Cultivated Land Protection

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Effect of Soil Condition Change on Grain Yield Based on Classification and Monitoring of Cultivated Land Resource Quality: A Case Study of Lankao County in Henan

FAN Peng, WANG Ziwei, SHAO Hongqi, YANG Qingwei, WANG Lei, YANG Xihui

Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin 2024, 40 (10): 83-88. DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0401

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This study utilized trend analysis and comparative analysis methods to analyze the changes of soil conditions over various years at soil monitoring sample points and their subsequent effects on grain yield, using data extracted from the cultivated land resource quality classification monitoring in Lankao County. The findings demonstrated that enhancements in grain yield could be attributed to the increase of soil organic matter content and a reasonable augmentation of soil pH. For the purpose of yield optimization, it was suggested that the utilization of organic fertilizers should be increased on the premise of soil testing and formula fertilization, consequently ameliorating the soil organic matter content. Concurrently, context-specific measures for improving soil pH should be devised, considering the unique characteristics of the local soil and the types of predominant crops.

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Study on the Relationship Between Cultivated Land Quality and Landscape Pattern Index--Taking Yingtan City of Jiangxi Province as An Example

ZOU Hengyu, YE Yingcong, KUANG Lihua

Journal of Agriculture 2024, 14 (1): 44-52. DOI: 10.11923/j.issn.2095-4050.cjas2023-0168

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Studying the relationship between cultivated land quality and landscape patterns can provide a scientific basis for strengthening the protection and enhancement of national cultivated land quality. Using 2022 cultivated land quality data in Yingtan City, Jiangxi Province, the study comprehensively analyzed the overall cultivated land quality situation in Yingtan based on the cultivated land quality evaluation. Landscape pattern indices such as patch area, percent of landscape, edge density, patch density, landscape shape index, mean patch size, landscape division index, contagion index, and Shannon’s diversity index were selected to calculate in Fragstats 4.2 software, and then cultivated land area weighted average national natural level index, cultivated land area weighted average national use level index and cultivated land area weighted average national economic level index were correlated with the selected cultivated landscape pattern indices, respectively. It was concluded that the cultivated land quality national natural level index was significantly and negatively correlated with the edge density of cultivated land, with a correlation coefficient of -0.393 (P<0.01); the cultivated land quality national use level index was significantly and positively correlated with the mean patch size of cultivated land and the Shannon’s diversity index, with correlation coefficients of 0.343 (P<0.01) and 0.416 (P<0.01), respectively; the cultivated land quality national economic level index was significantly and negatively correlated with the edge density of cultivated land, with a correlation coefficient of -0.381 (P<0.01). Thus, there was a clear correlation between some of the landscape pattern indices and cultivated land quality, which could reflect to some extent the correlation between cultivated land quality and landscape pattern indices within the region. The results of the study can provide scientific references for the improvement and protection of cultivated land quality from the perspective of landscape pattern, and also have certain practical significance for the national level decision-making on the optimization of regional spatial layout of cultivated land.

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Research on the Reduction and Reuse of Collective Construction Land: Progress and Prospect

FAN Wenyang, LIU Yu

Journal of Agriculture 2023, 13 (10): 95-100. DOI: 10.11923/j.issn.2095-4050.cjas2023-0098

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Based on the systematic review of relevant literature, this paper summarizes the main progress of the research on the reduction of construction land from four aspects: the types and characteristics of collective construction land, the identification of reduced land blocks, the optimization of the reuse direction of reduced land and the mechanism of reuse guarantee, and then puts forward the important direction of further research on the reduction of collective construction land. The results show that the classification system of collective construction land has yet to reach a consensus, the identification model and reuse path of collective construction land reduction plot are actively explored, and the policy mechanism of construction land reduction has a preliminary framework and is being popularized and applied. On the whole, the research on the reduction of collective construction land has a certain foundation. The deepening development of technology progress and land resource utilization management concept will promote the further research on the reduction of collective construction land, including exploring the characteristics and laws of collective construction land utilization, constructing the space-time allocation model of collective construction land reduction, and promoting the innovation of efficient reuse path and measures of reduced land. The research provides a reference for the further development of related research.

