Rice

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Early-late Season Double-cropping Rice Cultivars: Differences of Yield and Nitrogen Uptake in Early and Late Seasons in South China

ZOU Jixiang, YANG Taotao, WU Longmei, BAO Xiaozhe, ZHANG Bin

Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin 2024, 40 (12): 1-8. DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0308

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In order to clarify the differences in the yield and nitrogen uptake of early-late season double-cropping rice between early and late seasons in South China, six early-late season double-cropping rice cultivars were planted in early and late seasons according to local high-yield cultivation measures to determine the yield, yield components, dry matter accumulation, nitrogen uptake, etc. The yield of early-late season double-cropping rice were 6.68-7.91 t/hm² and 5.72-6.11 t/hm² planted in early and late season, respectively. The yield in early season was significantly higher than that in late season, with an average increase of 1.53 t/hm². Correlation analysis showed that the higher grain yield in early season was related to the increase in the panicle number and grain weight. There were significant differences in dry matter accumulation and nitrogen uptake between early and late seasons. The dry matter accumulation and nitrogen uptake in early season was increased by 25.0% and 29.5%, respectively, compared to those in late season. In addition, the grain yield of early-late season double-cropping rice were significantly positively correlated with the dry matter accumulation and nitrogen uptake. Early-late season double-cropping rice had higher grain yield, dry matter production and nitrogen uptake capacity when planted in early season. These results provide a theoretical basis for the high-yield cultivation of early-late season double-cropping rice in South China.

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The Cloned Genes Related to Rice Mesocotyl Elongation: Effects Analysis and Superior Haplotype Identification

LIU Jindong, WANG Yamei, TIAN Yuanyuan, LIU Hongyan, MENG Yun, YE Guoyou

Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin 2024, 40 (12): 104-112. DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0286

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Dry direct seeding is an important future direction of rice production with a large area in South Asia and Southeast Asia of Indica rice growing regions. However, Japonica rice planting in tropical and subtropical areas mostly adopts traditional transplanting method. Mesocotyl length (ML) is an important factor affecting the emergence and vigor of rice seedlings in dry direct seeding. Breeding long mesocotyl germplasm based on molecular marker assisted selection (MAS) is the most economical and efficient way to promote the popularization of rice direct seeding. So far, four rice mesocotyl elongation genes have been cloned and reported, namely OsGSK2, GY1, OsPAO5 and OsSMAX1, respectively. In this study, we selected the TROP and TEMP Japonica rice subpopulations originated from the 3K re-sequencing project for analysis, determined the length of mesocotyl and identified superior haplotypes of OsGSK2, GY1, OsPAO5 and OsSMAX1. The results showed that the ML of TROP and TEMP populations presented a typical continuous normal distribution. OsGSK2, GY1, OsPAO5 and OsSMAX1 include 3, 3, 3 and 6 haplotypes, respectively. The frequency of haplotype distribution was different in TROP and TEMP panels for the same gene. OsGSK2-Hap1, GY1-Hap2, OsPAO5-Hap3, OsSMAx1-Hap2 and OsSMAx-Hap3 were identified as superior genes in TROP panel; whereas superior haplotypes OsGSK2-Hap1, OsPAO5-Hap2 and OsSMAX1-Hap2 were identified in TEMP panel. In addition, the seedling height for superior haplotype accessions was higher than that of un-superior haplotype accessions in the TROP and TEMP panels, which was easy to form a growth advantage in growth. The superior haplotypes identified showed significant additive effects in TROP and TEMP panels, which could be used in MAS breeding. This study provides reference for the breeding of direct seeding Japonica rice in different regions, and promotes the rapid popularization of dry direct seeding technology.

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Survey and Pathgen Identification of Rice Root Knot Nematode Disease in Rice-Vegetable Rotation Fields in Guangxi

HUANG Jinling, QIN Liping, LIU Zhiming, LIU Zhengrong, LI Hongfang, LU Xiuhong

Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin 2024, 40 (12): 126-133. DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0444

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In order to investigate the occurrence of root knot nematode disease in rice-vegetable rotation fields of Guangxi, and clarify the pathogen species, a sampling survey on the occurrence of rice root-knot nematode disease was carried out in 171 rice-vegetable rotation fields in 27 townships of 14 cities in Guangxi. Nematodes were isolated from samples, and the species was identified by observing the morphological characteristics of second instar larvae and perineal pattern of females, and analyzing ribosomal ITS region and 28S rDNA D2D3 region sequences. The results showed that 64 fields of them were affected with root-knot nematodes, with a detection rate of 37.4% during the rice-growing season and 25.7% during the vegetable rotation. The species of root- knot nematode on rice in Guangxi was confirmed as Meloidogyne graminicola. It indicated that the disease caused by M. graminicola had occurred widely in rice-vegetable rotation fields in Guangxi, and more attention should be paid.

