Abstract: Aphids are major agricultural pests injuring nearly all cultivated crops. The rapid development of aphid molecular biology research has become more and more important for studies on mechanism of plant-aphid interaction, aphid-resistance gene isolation and commercial hybrid breeding. However, a simple and efficient method for aphid DNA extraction has been needed for a long time in aphid molecular biology research. In order to obtain high quality and quantity DNA from a single head of aphid, two different methods (Proteinase K and CTAB) of aphid DNA extraction were investigated and compared in present study. The results showed that CTAB method is generally better than Proteinase K method in respect of not only DNA quantity, but also DNA quality which is qualified for genome sequencing. Comparing with CTAB method, Proteinase K method produced lower DNA yielding, however the DNA quantity and quality also reached the requirement of genome sequencing, and the success rate is higher than CTAB method. Thus the two different DNA extracting methods could be selected according to different experiment designing.