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Spatial Variability Characteristics of Cultivated Land Soil pH and Its Dominating Factors in Xi’an City

SUN Xijun, LV Shuang, GAO Ying, CAI Miao, MENG Jing, LI Quan

Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin 2023, 39 (29): 59-67. DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0902

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Based on high-density sampling in the field, the spatial variability of soil pH and its influencing factors in cultivated land in Xi’an were analyzed by using the methods of geostatistics and GIS. The results showed that: (1) soil pH of cultivated land ranged from 5.8 to 8.9, with an average of pH 7.63±0.57. Meanwhile, coefficient of variation was 7.47%, which indicated a weak variability. (2) When ordinary Kriging interpolation was performed, soil pH was best fitted by the spherical model with no order trend effect, and the model nugget coefficient was 26.30%, showing a moderate spatial correlation. (3) Soil pH of cultivated land generally showed an increasing trend from south to north in the spatial distribution. The ratio of acidic soil, neutral soil, alkaline soil and highly alkaline soil were 1.47 %, 25.16%, 72.83% and 0.54%, respectively. In general, cultivated land soil in Xi’an was mainly alkaline and neutral soil. (4) The factors of soil parent material, soil type, soil texture, landform type, soil organic matter and elevation had significant impacts on spatial variability of soil pH. Altitude, soil type and soil parent material were able to independently explain 21.7%, 10.9% and 7.7% of soil pH spatial variability, and that far higher than other factors. So altitude, soil type and soil parent material could be used as the three main dominating factors for analyzing the spatial variability of soil pH in cultivated land in Xi’an. The research results could provide a reference for balanced fertilization management, cultivated land quality protection and upgrading regional ecological environment construction in Xi’an.

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Reserve Cultivated Land Resources and Ecological Risk Assessment in 2021: Taking Danjiangkou City as an Example

SUN Pei, ZHOU Lingyun, YI Jiewei, ZHANG Chi, WANG Wenwen, YIN Wei

Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin 2023, 39 (29): 68-73. DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0899

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To implement the strictest farmland protection system and further standardize the balance management of arable land occupation and compensation, Danjiangkou City had carried out the survey and evaluation of arable land reserve resources in the whole region. Taking the base map data of farmland reserve resources survey and evaluation in Danjiangkou City issued by Hubei Province as the research object, according to the evaluation criteria in the “Work Plan for the Survey and Evaluation of Cultivated Land Reserve Resources in Hubei Province” (EZZB [2021] No.15), the evaluation of farmland reserve resources in Danjiangkou was carried out, and further risk assessment was carried out on the plots that were evaluated as suitable for cultivation. The evaluation results showed that the total suitable arable land area of the survey and evaluation of cultivated land reserve resources in Danjiangkou City was 106.5 hm², accounting for 43.15% of the area of the assessment base map. Among which 56.2 hm² was grassland and 50.3 hm² was bare land. The areas suitable for cultivation were at or below the middle risk, and the area of low risk was only 4.9 hm², accounting for 1.97% of the area of the assessment base map. The area of lower risk was 74.5 hm², accounting for 30.18% of the area of the assessment base map. The area of medium risk was about 27.1 hm², accounting for 10.99% of the area of the assessment base map. The reserve cultivated land in Danjiangkou City had a large area with medium ecological risk, which was mainly distributed around the reservoir area of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project, and required appropriate ecological protection and restoration.

