Current issue

• 2024 Vol.40 No.13 Published:05 May 2024

  Effects of Partial Substitution of Organic Nitrogen Fertilizer for Chemical Nitrogen Fertilizer on Rice Yield and Quality GAO Peng, LEI Xingyu, LU Yaoxiong, PENG Fuyuan, CUI Xinwei 2024, 40 (13):  1-6.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0445 Abstract + ( 85 )   HTML ( 10 )   PDF ( 1147KB )   ( 30 ) To evaluate the application effect of organic fertilizer instead of chemical fertilizer and to provide scientific basis for formulating reasonable fertilizer cultivation measures, the effects of different proportions of organic fertilizer instead of nitrogen on soil fertility, rice yield and rice quality were studied by field location monitoring. The experiment site was located in the experimental base of Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Gaoqiao Town, Changsha County, Hunan Province, and four treatments were set up: NPK; 15% organic fertilizer replacement treatment (15M); 30% organic fertilizer replacement treatment (30M); 60% organic fertilizer replacement treatment (60M). After rice harvest, soil pH, total nitrogen, alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen, total phosphorus, available phosphorus, total potassium, available potassium of 0-20 cm soil layer and rice yield and rice quality were measured. The results showed that the average annual yield followed the order of NPK<15M<30M<60M, the yield of 60M was significantly higher than that of NPK and 15M, increasing by 15.99% and 8.71%, respectively. Compared with NPK, 60M increased rice gum consistency, amylose and protein content by 4.72%, 7.15% and 10.67%, respectively. 30M and 60M increased soil total nitrogen, organic matter, alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium contents. Partial substitution of organic nitrogen fertilizer for chemical nitrogen fertilizer could promote rice yield and improve rice quality by increasing soil organic matter and total nitrogen content. Under the experimental conditions, 60% organic fertilizer was the best substitute treatment.

  Effect of Diammonium Alginate Phosphate on Growth and Development of Wheat Seedlings and Root Indicators DU Changchun, XUE Yuansai, ZHANG Shoufu, LI Lingyan, HAN Wei 2024, 40 (13):  7-12.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0778 Abstract + ( 55 )   HTML ( 7 )   PDF ( 1270KB )   ( 14 ) To investigate the effect of diammonium alginate phosphate on the growth and development of wheat seedlings and root indicators, ‘Jimai 22’ was selected as the experimental material. Four experimental treatments were set up, including 57% diammonium alginate phosphate (T1), 57% diammonium alginate phosphate reduced by 20% (T2), 57% ordinary diammonium phosphate (T3), and 64% ordinary diammonium phosphate (T4), each experimental treatment was set with three concentrations of 1:300 (F1), 1:600 (F2), and 1:900 (F3), to study on the effects of different fertilizers on the growth, nutrient absorption, and root system indicators of wheat seedlings. The results showed that under F2 conditions, its seed germination potential, germination rate, plant height, dry weight, average number of roots, average root length, total root area, total root surface area, nitrogen and phosphorus content in stems, leaves, and roots, root vitality, and root exudate content were all higher than those of other treatments. Under any concentration conditions, there was a significant difference in the indicators of T1 compared to T3. The indicators of T2 treatment showed significant differences in some indicators compared to T3, but overall, they were higher than that of T3 treatment. In some indicators, their effect was better than that of T4 treatment. In summary, diammonium alginate phosphate could significantly improve the growth and development of wheat seeds and seedlings, promote crop nutrient absorption, and its effect was better than that of high content diammonium phosphate. Despite reducing the application amount by 20%, the effect of diammonium alginate phosphate was still better than that of the same content ammonium phosphate.