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Physiological Response and Molecular Mechanism of Salt Tolerance in Rice: A Review

ZHAO Qing, OU Yingzhuo, HU Shiqin, ZHOU Yuyang, GUO Longbiao, HAO Zhiqi, MENG Lijun, LIU Changhua

Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin 2024, 40 (12): 94-103. DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0792

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With the intensification of global climate change and land salinization, improving the ability of rice (Oryza sativa L.) to grow in saline and alkaline environments has become a key challenge for agricultural production. The realization of the strategy of " the adaptation of germplasm to land " requires a deep understanding of the salt tolerance mechanism of rice, then breeding improvement on this basis. In this study, we summarized the recent research results on salt tolerance regulatory genes in rice, and classified them functionally according to the biological processes involved. The perception of salt stress in rice and the subsequent activation of various physiological regulatory mechanisms, including osmotic regulation, ion homeostasis, antioxidant defense system and nutrient balance, were analyzed in detail. In this review, we focus on several key Salt stress signaling pathways in rice, including the SOS (Salt Overly Sensitive) pathway, MAPK (Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase) cascade pathway and hormone regulatory pathway. These pathways play crucial roles in rice adaptation salt stress environment. By reviewing the existing literature, this review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the salt tolerance regulatory genes and their functions in rice, provide scientific basis on breeding salt-tolerant rice on these grounds, and as a reference in improving the yield and quality of rice under saline and alkaline environments.

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Study on Dynamic Characteristics of Nitrogen in Surface Water of Paddy Field by Equal Nitrogen Organic Substitution

FU Bin, HU Wanli, NI Ming, LI Zhiwu, WANG Chi, CHEN Anqiang, YAN Hui, ZHAO Xinmei, CHEN Xingwei, YANG Shuming

Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin 2024, 40 (11): 36-43. DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0391

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To prevent and control the loss of nitrogen runoff in paddy fields in plateau lake basins and protect the ecological environment of receiving water bodies, under the paddy-upland rotation planting pattern in Erhai Lake Basin, four equal nitrogen organic substitution treatments were set up, including no fertilization (CK), single application of chemical fertilizer (NPK), combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers (NPKS), and total replacement of organic fertilizer (SS). The dynamic changes of nitrogen concentration in surface water of paddy field were studied, and the effect of organic fertilizer instead of chemical fertilizer on nitrogen loss in surface water was discussed. The results showed that the concentrations of NH₄⁺-N, NO₃^--N, Org-N and TN in surface water increased rapidly after the application of base fertilizer, and reached the peak within 3-7 days. 7 days after fertilization was the key risk period to prevent the loss of nitrogen in surface water. The proportion of NH₄⁺-N/TN concentration in surface water was 39.01%-54.01%, the proportion of NO₃^--N/TN concentration was 11.33%-21.62%, and the proportion of Org-N/TN concentration was 33.85%-41.94%. The application of chemical fertilizer nitrogen increased the proportion of NH₄⁺-N/TN concentration in surface water, and the application of organic fertilizer increased the proportion of NO₃^--N/TN and Org-N/TN concentration in surface water. The response of organic substitution of equal nitrogen amount to nitrogen concentration in surface water decreased with the increase of fertilization days. The concentration changes of NH₄⁺-N, NO₃^--N, Org-N and TN in surface water decreased in a quadratic polynomial, and the nitrogen concentration in surface water tended to be stable at a low level after 35-40 days of nitrogen application. Among the three organic substitution planting methods, NPKS treatment could reduce the nitrogen concentration in surface water and reduce the risk of nitrogen loss in paddy fields.

