Effect of Malic Acid on the Growth and Photosynthesis of Industrial Hemp

doi:10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0502

Abstract

Abstract:

To explore environmentally sustainable methods for enhancing industrial hemp yield, this study used 'Yunma 7' as the material to screen the most suitable malic acid concentration and the best application method, so as to provide a theoretical basis for the realization of the yield increase mode combining multiple cultivation measures. Seed germination was evaluated under five malic acid concentrations (0, 1000, 2000, 3000, and 4000 mg/L) using filter paper culture, while pot experiments assessed plant growth and photosynthetic characteristics under two application methods(soil irrigation and foliar spraying). Germination tests demonstrated that 2000 mg/L malic acid significantly increased germination rate by 20.46% compared to the control, while 1000 mg/L treatment resulted in maximum shoot and root length. Pot experiments revealed that soil irrigation with 2000 mg/L malic acid produced optimal growth performance, increasing plant height, stem diameter, and root length by 45.62%, 14.55%, and 88.12%, respectively, with concurrently highest net photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance, and lowest intercellular CO₂ concentration. Foliar spraying with 3000 mg/L malic acid showed superior effects, enhancing plant height, stem diameter, and root length by 47.00%, 16.64%, and 80.74%, respectively, while significantly improving net photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance and reducing intercellular CO₂ concentration compared to other treatments. These results indicate that appropriate malic acid application can effectively promote hemp growth and yield. For practical production, we recommend soil irrigation with 2000 mg/L malic acid combined with integrated cultivation practices to achieve sustainable yield improvement.

Key words: industrial hemp, malic acid, method of application, seed germination, growth effects, photosynthesis

LUO Yan, LIU Chen, XIA Xin, ZHAO Kaiyuan, CHENG Xia. Effect of Malic Acid on the Growth and Photosynthesis of Industrial Hemp[J]. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin, 2025, 41(15): 51-58.

Figures/Tables 9

References 29

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苹果酸浓度/(mg/L)	发芽势/%	发芽率/%	芽长/cm	根长/cm
0	48.33±7.64cd	73.33±7.64b	2.37±0.31c	2.13±0.32c
1000	55.00±10.00bc	75.00±13.23ab	4.23±0.31a	4.03±0.21a
2000	73.33±2.89a	88.33±2.89a	3.27±0.21b	3.03±0.06b
3000	61.67±2.89b	70.00±5.00b	2.23±0.06c	1.90±0.10c
4000	38.33±2.89d	46.67±5.77c	0.77±0.06d	0.40±0.26d

苹果酸浓度/(mg/L)	发芽势/%	发芽率/%	芽长/cm	根长/cm
0	48.33±7.64cd	73.33±7.64b	2.37±0.31c	2.13±0.32c
1000	55.00±10.00bc	75.00±13.23ab	4.23±0.31a	4.03±0.21a
2000	73.33±2.89a	88.33±2.89a	3.27±0.21b	3.03±0.06b
3000	61.67±2.89b	70.00±5.00b	2.23±0.06c	1.90±0.10c
4000	38.33±2.89d	46.67±5.77c	0.77±0.06d	0.40±0.26d

施加方式	苹果酸浓度/ (mg/L)	鲜重/g			干重/g
施加方式	苹果酸浓度/ (mg/L)	根	茎	叶	根	茎	叶
浇施	0	1.54±0.10c	13.04±0.41c	10.08±0.20c	0.54±0.05c	3.25±0.53c	2.46±0.30c
	1000	2.45±0.21b	17.64±0.30b	12.56±0.29b	0.77±0.10b	4.18±0.40b	5.59±0.34b
	2000	3.30±0.24a	19.70±0.20a	13.42±0.21a	1.01±0.04a	6.88±0.48a	6.40±0.42a
	3000	2.40±0.41b	17.90±0.13b	12.51±0.09b	0.76±0.02b	4.42±0.40b	5.20±0.17b
	4000	0.33±0.22d	10.28±0.28d	7.13±0.45d	0.18±0.07d	1.33±0.17d	0.75±0.35d
喷施	0	1.47±0.34d	12.97±0.25d	10.26±0.62d	0.52±0.21c	3.22±0.17e	2.39±0.26e
	1000	2.01±0.33c	13.40±0.45d	10.79±0.17cd	0.55±0.08bc	3.93±0.15d	3.76±0.66d
	2000	2.87±0.25ab	17.45±0.16b	12.32±0.33b	0.78±0.14b	5.56±0.31b	5.38±0.29b
	3000	3.34±0.14a	19.41±0.47a	13.34±0.09a	1.05±0.10a	6.75±0.14a	6.32±0.13a
	4000	2.45±0.18bc	15.24±0.11c	11.10±0.25c	0.61±0.05bc	4.83±0.41c	4.48±0.11c