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Analysis of Soil Nutrient Changes and Ecological Stoichiometry Under Different Land Use Types

LI Xuemei, SHU Yingge

Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin 2023, 39 (28): 62-69. DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0827

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To study the characteristics of soil nutrients and the ecological stoichiometric ratios of carbon (C), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) under different land use types, the distribution of soil nutrients in the surface layer (0-20 cm) of paddy fields, drylands, grasslands and woodlands and the differences were analyzed by bibliometric methods. The results showed that the four land use types were relatively rich in total potassium and fast-acting potassium, but generally deficient in total phosphorus, with significant differences (P<0.05); soil total nitrogen was positively significantly correlated with total phosphorus (P<0.05), and negatively significantly correlated with adequate phosphorus (P<0.05), soil organic matter showed a highly significant positive correlation with total nitrogen (P<0.01), and total soil phosphorus showed a highly significant positive correlation with total potassium (P<0.01). Soil C:N values were highest in paddy fields, soil C:K, C:P and N:K values were highest in grasslands, N:P values were highest in woodlands and P:K values were highest in drylands; based on the integrated soil nutrient pool index, it could be concluded that the overall soil nutrient levels of the four different land use types showed paddy fields>grasslands>drylands>woodlands. The four land use types effectively presented the differences between soil nutrient content and ecological stoichiometric ratio of elements, which could provide theoretical support for the revegetation and soil improvement of different land-use types.

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Status and Problems on Genesis and Classification Research of Rice-planting Soils in China

ZHANG Mingkui, MA Wanzhu

Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin 2023, 39 (27): 67-74. DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0802

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Rice-planting soils are the most important agricultural soils in China. It is a group of soils with hydroponic maturation in which human beings have cultivated rice for a long time, and a specific soil profile structure has been formed. “Chinese Soil Classification System” and “Chinese Soil Taxonomy”, two current soil classification systems in China, regard rice-planting soil as an independent soil type, which is called paddy soils and stagnic anthrosols, respectively. This group of soils is gradually formed under periodic irrigation-drainage, fertilization, cultivation and rotation. Its main soil formation processes include periodic redox alternation and iron-manganese leaching, base leaching and base restoration actions, and strong fixation and accumulation of organic carbon. At present, the quantitative research on this group of soils has been gradually improved. There is a more in-depth understanding of its distribution law in geographical space and genetic characteristics affected by terrain and soil parent material. However, the mechanism of vertical differentiation of iron oxides in the soils, the setting of some soil subgroups, soil quantitative identification standards, field investigation and mapping technology and the evolution of soil types caused by the change in utilization mode need to be further studied.

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Comprehensive Evaluation of Soil Fertility of Arable Land in Gangcha County Based on Principal Component Analysis and Cluster Analysis

LI Minjun, DU Jian

Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin 2023, 39 (26): 51-59. DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0045

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The study aims to clarify the comprehensive soil fertility index and soil nutrient characteristics in Gangcha County, so as to lay the foundation for improving the quality of arable land according to local conditions, improving soil fertilizer utilization rate of arable land in Gangcha County, applying fertilizer rationally and realizing precision agriculture. The soil fertility of arable land in Gangcha County, Qinghai Province was studied, and 19 indices were measured by field sampling and soil sample testing according to the current valid standards such as NY/T 1121. Principal component analysis and hierarchical analysis were combined, and the fuzzy integrated evaluation method was applied to evaluate the fertility of arable soils. The results showed that the soil fertility level of arable land in Gangcha County was divided into 5 levels, among which the proportion of arable land evaluated as level 1-3 was 3.45%, 24.46% and 18.95%, respectively, the level 4 was 46.60%, and the level 5 was 6.55%. Among the massive elements, the average values of eight indicators (organic matter, available nitrogen, available phosphorus, available potassium, slowly available potassium, total nitrogen, total phosphorus and total potassium) were 25.19 g/kg, 99.85 mg/kg, 13.69 mg/kg, 47.87 mg/kg, 717.82 mg/kg, 1.97 g/kg, 1.09 g/kg, and 22.22 g/kg. The average values of the eight indicators (effective molybdenum, effective sulfur, effective silicon, effective iron, effective manganese, effective boron, effective zinc and effective copper) in the medium and trace elements were 0.03, 45.21, 99.09, 5.52, 2.00, 0.59, 0.58 and 0.88 mg/kg. The proportion of arable land evaluated as grade 4 was the highest, the arable land evaluated as grade 1-3 was mainly distributed in Hargai Town, the grade 4 was mainly distributed in Qinghai Lake Farm; the grade 5 accounted for more in Huangyuquan Farm and Yikeulan Township. The average values of organic matter, available nitrogen, available potassium, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, effective iron and effective molybdenum were higher in the arable land evaluated as grade 1, the average value of total potassium was higher in the grade 2, the average value of effective zinc content was higher in the grade 3, the average value of available phosphorus, effective molybdenum, effective boron and effective copper content were higher in the grade 4, the average value of slowly available potassium, effective sulfur and effective silicon content were higher in the grade 5.

