Abstract: This experiment aims at comparing the leaf anatomy of five species of wild allium plants in Xinjiang and analyzing their environmental adaptability to screen out the wild allium plants suitable for the promotion. [Method] In this experiment, leaves of five species of wild allium plants introduced and cultivated in the experimental base of Xinjiang Agricultural University were chosen as materials to observe their anatomical structures under the optical microscope with paraffin section method. [Result] The results showed that: In specimen NO.1, there were 15~17 large vascular bundles and 45~48 small vascular bundles, while the number of large catheter was 7~10 and that of small catheter was 27~29; In specimen NO.2, there were 5~9 large vascular bundles and 24~26 small vascular bundles, while the number of large catheter was 5~9 and that of small catheter was 8~19; In specimen NO.3, there were 9~11 bundles of large vascular and 19~20 bundles of small vascular, while the number of large catheter was 7~8 and that of small catheter was 3~5; In specimen NO.4, there were 13~14 bundles of large vascular and 20~22 bundles of small vascular, while the quantity of large catheter was 5~10 and that of small catheter was 10~12; In specimen NO.6, there were 8~14 bundles of large vascular and 18~26 bundles of small vascular, while the quantity of large catheter was 6~10 and that of small catheter was 15~20. [Conclusion] It is proved that the specimen NO.1, NO.4 and NO.6 have stronger environmental adaptability than NO.2 and NO.3, and they could be promoted in suitable areas.