施加方式	苹果酸浓度/ (mg/L)	鲜重/g			干重/g
施加方式	苹果酸浓度/ (mg/L)	根	茎	叶	根	茎	叶
浇施	0	1.54±0.10c	13.04±0.41c	10.08±0.20c	0.54±0.05c	3.25±0.53c	2.46±0.30c
	1000	2.45±0.21b	17.64±0.30b	12.56±0.29b	0.77±0.10b	4.18±0.40b	5.59±0.34b
	2000	3.30±0.24a	19.70±0.20a	13.42±0.21a	1.01±0.04a	6.88±0.48a	6.40±0.42a
	3000	2.40±0.41b	17.90±0.13b	12.51±0.09b	0.76±0.02b	4.42±0.40b	5.20±0.17b
	4000	0.33±0.22d	10.28±0.28d	7.13±0.45d	0.18±0.07d	1.33±0.17d	0.75±0.35d
喷施	0	1.47±0.34d	12.97±0.25d	10.26±0.62d	0.52±0.21c	3.22±0.17e	2.39±0.26e
	1000	2.01±0.33c	13.40±0.45d	10.79±0.17cd	0.55±0.08bc	3.93±0.15d	3.76±0.66d
	2000	2.87±0.25ab	17.45±0.16b	12.32±0.33b	0.78±0.14b	5.56±0.31b	5.38±0.29b
	3000	3.34±0.14a	19.41±0.47a	13.34±0.09a	1.05±0.10a	6.75±0.14a	6.32±0.13a
	4000	2.45±0.18bc	15.24±0.11c	11.10±0.25c	0.61±0.05bc	4.83±0.41c	4.48±0.11c

施加方式	苹果酸浓度/(mg/L)	叶绿素含量/(mg/g)	净光合速率/ [μmolCO₂/(m²·s)]	气孔导度/ [μmolH₂O/(m²·s)]	胞间CO₂浓度/ [μmolCO₂/(m²·s)]	蒸腾速率/ [μmolH₂O/(m²·s)]
浇施	0	32.87±0.68c	3.53±0.03c	0.08±0.01c	216.63±5.60a	4.88±0.44a
	1000	36.20±0.44b	5.88±0.65b	0.17±0.05b	178.43±6.10b	5.03±0.70a
	2000	41.63±3.44a	8.21±0.37a	0.35±0.04a	148.53±3.63c	4.53±0.40a
	3000	38.60±0.46b	6.19±0.39b	0.19±0.07b	173.10±7.46b	4.95±0.47a
	4000	32.53±0.67c	3.24±0.88c	0.07±0.02c	216.17±8.83a	5.33±0.65a
喷施	0	32.13±3.03d	3.56±0.31e	0.08±0.01d	207.20±24.08a	4.75±0.55a
	1000	34.37±0.93cd	4.13±0.16d	0.14±0.01c	186.10±4.85ab	4.86±0.13a
	2000	38.53±0.59ab	6.24±0.29b	0.21±0.04b	157.40±8.91cd	4.76±0.64a
	3000	41.10±2.19a	8.24±0.33a	0.32±0.03a	145.67±9.32d	4.80±1.35a
	4000	36.43±0.83bc	5.38±0.10c	0.16±0.02c	170.17±3.86bc	4.79±0.28a