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Distribution Characteristics of Soil pH in Cultivated Land in Qinling-Bashan Area and Its Influencing Factors

GAO Peng, YANG Xiaomin, LI Danni, YU Zhengjun, YAO Yuan, SI Hua

Journal of Agriculture 2023, 13 (8): 32-36. DOI: 10.11923/j.issn.2095-4050.cjas2022-0140

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To explore the distribution characteristics of soil pH of cultivated land in Qinling-Bashan area, this study took Hanzhong City in Shaanxi Province as the research area, and analyzed the distribution law of soil pH in cultivated layer and its influencing factors by geostatistical and GIS methods. The results showed that the regional soil pH was between 4.15 to 8.41, with an average value of 6.50, and the overall soil was weakly acidic to neutral. The spatial distribution of soil pH showed the characteristics of low in the middle and high in the east and west. The distribution of soil pH in this area was affected by both structural factors and human factors. The results of geostatistical analysis showed that the optimal theoretical model of the soil pH variation was the exponential model, and the nugget effect value was 0.366, which indicated that the spatial heterogeneity of regional variables was the result of the joint action of random factors and structural factors, among which the soil type, farming system, soil parent material and altitude were the main influencing factors. This study could provide a theoretical basis for rational utilization of cultivated land and sustainable agricultural development.

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Study on Cultivated Land Quality Level in the Upper Reaches of Xiangjiang River Hilly Region based on AHP and GIS: Take Dong’an County as an Example

LI Xiaoqing, WU Lin, HE Changyuan

Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin 2023, 39 (23): 30-38. DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0873

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Cultivated land is the basis of food production, and the quality of cultivated land affects the comprehensive production capacity of cultivated land. The central and local governments have repeatedly pointed out the need to protect the red line of cultivated land and to stabilize the policy, area and yield of grain production. The area of mountainous and hilly areas in the Xiangjiang River basin is widely distributed, and it is important to study the quality level of cultivated land in mountainous hilly areas to deepen the protection of cultivated land and improve the land productivity of cultivated land in the basin. The cultivated land in Dong'an County, a typical mountainous and hilly area in the upper reaches of the Xiangjiang River basin, was selected for quality evaluation. The results were analyzed by overlaying the soil map, current land use map and administrative division map of Dong’an County on the ArcGIS platform. The index weight was determined by hierarchical analysis, and the affiliation degree was determined by fuzzy mathematics, after the comprehensive weights were derived. The results showed that according to the evaluation standard of “quality grade of cultivated land” GB/T 33469—2016, the evaluation result was that the quality of cultivated land in Dong’an County was divided into 6 grades. Among them, the area of the third grade was 12793 hm², accounting for the highest proportion of the total area, which was 37.4%; followed by the wide distribution area of the second grade and the fourth grade, which were 8648 hm² and 6985 hm², respectively, accounting for 25.3% and 20.4%; the area of other grades of land was relatively small. The content of effective phosphorus, fast-acting potassium and organic matter of cultivated land in Dong’an County was mostly at the middle level, and the area of cultivated land with soil nutrient characteristics of Grade I, Grade II and Grade III was widely distributed, which required some targeted measures to enhance the production capacity of cultivated land.

