Abstract: Based on standardized Euclidean distance method, the evaluation theory and index of agricultural system sustainable development constructed, which includes evaluation function, rank, index, good system and error system. Zhenyuan county of Gansu province (ZG), Wuzhong county of Ningxia Hui autonomous region( WN) and Huantai of Shandong province (HS) are acted as study cases from 2000 to 2012. The results are shown as follows. ASDI in ZG is [0.70, 0.83] and all years are middle high rank of sustainable development. ASDI in WN is [0.40, 0.77] and six years are unsustainable development and other years are middle rank of sustainable development. ASDI in HS is [0.53, 0.71] and all years are unsustainable development. The results are very close to the realities and represent 3 types of agricultural system in China. There are good in organic wastes, straw and manure application, cereal per person, higher vocational education, income per person, drinking water safety, pesticide application rates and Gink coefficient and only more over-application chemical fertilizer nitrogen and phosphorus in ZS that belongs to element beneficial cycle system. There are good in crop outputs per unit, organic water application and grain per person and bad in overdose of chemical fertilizer nitrogen and phosphorus application, water pollution and soil organic matter in WN that belongs to traditional and intensive coexistence agricultural system. There are bad in high input of chemical fertilizers, pestcide and water,non-point source pollution, overproof of nitrogen and phosphorus in groundwater and surfaceater in HS that belongs to high intensive agricultural system.