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Temporal and Spatial Variation of Climatic Production Potential of One Season Rice in Hubei Province in Recent 59 Years

GONG Linxin, YANG Xiaoya, LIU Chunwei, HE Liang

Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin 2024, 40 (11): 84-91. DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0417

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In order to study the effects of climate resource changes on climatic production potential of one season rice in Hubei Province, daily surface meteorological data and one season rice growth period data from 28 meteorological stations in Hubei Province during 1961-2019 were used to analyze the spatio-temporal variation of total solar radiation, effective accumulated temperature ≥10 °C and precipitation during the growth period of one season rice. In addition, the stepwise correction method was used to calculate the photosynthesis, light-temperature and climatic production potential of one season rice, and to analyze the spatio-temporal variation rules. The effects of radiation, temperature and precipitation on crop production potential were quantitatively described. The results showed that the solar radiation decreased significantly and the effective accumulated temperature ≥10 ℃ increased significantly during the growth period of one season rice in recent 59 years. The distribution of solar radiation and effective accumulated temperature in Hubei Province was high in the north and low in the south. The interannual variation of precipitation showed an insignificant upward trend, and only southwest of the province was the area with high precipitation value. The mean photosynthesis, light-temperature and climatic potential of rice in one season were 20134.63 kg/hm², 19434.79 kg/hm² and 13523.16 kg/hm², respectively. The photosynthesis and light-temperature production potential showed a significant downward trend in most regions, while the climatic potential production showed an insignificant downward trend. The average climatic tendency rates of the three regions were -39.26 kg/(hm²·a), -35.68 kg/(hm²·a) and -15.76 kg/(hm²∙a), respectively. The decrease of radiation resources led to the decrease of climatic production potential of one season rice in the range of -32.87~-104.51 kg/(hm²·a). A few stations were negatively affected by the change of heat and precipitation resources, most of the stations were positively affected to varying degrees, and the comprehensive climate resources effect was negative. The decrease of climatic production potential of rice in Hubei Province was mainly caused by the decrease of radiation.

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Effects of Fertilizer Reduction Combined with Organic Fertilizer on Rice Yield and Nutrient Utilization in Western Guangdong

HE Guohe, CHEN Haibin, DU Jianjun, ZHANG Weili, GUO Lihua, HU Yibo, YAN Zhaohua, ZHANG Jing

Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin 2024, 40 (9): 1-8. DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0369

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To solve the problems of excessive application of chemical fertilizer, low crop nutrient utilization efficiency and high risks of non-point source pollution in rice production, the impacts of chemical fertilizer reduction combined with organic fertilizer on nutrient absorption, partial productivity of fertilizer, nutrient balance and rice yield were studied. The optimum management practices were identified in this study, which provided a theoretical basis for reducing fertilizer use, increasing use efficiency and improving soil fertility. A field experiment was carried out in the early rice growing season of western Guangdong in 2021. Four local recommended fertilization methods were tested, including optimized fertilization treatment (OPT), and reducing the rate of farmers’ conventional fertilizer application by 10%, 20% and 30% while applying organic fertilizer denote as OM1, OM2, and OM3 treatment, respectively. The results showed that the grain yield and grain-to-straw ratio varied from 5667-5967 kg/hm² and 1.09-1.31, respectively. The partial factor productivity of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) fertilizer were 30.4-47.2, 96.0-122.1 and 47.2-105.9 kg/kg, respectively. The apparent balance of N, P and K were 54.2-115.3, 17.1-29.8 and 1.2-67.0 kg/hm², respectively. All of them were in a surplus state. In the treatments of organic fertilizer application, the rice grain yields, ratios of grain to stem, N, P, K fertilizer partial productivity, P absorption rate and K absorption rate increased along with the decrease of synthetic fertilizer application rate, while the apparent balance of N, P and K decreased. The straw K content and K partial factor productivity of each organic fertilizer substitution treatment were significantly higher than those of OPT treatment (P<0.05). Compared with farmers’ conventional fertilizer application, OPT, OM1, OM2 and OM3 treatments could maintain the paddy yield, and improve the ratio of grain to stem, the P content and K contents of grain and straw. Considering the ratio of grain to stem, P and K partial productivity, OM3 treatment was identified as optimum management practice. While considering the partial productivity of N fertilizer, N absorption rate, N surplus rate in soil and output-input ratio, OPT treatment was identified as optimum management practice.