  Effects of Different Densities and Nitrogen Amounts on Fresh Grass and Grain Yield of ‘Baodamai 25’ ZHAO Jiatao, LIU Mengdao, GUO Mianyan, FU Zhengbo 2024, 40 (13):  13-17.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0438 Abstract + ( 54 )   HTML ( 6 )   PDF ( 1222KB )   ( 15 ) In order to determine the ideal seeding density and nitrogen fertilizer application rate for various purposes of cultivating ‘Baodamai 25’, and to provide a solid scientific foundation for widespread demonstrations and promotion, we conducted a two-factor interaction experiment with seeding density and nitrogen application as the variables, each with three levels, resulting in nine different treatments. The findings revealed that as nitrogen application and seeding density increased, fresh grass yield also increased. The grain yield increased with higher seeding density, but it began to decline after reaching the peak nitrogen application rate of 525 kg/hm2 of urea. For optimizing fresh grass yield, the most suitable seeding density was found to be 3×106 plants/hm2, with the best nitrogen application rate being 675 kg/hm2 of urea. For grain harvest, the optimal seeding density was 2.4×106 plants/hm2, and the ideal nitrogen application rate was 52 kg/hm2 of urea. In the same treatment, after deducting the cost of seeds and nitrogen fertilizer, harvesting fresh grass proved to be more economically beneficial compared to harvesting grain, with a range of additional economic benefits of 810 to 4540.8 yuan/hm2.

  Effects of Sowing Date on Growth, Development, Yield and Quality of Different Types of Proso Millet WANG Zhan, YANG Jiao, WANG Yong, LI Kai, LUO Shiwu, YANG Junxue, WANG Fei, CHENG Bingwen 2024, 40 (13):  18-26.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0452 Abstract + ( 58 )   HTML ( 8 )   PDF ( 1529KB )   ( 26 ) To reveal the effects of sowing period on the growth and development, yield and quality of proso millet in arid area of northwest China, we took non-waxy proso millet and waxy proso millet suitable for cultivation in arid areas of northwest China as the research objects, explored the growth and development, yield and quality changes of proso millet in the six sowing periods (S1: April 20, S2: May 5, S3: May 20, S4: June 4, S5: June 19, S6: July 4). The results showed that with the delayed sowing period, developmental phase of proso millet was delayed and the days of growth was shortened accordingly. The growth days of proso millet varieties in S1 ranged from 125-139 d, and that of S4 was shortened to 101-112 d, and that of S6 was only 81-88 d. Proso millet presented stunted growth with the delayed sowing period. In S4, the plant height of each kind of broomcorn millet was 10.63-16.70 cm (P<0.001) lower than that of S3. Under the S5, the spikes length of proso millet was longer, and the spikes weight, grain weight per spikes, thousand-grain weight and yield reached the top. In addition, the ear stem was shorter. In S5, the yield of ‘Longmi 12’, ‘Gumi 21’, ‘Yumi 2’, ‘Jishu 2’, ‘Chishu 8’and ‘Jinshu 9’ was 18.0%, 14.4%, 15.1%, 9.3%, 8.0% and 10.0% higher than that of S3, respectively (P<0.05), and the length of ear stem was 13.1%、14.6%、15.1%、30.6%、15.3% and 11.8% shorter than that of S3, respectively (P<0.05). Besides, the quality of proso millet kernels was also significantly affected by the sowing period. The delayed sowing date could improve the quality of the proso millet, but sowing too late was unfavorable to the quality of the proso millet. The starch and protein of all varieties treated with S5 were the highest, and the starch and protein of all cultivars were 12.1%-22.7% (P<0.05) and 11.3%-20.5% (P<0.05) higher than that of S3, respectively. Taking the growth, yield and quality of proso millet into consideration comprehensively, the sowing period of S5 is proper for proso millet production in the arid area of northwest China.

