desertification is an entity of evolution and landscape that mainly occurred against the background of the tropical, subtropical belt and warm temperature zone vegetation is destroyed, its main phenomena can be summarized as follows: eroded seriously, bedrock and gravels are exposed, the land productivity declines seriously, and at last the karst succeeds to desert liked landscapes under human activities and natural forces on the vulnerable environment of ecology and geology. Through analysis of the dynamic evolution and geosciences of karst rocky desertification, this paper took the east of Guizhou province as a study area in multi- temporal Landsat images of 1999 and 2006 to explore a monitoring method using change detection based on dynamic characteristics. This study concluded that methods based on multi- temporal remote sensing contributed to a more scientific study of rocky desertification evolution and the relief of the disaster.

  Characteristic Analysis of High-Temperature Forced Maturity Disaster in Jiangxi Province 2015, 31 (11):  268-273.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-2244 Abstract + ( 633 )   PDF ( 777KB )   ( 542 ) Based on the meteorological data during the period of 1961-2013 from 79 weather stations in Jiangxi, the characteristics of high-temperature forced maturity disaster in Jiangxi province were analyzed. The results showed that, the disaster occurred on distinct extend in 92% years during the 53 years. The linear trend of the number of disaster stations was not significant in the whole 53 years, while it advanced significantly from 1992-2013. For different decades, the disaster station number showed “high-low-high-low” change trend from 1960s to 1990s, which was increased greatly during 2001-2013, the annually station number up to 60.2 .The disaster station number had variations in inter-annual scale with 6-8 a, and in inter-decade scale with 24a period. The high frequency period of the light disaster were 1-10th July in Northern and central Jiangxi, and were 23th June to 10th July in Southern Jiangxi. The high frequency area of disaster expended obviously and the low frequency area shrunk obviously during 2001-2013, and the disaster frequency increased from 1 time /10a to 7.7 time/10a.

  The empirical research of the influnce factors of the employment of women in fishing village——A case study in Shanghai Jin-shanzui fishing village 2015, 31 (11):  274-277.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb14110168 Abstract + ( 586 )   PDF ( 452KB )   ( 397 ) In order to promote women's employment in fishing village and the development of fishery economy, based on investigations of women's employment status and its influencing factors in Jinshanzui fishing village, Shanghai, the author used the binary Logit model and conducted empirical analysis concerning 7 factors which included personal factors and family factors. The result showed that: women’ s educational level, whether their children are enrolled in school, whether they support the elderly people in the family, family attitude, and the professions of their husband had significantly positive correlation with the fishing village women's employment, the coefficient were 0.66, 1.57, 1.53, 1.36, 0.95, respectively. Thus, the author put forward the following suggestions: attaching more importance to fishermen's education, improving the basic qualities of fishing village women, encouraging and guiding fishermen to start a business, creating more jobs and perfecting the social security system.

  Study on the Calculation of Agricultural Moderate Large-scale Operation 2015, 31 (11):  278-283.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb14100129 Abstract + ( 615 )   PDF ( 515KB )   ( 568 ) In order to promote the development of agricultural large- scale operation in China, this paper constructed a calculation model for agricultural moderate large-scale operation to estimate moderate scale of China’ s major crops and of different agricultural varieties in different regions based on the analysis of present situation of agricultural large-scale operation. The results showed that the national average moderate scale of grain production area, vegetables in large or medium cities, cotton and apple was 7.3, 0.61, 21.42 and 0.37 hm2, respectively. Moderate raising scale of hog and sheep was 388 and 234.8, respectively. In addition, for different varieties of agricultural products, the author estimated their moderate scales in different provinces. The study provided scientific basis for speeding up agricultural land circulation and realizing moderate largescale management in our country. And the paper put forward countermeasures and suggestions of agricultural land circulation based on the results to encourage farmers to lease their land, to innovate mechanism of cooperatives and to formulate modern agricultural industrial consortium.

  Interprovincial Variations of Farmland Expropriation in China and the Estimation of Lost-Land Farmers 2015, 31 (11):  284-290.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-2102 Abstract + ( 626 )   PDF ( 1224KB )   ( 745 ) With the unprecedented urbanization in China, the rapid loss of farmland and the increasing of consequent lost-land farmers are among the key social-economic problems facing us. To investigate the spatial variations of farmland expropriation as well as the consequent lost-land farmers in China, given the available data, this paper studied their interprovincial variations in 2005, 2008 and 2011. Our findings revealed that the estimation of lost-land farmers’quantity was more accurate at the provincial scale than at the country scale, with the later underestimating by 10 to 20 percentages. Furthermore, other factors that affect the estimation of lost-land farmers’quantity including the scaling-up at finer scales, illegal farmland expropriation and nonregistered rural population were discussed. We proposed a stricter control of the farmer land expropriation activities in some developed provinces like Shandong, Zhejiang and Fujian as well as a few rapid developing provinces like Henan, Sichuan and Hunan.