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Evaluation on Cultivated Land Soil Quality in Western Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

XU Tao, SHI Weigang, LIU Kuolong, XU Xiaofei, FAN Jiaxue

Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin 2023, 39 (21): 75-82. DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0729

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To scientifically evaluate the soil environment of cultivated land in western Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and improve the quality of cultivated land according to local conditions, the soil fertility (organic matter, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, available potassium, slow-release potassium etc.) and heavy metal pollution (As, Hg, Cr, Pb, Cd) of cultivated land were analyzed in four counties of western Ngari (Burang, Zanda, Gar, Rutog). Standard comparison method, single factor index method and Nemerow comprehensive index method were used to evaluate the soil environmental quality of the cultivated land. The results showed that the Nemero comprehensive fertility index of the cultivated land in the study area was 1.74, which belonged to grade 3, and soil fertility was average. The soil was deficient in organic matter and total nitrogen, rich in phosphorus and potassium, relatively rich in medium and trace elements except available zinc and available molybdenum. And the Nemero comprehensive pollution index was 0.71, which reached the warning line. The pollution was mainly concentrated in Burang and Gar. As and Cr exceed the heavy metal risk control value by 27.5% and 2.5%, respectively. In addition, Cd was 95% higher than the background value of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. In conclusion, the cultivated land of Rutog is fertile and pollution-free, which can be developed as the key cultivated land planting area. But organic matter and nitrogen should be properly supplemented during cultivation to ensure crop growth. Furthermore, it is necessary to pay attention to As pollution in Burang to ensure food safety.

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The Application of Soil Conditioner (CMC) in Soil Improvement of New Cultivating Farmland

LI Ting, ZHU Li'an, LIN Zi, SHAO Shegang, NI Dong, LIN Lanwen

Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin 2023, 39 (21): 88-93. DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0601

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Exploring the effects of different application rates of polymer materials on soil fertility in new cultivating farmland is helpful to provide a scientific basis for rapid maturation of new farmland. Bermudagrass was used as the research material and a pot experiment was conducted to explore the effects of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) (0.04%, 0.08%, 0.12%, 0.16% and 0.20%) mixed with vermicompost and compound biological inoculants on plant growth and soil nutrients in new cultivating farmland. The results showed that the overground part and root biomass of bermudagrass were significantly increased under different CMC treatments, which were 33.8-37.5 and 5.0-5.9 times than those of CK, respectively, and the root-shoot ratio was decreased by 84.1%-86.3%. The biomass of bermudagrass showed the highest value in 0.16% CMC treatment. The CMC treatments had significant effect on soil nutrient content, the content of soil organic matter and total phosphorus showed the maximum value in 0.16% CMC treatment, which were 187.9% and 19.2% higher than those of CK, respectively. The >0.25 mm water-stable aggregate content was significantly increased by 24.2%-138.9% in CMC treatment, and the highest value was found in 0.20% CMC treatment. In conclusion, the 0.16% CMC treatment had the best effect on the growth promotion of bermudagrass and the increase of soil organic matter and total phosphorus contents, while the best effect on the improvement of soil water-stable aggregate was achieved in 0.20% CMC treatment.

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Spatial Autocorrelation Analysis of Soil Nutrients of Cropland at Land Parcel Scale in Dulan County of Qinghai Province

DU Jian, PAN Xue, WU Jun, CAI Liqun

Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin 2023, 39 (21): 94-102. DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0637

