Abstract: In order to explore the characteristics and influencing factors of grain output in Henan Province, wavelet analysis was used to analyze the characteristics and influencing factors of the grain output from 1978 to 2012 in Henan Province. The results showed that grain output in Henan Province had 5 years, 10 years and 20 years characteristic time scales, and 10 years and 20 years were the main ones. Time scale of grain output tended to be longer, and changes of grain output tended to be stable. Grain output in Henan Province was in relative harvest period at present, but it would be in a new grain reduction period subsequently. The selected influencing factors of grain output were all positive, and their increases would promote grain output, but influencing levels of different factors on grain output were different. Sequence of the influencing degree was grain sown area>effective irrigation area>number of rural agricultural workers>consumption of chemical fertilizer in farmland>total power of agricultural machinery>electricity consumed in rural area.