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Effects of Different Soil Amendments on Cadmium Uptake and Accumulation in Rice

CHEN Guoan, SONG Xiaoqin, LIU Wenbin, LIU Dan, YE Zhengqian

Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin 2024, 40 (9): 89-96. DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0394

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The application effects of various commercially available soil amendments in cadmium (Cd) -contaminated paddy fields were explored to ensure the safe production of rice and meet the safety standards. Field experiments were conducted in moderate cadmium-contaminated paddy fields using six commercially available soil amendments (“Tebeigai”, “Tuwobao”, “Luxi”, “Kangyuanbanger”, “Yurangkang” and “Chuyang”). The study assessed the impacts of these amendments on soil physical and chemical properties, available Cd content, Cd content in rice organs, and rice yield. The results showed that after the application of soil amendments, the average soil pH increased by 0.22 units, while the levels of available nitrogen, available phosphorus, available potassium and organic matter increased by 7.27%, 7.44%, 7.39%, and 2.99%, respectively. Additionally, the plant height, panicle weight, 1000-grain weight and rice yield increased by 4.72%, 4.54%, 3.50%, and 4.26%, respectively. Furthermore, there was a significant decrease in the available Cd content in the soil by 0.17 mg/kg, representing a decrease of 36.59%, and a significant decrease in the Cd content in brown rice by 57.72%. The six commercially available soil amendments tested had a positive impact on increasing rice yield in slightly Cd-polluted farmland. Additionally, they demonstrated a significant inhibitory effect on the absorption and accumulation of Cd. Among them, “Tuwobao” soil amendment had the best effect on reducing the content of available Cd in soil and Cd in brown rice, which could be popularized and applied.

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Effect on Rice Growth and Yield Increase: Seed Soaking with Iron Chlorin Soluble Powder

ZHANG Guo, YU Julong, LING Hong, YAO Kebing, YU Xiangyang, CHENG Jinjin, ZHU Feng, ZHOU Chen, SHU Zhaolin, ZHAO Laicheng

Journal of Agriculture 2024, 14 (3): 34-39. DOI: 10.11923/j.issn.2095-4050.casb2023-0028

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To explore the effect of 0.02% chlorin iron SP on rice growth and yield after seed soaking and its dosage, the 'Nanjing 9108' was used as experimental variety. Rice seeds were soaked in 0.02% chlorin iron SP at different concentrations. 0.0016%, 28(s)-homobrassinolide AS and 0.136% gibberellic acid·indoleacetic acid·brassinolide SP were used as control agents, and the seeds with water immersion as blank control. The rice growth status was investigated at seedling stage, tillering stage and maturity stage, respectively, and the yields were measured at harvest stage. The results showed as follows: seed soaking with 0.02% chlorin iron did not affect the germination of rice, but the emergence rate of rice decreased with the increase of chlorin iron concentration. Seed soaking with 0.02% chlorin iron increased the fresh weight, root number and tillering percentage of rice seedling. When 0.02% chlorin iron was diluted 15000-10000 times, it could increase the panicle length, the number of solid grains and improve the rice yield. Therefore, seed soaking with 0.02% chlorin iron 15000-10000 times solution can promote rice growth, improve rice yield. The demonstration application can be expanded in rice production.

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Comparative Study of Aggregate Stability and Organic Carbon Fraction in Two Types of Paddy Soils under Tobacco-rice Rotation in Central Hunan

LU Feng, HE Jiewang, XIAO Zhipeng, TANG Jianning, MA Mingyun, XIA Fan, LONG Fei, XIAO Mengyu, QIAN Chuanlin

Journal of Agriculture 2024, 14 (3): 48-52. DOI: 10.11923/j.issn.2095-4050.casb2023-0063

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To reveal the difference in the stability of soil aggregates and the effect of organic carbon in two typical paddy soils with the farming mode of tobacco-rice rotation, the distribution and stability of soil aggregates, the content of organic carbon components and their relationships in two typical paddy soils were studied, sampled from the field of tobacco-rice rotation region in central Hunan Province. The results showed that the content of >0.25 mm aggregates, mean weight diameter of aggregates (MWD) and geometric mean diameter (GMD) of red paddy soil (RPS) were higher than those of purple paddy soil (PPS), but its fractal dimension (D) was lower, indicating that soil structure and aggregate stability of RPS was better than those of PPS; meanwhile, content of total organic carbon (TOC) and particulate organic carbon (POC) in RPS was significantly higher than those in PPS, but there was no significant difference in content of easily oxidized organic carbon (EOC) between RPS and PPS; the MWD and GMD of RPS and PPS were significantly positively correlated with TOC, EOC and POC, while D showed significant negative correlation; although the content of >0.25 mm aggregates in two types of soil were significantly positively correlated with TOC, EOC and POC, but the influence of organic carbon on >0.25 mm aggregates of RPS was greater than those of PPS. Meanwhile, the influence of POC on >0.25 mm aggregates in two types of soil was greater than that of EOC. To cultivate aggregates and improve structure of RPS and PPS with the farming mode of tobacco-rice rotation, the content of soil organic carbon and its fractions should be increased.