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The spatial autocorrelation analysis of soil pH and six nutrient indexes (organic matter, available phosphorus, available potassium, total nitrogen, total phosphorus and total potassium) in Dulan County of Qinghai Province was conducted, and their spatial aggregation and isolation were further analyzed. Based on the results of this study, we hope to improve the utilization rate of farmland soil and fertilizer in Dulan County and lay a foundation for precision agriculture. After field sampling, soil samples were tested according to existing effective standards such as NY/T 1121. The spatial distribution pattern and spatial aggregation of cropland soil indexes in the study area were analyzed by combining global spatial autocorrelation and local spatial autocorrelation. The results showed that the average values of soil pH, organic matter, available phosphorus, available potassium, total nitrogen, total phosphorus and total potassium were 8.12, 17.90 g/kg, 19.00 mg/kg, 123.00 mg/kg, 0.80 g/kg, 0.80 g/kg and 17.85 g/kg, respectively. Global spatial autocorrelation under the Inverse_Distance weight, pH, organic matter, total phosphorus and total potassium showed positive spatial autocorrelation. Available phosphorus, available potassium and total nitrogen showed negative spatial autocorrelation. The results were the same in Contiguity_Edges_Only and Contiguity_Edges_Coeners weights. There were positive spatial autocorrelation between pH, organic matter, available potassium, total nitrogen, total phosphorus and total potassium. The available phosphorus showed negative spatial autocorrelation. Local spatial autocorrelation could intuitively obtain the specific locations of aggregation areas and isolated areas of soil content distribution of different indicators of cropland in the study area through LISA aggregation map. Altitude was negatively correlated with available phosphorus, available potassium, total nitrogen, total phosphorus and total potassium. Slope was negatively correlated with available phosphorus, total nitrogen and total phosphorus. The effect of slope aspect on the spatial pattern of soil nutrients was relatively small in the study area. In global spatial autocorrelation analysis, different spatial weights had great influence on the analysis results. According to the local spatial autocorrelation analysis, the low-content areas of total nitrogen, total phosphorus and total potassium were distributed in Chawusu Town and Xiariha Town in the eastern part of Dulan County, namely, “low-low” aggregation areas, and “high-high” aggregation areas were found in Balong Township and Xiangride Town in the central part of Dulan County. In the eastern part of Dulan County, the content of organic matter was relatively high in the towns of Chawusu and Xiariha, showing the “high-high” aggregation areas, and the “low-low” aggregation area appeared in the town of Zongjia. There were significant differences in the correlation between different topographic factors and soil nutrients.

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Study on Soil Properties and Their Variation Laws of Terraced Fields in Southern Zhejiang

XIA Jiaojiao, CHEN Yuhang, ZHANG Mingkui

Journal of Agriculture 2023, 13 (7): 56-62. DOI: 10.11923/j.issn.2095-4050.cjas2022-0084

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The complex and changeable terrain environments in mountainous areas lead to the unique change law of soil properties. To understand the temporal and spatial variation characteristics of cultivated land quality in mountainous area, 12 representative terraced fields in Lishui and Wenzhou of southern Zhejiang Province were selected, and 228 topsoil samples and 6 representative profiles were collected. The soil fertility indexes of the samples were analyzed. The relationships of soil fertility and soil types with land use type, altitude and slope position were discussed. The results showed that soil properties and soil types of terraced fields in southern Zhejiang had obviously spatial differentiation. With the increase of the altitude, the thickness of terraced soil body and tillage layer, the content of available phosphorus and available potassium gradually decreased, and the pH value gradually increased, but the soil organic matter, total nitrogen and CEC first decreased and then gradually increased from the foot to the slope upward. The soil quality of paddy field was higher than that of upland. The thickness of soil body and tillage layer, and the average content of organic matter, total nitrogen, CEC, pH, available phosphorus and available potassium of the soil in concave slope were higher than those in convex slope. And the fertility index became better with the increase of terrace width. The soil maturity degree of mountain terrace increased with the increase of plantation time. From low altitude to high altitude, the soil types changed from Fe-accumuli Stagnic Anthrosols and Hapli-Stagnic Anthrosols to Hapli-Stagnic Anthrosols and Fe-leached Stagnic Anthrosols.