  Molecular Advancements of Male Sterility in Pepper XU Xiaomei, HENG Zhou, WANG Hengming, SUN Qidi, XU Xiaowan 2024, 40 (13):  27-35.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0860 Abstract + ( 49 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF ( 1197KB )   ( 10 ) In order to have a more intuitive, systematic and in-depth understanding of the progress made in molecular research on male sterility in pepper, we sorted out the identified nuclear male sterility (NMS) genes in pepper and the development of molecular markers for some of the NMS genes, and highlighted the fine mapping of the NMS genes and the exploration of the candidate genes in recent years. Meanwhile, we reviewed the mitochondrial sterile genes related to cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) and their associated molecular markers, as well as molecular markers developed for CMS fertility restoration genes, with a focus on the progress made in recent years in fine mapping of fertility restoration genes. Finally, it was pointed out that the fine mapping of NMS genes, identification of candidate genes and development of functional markers were the main focuses of NMS research in pepper, which could not only lay the foundation for the exploration of the mechanism of NMS in pepper, but also provided molecular markers for efficient use in breeding. Compared with NMS, CMS is more complex, characterized by diverse genetic mechanisms and more susceptible to environmental influences. Therefore, there is still a long way to go from the fine mapping of CMS restorer-of-fertility genes to the cloning of genes and the functional studies to understand the molecular mechanisms of CMS.

  The Impact of Ground Source Selenium Levels on Quality of Processed Tomatoes DONG Jie, HUO Shunli, ZHAO Shuangyin, YE Yuanrong, CAI Engeli, ZHAO Yu 2024, 40 (13):  36-41.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0408 Abstract + ( 49 )   HTML ( 10 )   PDF ( 1128KB )   ( 11 ) Five processed tomato varieties primarily grown in the Yanqi Basin were chosen as experimental materials. Five cultivated fields, which had varying selenium levels (Se0.309, Se0.349, Se0.400, Se0.408, Se0.495), were selected as the test sites in Yanqi County with the widespread presence of selenium-rich soil. The objectives of this study were to investigate the impact of selenium levels on the quality of processed tomatoes from various sources, provide data to support the production of selenium-rich tomato products on the naturally selenium-rich soil in Yanqi Basin, and enhance the overall quality of processed tomatoes. The results indicated that the selenium content, lycopene content, reducing sugar content, total acid content, and sugar-acid ratio of different processed tomato varieties varied with the increase of selenium level. The selenium content of ‘Tunhe 1015’ and ‘Tunhe 5501’ exhibited an increasing trend. The lycopene content of ‘Tunhe 3501’ and ‘Tunhe 17’ significantly increased. The reducing sugar content of ‘Tunhe 1943’ also increased significantly, along with a significant increase in the total acid content of ‘Tunhe 1943’. Furthermore, the sugar-acid ratio of ‘Tunhe 1943’ and ‘Tunhe 5501’ displayed a decreasing trend, while the sugar-acid ratio of ‘Tunhe 17’ showed an increasing trend. The selenium level gradient from the ground source in this study was relatively small. Therefore, it is necessary to expand the selenium level gradient from the ground source further to verify the changing trends in selenium content, lycopene content, reducing sugar content, total acid content, and other quality parameters of different processed tomatoes.

  Evaluation on Economic Traits of 11 Apple Fruits LU Lei, TANG Jin 2024, 40 (13):  42-46.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0368 Abstract + ( 46 )   HTML ( 6 )   PDF ( 1133KB )   ( 12 ) To establish a set of methods for rapid screening of excellent apple varieties, 11 apple varieties were selected to measure 12 indices of the fruit quality in Ili River Valley. The standardization method was used to carry out the transformation and principal component analysis of indicators. The result showed that there were different degrees of correlation between the quality indicators of apple fruit. There were significant correlations between single fruit weight and fruit vertical diameter, fruit weight and fruit transverse diameter, fruit vertical diameter and fruit transverse diameter, vitamin C and total sugar, fruit vertical diameter and hardness. Based on the results of principal component analysis, five factors were extracted from the converted data matrix, and their cumulative contribution reached 92.811%. The first principal component was the fruit appearance factor with a variance contribution rate of 44.207%; the second principal component was the fruit flavor factor with a variance contribution rate of 21.379%; the third principal component was the nutritional factor with a variance contribution rate of 12.841%; the fourth principal component was the acidity factor with a variance contribution rate of 8.906%; the fifth principal component was the hardness factor with a variance contribution rate of 5.478%. A comprehensive evaluation model for fruit quality of different apple varieties was established based on the variance contribution rates of five principal components as weights. The comprehensive quality ranking results show that ‘Qincui’, ‘Ruiyang’, ‘Yimei’, ‘Ruixue’, and ‘Jinxiuhong’ have outstanding fruit quality. It is recommended that these apple varieties can be promoted and applied in the Ili River Valley.