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Analysis of Abnormal Growing Phenomena Occurred in Xiangyang District, Hubei Province: Grain-Dropping in Advance and Pole-Withered

YANG Xiaolin, XUE Minfeng, ZHANG Shu, LI Jinbo, LV Liang, CHANG Xiangqian, ZHANG Youhong, GONG Yan

Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin 2024, 40 (8): 112-118. DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0352

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Xiangyang district is an important granary in Hubei Province, rice and wheat rotation is the main cultivation mode in the area. Grain drop and spike rot had appeared in rice production after using rice seeds successively reserved by farmers themselves. In order to explore the cause of poor growth of rice, samples on the spot for investigation were taken and analysis of these phenomena was carried out. Through the method of morphological characteristics observation and molecular biology identification, using the rice ‘Huanghuazhan’ purchased from the market as control, 41 pairs of rice molecular specific markers were detected, the virulence of chemical agents to the isolated pathogens was determined by the growth rate method. Four species of pathogens were isolated from withered rod and rotten ears including Nigrospora oryzae, Fusarium proliferatum, Fusarium equiseti, Fusarium graminearum; the seeds from farmers which were successively reserved for 6 years had no heteromorphosis, but rice grains harvested in the no-tillage rice field had 12 fingerprints different from the contrast. It indicated that the seeds of ‘Huanghuazhan’ preserved by farmers for 6 years had variation in field growth; Zoloether·propineb 70% WG and Kresoxim-methyl·epoxiconazole 23% SC could inhibit the growth of all pathomycetes. Continuous seed retention for many years will cause the vitality of rice seeds to decay, resulting in weak growth of rice in the field, vulnerable to disease invasion, and abnormal growth. Correctly using seeds, scientific management and the control of suitable agrochemicals are important measures to ensure the safe production of rice.

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Effects of Different Fertilization Patterns on Rice Yield and Nutrient Use Efficiency

QIAO Yue, HU Cheng, WAN Jianhua, XU Hualin, LIU Maojun, GUO Weihong, DAI Li, ZHANG Chunhua, DENG Chaoran

Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin 2024, 40 (6): 9-15. DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0245

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To solve the problem of increasing the production capacity of middle and low yield rice fields in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, 6 treatments were set up for a field test in Dangyang, Hubei, including: local conventional fertilizer (T₁), conventional compound fertilizer+3000 kg/hm² bio-organic fertilizer (T₂), organic-inorganic compound fertilizer (T₃), biochar based fertilizer (T₄), rice-specific formula fertilizer (T₅) and non-fertilizer (CK). The effects of different fertilization modes on rice yield and nutrient utilization efficiency were studied under the same fertilization amount. The results showed that under different fertilization treatments, rice yield and yield components were T₄>T₅>T₃>T₂>T₁>CK. Compared with T₁ treatment, T₂-T₅ treatments increased yield by 4.27%-19.27%, respectively; under the same nitrogen application, the nitrogen accumulation of T₂-T₅ treatments increased by 4.08%-32.03% compared with T₁ treatment, and T₂-T₅ treatments increased the nitrogen uptake, nitrogen contribution rate, nitrogen partial factor productivity, nitrogen agronomic efficiency and nitrogen apparent efficiency in the production of 100 kg seeds by 1.96%-9.15%, 11.26%-44.86%, 4.26%-19.27%, 16.23%-72.79% and 7.80%-61.22%, respectively; under the same phosphorus application treatment, the phosphorus accumulation of T₂-T₅ treatments increased by 4.60%-26.67% compared with T₁ treatment, and T₂-T₅ treatments increased phosphorus uptake, phosphorus partial productivity and phosphorus apparent utilization rate in the production of 100 kg seeds by 4.28%-19.27%, 3.33%-10.00% and 12.48%-71.90%, respectively. Under the condition that the total amount of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer was the same, selecting appropriate slow-release fertilizer for basic application and rationally application of tillering fertilizer could not only improve the fertilizer absorption and utilization rate, but also increase the rice yield.