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Effects of Different Straw Returning Patterns on Soil Carbon Pool and Water Storage Capacity in Low Hill Citrus Orchards

HUANG Yue, SHANG Xiaolan, XU Xing, GUO Shuirong, ZHANG Mingkui

Journal of Agriculture 2023, 13 (7): 63-69. DOI: 10.11923/j.issn.2095-4050.cjas2022-0096

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To deeply understand the effect of straw returning on soil improvement of low hill citrus orchards, a two-year micro-area field experiment was carried out. Five treatments were set up, including control (no straw), mulch returning, shallow returning, deep plough returning and full layer returning. The effects of different ways of straw returning on soil carbon pool and water content were studied. The results showed that all the straw returning patterns improved soil physical properties, organic carbon content, fertility index and enzyme activity in varying degrees, but their effects on different soil layers were different. Straw mulch returning could only improve the physical and chemical properties of the uppermost part of topsoil, and its improvement on surface moisture condition was better than that of other patterns of returning, but its effect on deep soil was not obvious. Straw deep plough returning could loosen the soil and increase the organic matter input. It could improve the physical properties of soil layers at different depths and the accumulation of organic matter and nutrients at the same time. The effects on soil were stronger than that of straw mulch returning. In general, the effects of straw deep plough returning and full layer returning on soil improvement were greater than that of straw shallow returning, and straw deep plough returning had especially significant effect on increasing the storage of organic carbon and water in deep soil layer. It is concluded that the combination of straw deep plough returning and surface mulch returning could improve the soil properties of citrus orchards in an all-round way. In the early stage of new orchards, straw deep plough returning should be considered, and in the later stage, the straw returning could be gradually changed to shallow returning or mulch returning.

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Effect of Farmyard Manure Application on Soil Physicochemical Properties and Growth and Development of Flue-cured Tobacco

FAN Long, LI Leilei, ZHAO Erwei, LIU Peng, HE Cheng

Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin 2023, 39 (20): 40-45. DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0685

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The study aims to explore the application potential of farmyard manure in flue-cured tobacco production, improve the unfavorable ecological environment of tobacco planting soil and enhance the quality of tobacco leaves. Farmyard manure was used as the test material, and combined application of farmyard manure and flue-cured tobacco special compound fertilizer was conducted. The farmyard manure application rate was set as CK: 0 kg/hm², T1: 1500 kg/hm², T2: 3000 kg/hm², T3: 4500 kg/hm² and T4: 6000 kg/hm², to study the effects of farmyard manure on soil physicochemical properties and the growth and development of flue-cured tobacco. The results showed that compared with CK, farmyard manure could improve soil pH, and the content of soil organic matter, total nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium to some extent. Soil organic matter content increased by 101.9%, 78.1%, 53.7%, and 83.3% under the four application rates, and the positive effect was gradually enhanced with the increase of the application rate. In terms of tobacco growth, T1 had the best effect among the treatments. Compared with those of CK, the plant height, stem circumference, maximum leaf and next but two leaf growth were promoted under T1, and the yield and output value of flue-cured tobacco increased by 192.75 kg/hm² and 7776.0 yuan/hm², respectively. Therefore, in flue-cured tobacco production, the application rate of farmyard manure of 1500 kg/hm² is the best, which is beneficial to improving the yield and quality of tobacco leaves.

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Effects of Agronomic Measures on Soil Habitat and Mulberry Growth: Research Progress

ZHOU Xianzeng, YANG Wei, QIAO Rengui, YUAN Huabin, ZHANG Yufang, WANG Xuejun, LI Linbo, WANG Juying, YANG Guang

Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin 2023, 39 (20): 60-66. DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0515

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China is known as the state of silkworm, with thousands of years of silkworm breeding culture. Sericulture is one of the important industries in China. In recent years, mulberry has been widely used in feed, food, medicine and health care, animal husbandry, edible fungi, bioenergy, tourism, organic fertilizer, etc. At the same time, the cultivation methods of mulberry have also made new progress. This study summarizes the application status, main experience and existing problems of agronomic measures in mulberry cultivation and mulberry orchard management in recent years, and puts forward suggestions and prospects for the comprehensive utilization of mulberry resources in China, in order to provide reference for the scientific cultivation of mulberry trees and the rational management of mulberry orchards.

