Abstract: Based on per capita rural residential areas construction land measure method, sampling investigation method and urban system planning standard method, taking Rongchang County as the research area and calculating its rural residential area consolidation potential from 2011 to 2020. By constructing assess index system, applied a statistical method of principal component analysis and studied the priority of rural residential area consolidation on 21 units. According to the score size, divided the 21 administrative institutions into priority renovation area, important renovation area and ordinary renovation area and put forward appropriate recommendation. The results showed that the rural residential area consolidation potential in Rongchang can be reached 3120.71 hm2, the more reasonable result was combined with the advantages of different calculation methods. What’s more, four principal components had a great influence on the priority of rural residential area consolidation, including economic feasibility, consolidation potential, basic conditions and farmers’ willingness. Rural residential area consolidation potential calculation and priority appraisement avoided laying out rural residential land consolidation projects at random, which was helpful for the scheduling of rural residential area consolidation and provided a reference for rural residential area consolidation in upland of the southwestern China.