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Effect of Slow Release Fertilizers on Yield and Population Structure of Hybrid Rice

CHEN Shaojie, HE Bingqing, LUO Baojie, JIANG Qi

Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin 2024, 40 (5): 34-38. DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0187

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To improve the fertilizer utilization rate and increase the rice yield, the experiment investigated the effect of different types of slow release fertilizers on hybrid rice ‘Yongyou 12’. The results showed that ‘Hanfeng’ slow release fertilizer had a significant effect on yield increase, which was 2.7%-3.5% higher than that of the formula fertilizer. ‘Liuguowang’ slow release fertilizer and ‘Fengzhu’ slow release fertilizer had no significant yield increase effect. The spike rate and the number of grains per spike under ‘Hanfeng’ slow release fertilizer were higher than that of others, which compensated the lower effective spike number. The leaf area index and dry matter under ‘Hanfeng’ slow release fertilizer were the highest in growth. Based on the performance of yield and population characteristics, ‘Hanfeng’ slow release fertilizer was better than that of ‘Liuguowang’ and ‘Fengzhu’. It could provide a basis for seed-specific fertilization of ‘Yongyou 12’.

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Succession of Soil Microbial Community in Ganoderma lucidum-Rice Rotation System

ZHU Shijun, LUO Youjun, JIN Shuquan, ZHOU Jinbo, WANG Feng

Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin 2024, 40 (5): 39-46. DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0159

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Ganoderma lucidum is an excellent traditional Chinese medicine, with a huge market demand in Asia and other regions. And the traditional intensive cultivation always results in low yield and poor quality of ganoderma lucidum. Water-dry rotation has been proved to be a practical, effective and sustainable agricultural measure, but study on ganoderma lucidum-rice rotation is extremely rare. To explore soil microbial communities’ succession at different stages of ganoderma lucidum-rice rotation, high-throughput sequencing was used to analyze soil bacteria and fungal communities structure at different stages of DAF, L₁ and L₂. The results showed that from DAF to L₂, the diversity index values of bacteria gradually decreased, and that of fungi decreased and then increased. The ganoderma lucidum-rice rotation had a significant impact on the structure of bacterial and fungal communities. The relative abundance of rhodobacter and gemmatimonas at DAF was significantly higher than that at L₁ and L₂. And abundance of MND1, escherichia coli-Shigella, Dongia, streptomyces and Ellin6067 were the opposite. As for fungi, the relative abundance of psathyrella at L₁ was significantly higher than that at DAF and L₂, while mortierella was the opposite. The correlation analysis showed that most of the soil chemical nutrient indicators were significantly negatively correlated with the fungal diversity indicators, but not with the bacterial richness, bacterial diversity and fungal richness. RDA analysis showed that SOM was the main environmental factor affecting the bacterial community, while AP and AK were the main factors affecting the fungal community. Ganoderma lucidum-rice rotation is beneficial to improve the soil microbial community structure, increase the yield and quality of ganoderma lucidum. Thus, it has a significant positive effect on the sustainable agricultural production of ganoderma lucidum.

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Dynamics of Leaf SPAD Values and Its General Combining Ability and Genetic Effects of Late-season Hybrid Rice in South China

LIAO Yilong, LIU Wuge, WANG Feng, LIU Dilin, KONG Le, LI Jinhua, HUO Xing, FU Chongyun, ZHU Manshan, ZENG Xueqin

Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin 2024, 40 (3): 1-7. DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0920

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This study aims to reveal the dynamic changes in leaf SPAD values, and its general combining ability (GCA), genetic effects of South China late-season indica hybrid rice, in order to provide relevant scientific basis for the breeding of high efficient new hybrid varieties of South China. Three indica male sterile lines and six indica restorer lines widely used in South China were used to make 18 incomplete diallel cross combinations. Then, GCA and genetic effects of leaf SPAD values of these varieties at different developmental stages were analyzed. The results showed that the leaf SPAD values of hybrids and its parents showed a gradually decreasing trend after transplanting, reached the lowest point at the panicle initiation stage (43 or 50 DAT）, and rapidly decreased at the initial heading stage (60 DAT). There were significant differences in leaf SPAD values between different varieties and the same variety at different developmental stages. Especially, from the filling and fruiting stage to the wax ripening stage, the leaf SPAD values of ‘Rongfeng A’, ‘Wufeng A’, ‘Huazhan’, ‘Guanghui 308’ and their corresponding hybrids decreased rapidly, while that of ‘Minghui 63’, ‘Gui99’ and their corresponding hybrids still maintained relatively higher level, which displayed the same trend with the dynamic changes in GCA of their parents’ leaf SPAD values. Except for the early tilling stage in which the special combining ability (SCA) of the leaf SPAD value reached 70.76%, the GCA played a dominant role in the leaf SPAD value at all other developmental stages. The heritabilities of leaf SPAD value of hybrids in reproductive growth stage (21.90%-63.89%) were significantly higher than those in vegetative growth stage (8.02%-14.79%). The leaf SPAD value of hybrids was mainly attributed to additive effect, as well as dominant or/and epistatic effects at the same time. The dominant or/and epistatic effects increased from the initial heading stage to the flowering stage, reaching 18.37% and 22.02%, respectively. At the early and middle stages of development, the leaf SPAD value was less affected by environmental conditions, while at the later stage, it was more affected by environmental conditions.