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Soil Heavy Metal Availability: Research Progress on Its Influencing Factors and Transfer Rules in Crop-Soil System

LU Gangbin, E Shengzhe, YUAN Jinhua, ZHAO Tianxin, YE Gengkang, ZHANG Peng, LIU Yana, WANG Yuxuan

Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin 2023, 39 (20): 67-73. DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0589

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Soil is the place where plants grow and develop. Heavy metals in soil are absorbed by plants and enriched in plants through root system, and affect the growth of plants. To find out the influencing factors of heavy metals in soil and the transfer rules of heavy metals in different parts of plants, this paper introduced in detail the research progresses on soil heavy metals from the aspects of the sources, the mechanism of action, and the main factors affecting plants absorption of heavy metals based on related literature at home and abroad. Study show that the absorption of heavy metals by plants is affected not only by soil physical and chemical environment such as the soil pH value and organic matter content, but also by the degree of pollution, types of polluting elements, tillage methods and crop genotypes. Moreover, the additive, synergistic and antagonistic effects of heavy metals in soil also affect the absorption and enrichment of heavy metals in plants to some extent.

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Land Use Change in Hanjiang River Basin: Spatio-temporal Characteristics and Its Ecological Security Assessment

GUAN Yafang, JIAO Yang, ZANG Chuanfu

Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin 2023, 39 (20): 91-99. DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0647

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The study aims to reveal the spatio-temporal change characteristics of land use and the ecological security assessment of the change in Hanjiang River Basin, and provide a scientific basis for the sustainable use of land resources in the basin. Based on the exploration of land use change and its driving forces obtained by transfer matrix and principal component analysis, the evaluation index system of land ecological security was established by using pressure—state—response model, to further evaluate the land ecological security. The results showed that from 1980 to 2020, the construction land and the cultivated land, the two most significant land types in Hanjiang River Basin, increased by 1301.61 km² and decreased by 1013.89 km² respectively. They converted to each other and spatially concentrated in Chaoshan plain in the southeast of the basin. Economic development and population growth were the two main factors promoting the urbanization process of the basin, and aggravated the contradiction between the construction land and the ecological land. From 2000 to 2019, the level of land ecological security in Hanjiang River Basin changed following a path of “relatively unsafe—unsafe—relatively unsafe”, indicating that the land ecological environment was gradually improved after deterioration. In conclusion, in Hanjiang River Basin, the land ecological security is closely related to the land use change and has been in an unstable state for a long term. So it is necessary to adjust the land use pattern to alleviate the pressure on land ecological security.

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Analysis of Soil Fertility Improvement Path of Newly Reclaimed Cultivated Land: A Case Study in Zhejiang Province

CHEN Huiying, WANG Feng, WANG Qiang, YU Qiaogang, YE Jing, LIN Hui, SUN Wanchun, YANG Yan, MA Junwei

Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin 2023, 39 (18): 75-80. DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-1038

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Cultivated land is the material basis for human survival, which plays an important role in ensuring food security, national economic development and social stability. With the rapid development of Chinese economy, the land area occupied by urban construction activities has gradually increased, resulting in the decrease of cultivated land area, and the contradiction between the shortage of land resources and the growth of land demand is increasing. Newly reclaimed land is the main way to guarantee the quantity of cultivated land, which helps to realize the balance between occupation and compensation of cultivated land. This paper introduced the main obstacle factors of newly cultivated land and the basic situation of fertility improvement. The comprehensive evaluation technology and method of soil fertility, and the present situation and problems of rapid improvement technology of soil organic matter in newly reclaimed land were emphatically summarized. In addition, specific countermeasures and suggestions were put forward from three aspects: (1) researches on fertility status, obstacle factors and evaluation system of newly reclaimed land soil; (2) research and development of new green fertilizer products that comprehensively improve the production and ecological function of newly reclaimed soil; (3) researches on the key technologies that collaboratively reduce the key obstacle factors and improve the fertility of newly reclaimed soil.

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