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Effects of Different Concentrations of Cadmium on Growth of Salt-Tolerant Rice and Enzyme Activity of Common Cutworm Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

XU Jin, TAN Jianbin, DENG Xiaoyu, LIANG Jinyang, SHI Peiqiong, ZHOU Hongkai

Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin 2024, 40 (3): 120-127. DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0147

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To investigate the impact of varying concentrations of cadmium on the growth of salt-tolerant rice and enzyme activity in insects, the salt-tolerant rice variety ‘Haihong-12’ was treated with cadmium chloride solution of different concentrations (1.5, 3, 6, 15 mg/kg) for 4, 7, 12, 17, 22 days, respectively, the plant height, root length, chlorophyll content of salt-tolerant rice seedlings and the activities of acetyl cholinesterase and carboxyl esterase of Spodoptera litura larvae fed on treated rice plants were measured under different concentrations and different time of cadmium treatment. The results indicate that the growth of salt-tolerant rice, including plant height and root length, is influenced by both cadmium concentration and time under cadmium stress. The inhibitory effect of a low concentration (1.5, 3 mg/kg) cadmium solution on rice growth was observed intermittently during the treatment period, whereas the inhibitory effect of a high concentration (6, 15 mg/kg) cadmium solution persisted. The chlorophyll content of salt-tolerant rice and the acetyl cholinesterase activity of Spodoptera litura larvae decreased with increasing cadmium concentration, while the carboxyesterase activity of Spodoptera litura larvae increased. The growth of salt-tolerant rice seedlings was impeded by cadmium solution, and the inhibitory effects were intensified with increasing concentrations of cadmium solution. Phytophagous pests exhibited varying trends in detoxification enzyme activities when fed on salt-tolerant rice seedlings treated with cadmium. The results could provide supportive data for optimizing the cultivation conditions of salt-tolerant rice and provide a theoretical basis for further research on the reaction mechanism of heavy metal enrichment in salt-tolerant rice-insect interaction.

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Tolerance of Red Claw Crayfish Juvenile to Four Kinds of Rice Pesticides

CHI Meili, LU Kaiwen, JIANG Wenping, PAN Lingjie, CHENG Shun, ZHENG Jianbo, SUN Jian, LI Fei

Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin 2024, 40 (3): 152-157. DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0106

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In order to understand the toxic effects of commonly used biopesticides or insecticides (zhongshengmycin, chlorantraniliprole-thiamethoxam, Zn thiazole and validamycin A) in rice field, semi-static acute toxicity test for aquatic organism was conducted on juvenile red claw crayfish (about 4 cm). The results showed that 96 h semi-lethal concentration of the four pesticides against juvenile red claw crayfish were 19.66 mg/L, 1.65 mg/L, 1132.83 mg/L and 2092.07 mg/L, respectively. The safe concentrations were 5.65 mg/L, 1.27 mg/L, 260.40 mg/L and 248.11 mg/L respectively. According to the results of behavior and tolerance, the toxicity of the four pesticides to the juvenile red claw crayfish were in the order of chlorantraniliprole-thiamethoxam> zhongshengmycin> validamycin A> Zn thiazole. Furthermore, in accordance with the national standard (GB/T16310.5-1996), Zn thiazole and validamycin A were non-toxic pesticides, zhongshengmycin was slightly toxic, and chlorantraniliprole-thiamethoxam was medium toxic pesticide for juvenile red claw crayfish. This research defined the tolerance of juvenile red claw crayfish to four major pesticides used in rice. It was expected to provide reference for disease control in the process of co-culture of rice and red claw crayfish.

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Effects of Planting Methods on Lodging Resistance of Rice in Cold Area

ZHANG Xijuan, WANG Wenlong, MENG Ying, TANG Ao, DONG Wenjun, LIU Youhong, XU Yingzhe, WAN Lizhi, JIANG Shukun, YANG Xianli, LIU Kai, JIANG Hui, REN Yang, LAI Yongcai

Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin 2024, 40 (3): 16-25. DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0621

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In order to explore the effects of different planting methods on the lodging resistance of rice in cold area, the lodging resistance characteristics of two rice varieties, ‘Longjing 21’ and ‘Longdao 18’, were studied under water direct seeding method, dry direct seeding method, and transplanting method. The planting methods influenced the lodging resistance characteristics of rice significantly in the cold region, but the performances of the two varieties were inconsistent. The lodging index of N1, N2, N3, and N4 internodes of ‘Longjing 21’ was transplanting > water direct seeding > dry direct seeding. The single stem thrust resistance of N1, N2, N3, and N4 internodes of ‘Longjing 21’ was dry direct seeding > transplanting > water direct seeding. The lodging index of N1, N3, and N4 internodes of ‘Longdao 18’ was transplanting > dry direct seeding > water direct seeding, whereas the lodging index of N2 internode was dry direct seeding > transplanting > water direct seeding. The single stem thrust resistance of N1, N2, N3, and N4 internodes of ‘Longdao 18’ was water direct seeding > transplanting > dry direct seeding. Correlation analysis revealed that the plant height, the gravity center height, and the length of N1 and N2 internodes should be reduced appropriately to increase rice lodging resistance in cold areas. The large panicle population structure should not be selected. These results suggested that the selection of suitable varieties combined with the establishing of numerous and small panicle population structure could lead to higher yield and better lodging resistance of direct seeding rice in cold area.

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Hybrid Indica Rice Varieties in Yunnan Province: Experimental Analysis

ZUO Xueqian, TAN Jing, DENG Wei, XU Yuran, LV Ying, ZHANG Jinwen, YU Qin, DONG Wei, GUAN Junjiao, LI Xiaolin

Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin 2024, 40 (3): 8-15. DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0381

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In order to select the hybrid indica rice varieties with high and stable yield, strong disease resistance and good grain quality for planting at the indica rice planting region in Yunnan, and accelerate the breeding process and achievement transformation, using ‘Lingheyou 78’ as the control, the yield, field performance, resistance and rice quality of 8 hybrid indica rice varieties were compared and analyzed through the variety testing. The results showed that, except for ‘Yunliangyou 252’, other varieties had excellent comprehensive characters, and the average yield of regional test in 2021 and 2022 was more than 10,000 kg/hm². There were 5 varieties with a 5% increase compared with CK, and the yields of 8 varieties in production test were more than 9800 kg/hm², among which ‘Yunliangyou 9801’had the highest yield, and the increase was more than 8.8% compared with CK. Through the analysis of rice quality, ‘Yunliangyou 2198’ met the general quality standard of edible rice varieties of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs. The rice quality of ‘Yunliangyou 42’, ‘Yunliangyou 9801’, ‘Yunliangyou 9802’, ‘Yunliangyou 9803’, ‘Yulongyouhezhan’ and ‘Huazhongyou 9326’ in two years all reached the high quality standard of edible rice varieties of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs. The output of ‘Yunliangyou 252’ was 9730.95 kg/hm², lower than CK, and its rice quality was the general quality standard of edible rice varieties of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs. Therefore, six varieties, ‘Yunliangyou 42’, ‘Yunliangyou 9801’, ‘Yunliangyou 9802 ’, ‘Yunliangyou 9803’, ‘Yulongyouhezhan’ and ‘Huazhongyou 9326’, are considered as high-quality varieties. ‘Yunliangyou 2198’ is a variety with high and stable yield. The above 7 varieties are recommended for approval, and the research results provide the basis for rice variety approval and rice yield increase.

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Research Progress on Chalkiness Formation Mechanism in Rice

CHENG Xinjie, SHI Wei, ZHANG Menglong, YUE Hongliang, DAI Jinying, HU Lei, ZHU Guoyong

Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin 2024, 40 (2): 1-7. DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0104

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Chalkiness is one of the important indexes to evaluate the appearance quality of rice. It is a bad character that seriously affects the grinding, appearance and taste quality of rice, and plays an important role in the market value evaluation of rice. This paper summarized the effects of environmental factors, physiological mechanisms and genetic mechanisms on the formation of chalkiness in rice, and pointed out the difficulties existing in the improvement of chalkiness in rice breeding. Based on the current research results and the development of related technologies, some suggestions for improvement were put forward to provide a certain research basis for the production of high-quality rice.

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