  Effects of Heat Stress on Chlorophyll Content and Chlorophyll Fluorescence in Leaves of Five Varieties of Ornamental Peaches WANG Jinxin, SONG Jiabao, XU Beihua, SHI Baosheng 2024, 40 (13):  47-54.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0392 Abstract + ( 48 )   HTML ( 11 )   PDF ( 1391KB )   ( 13 ) The study aims to explore the effects of temperature under different stress durations on chlorophyll content and chlorophyll fluorescence in five varieties of ornamental peach leaves, and compare the heat resistance in ornamental peaches. Changes in chlorophyll content and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of ornamental peach leaves after different treatments were measured, and the heat resistance of different varieties of ornamental peaches was compared using principal component analysis and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method. The results showed that with the prolongation of heat stress duration and the gradual increase in temperature, the chlorophyll content in the leaves of the five varieties of ornamental peaches decreased, Fo value increased, and Fm and Fv/Fm values decreased; ABS/RC, TRo/RC, DIo/RC, and ETo/RC all increased; φPo, φo, and φEo first gradually increased and then decreased rapidly, with φDo reaching the maximum value before leaf inactivation, and decreasing rapidly to approach zero after inactivation. When the temperature was below 43℃, the treatment duration had no obvious effect on leaf structure and function; when the temperature was around or above 43℃, both short-term and long-term high temperatures would cause irreversible damage to the leaf cell membrane system, the structure of photosystem II reaction center, and its electron transfer chain. This indicates that changes in chlorophyll content and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters in ornamental peaches are mainly related to the stress temperature. Different varieties of ornamental peaches have varying heat resistance, the heat resistance of Amygdalus perscia ‘Yingchun’ is the strongest and A. perscia ‘Mantianhong’ is the lowest.

  Effect of Top Grafting on Physiological Characteristics of Walnut Branches and Roots XU Yongjie, XU Yawen, WANG Daiquan, WANG Qizhu, FU Yanan, FANG Lijun, HUANG Faxin 2024, 40 (13):  55-59.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0950 Abstract + ( 45 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF ( 1880KB )   ( 16 ) To explore the effect of top grafting on the physiological characteristics of walnut branches and roots, 10-year-old seeding rootstock+ ‘Xiangling’ walnut was used to be top grafted with ‘Qingxiang’, with short cutting as the control. Physiological characteristics of annual branches and roots were compared and analyzed after 3 years of survival. The results showed that: (1) the vessel density, average length of annual branches after top grafting was 76.82 N/mm2, and 39.85 cm respectively, and the contents of N and K in leaves were 27.20 and 7.17 g/kg, which were significantly higher than those in regeneration treatments (P<0.05), indicating that top grafting improved the efficiency of nutrient transport and crown recovery. (2) The diameter of vessel of roots in 20-40 cm soil layer under regeneration treatment was 86.55 μm; the average density of vessel of roots in 0-20 cm soil layer reached 149.33 N/mm2, which were significantly higher than those in top grafting treatments (P<0.05), indicating that top grafting with ‘Qingxiang’ changed the root structure to some extent. (3)The ratio of phloem thickness to branch radius in 0-20 cm soil layer after top grafting was 0.39, and the average length, diameter and the perimeter thickness of roots were 10.64 cm, 2.36 mm and 70.09 μm, respectively, which were significantly higher than those in regeneration treatments, indicating that the photosynthetic products tended to be distributed to roots in 0-20 cm soil layer after top grafting with ‘Qingxiang’. (4) After top grafting with ‘Qingxiang’, the cambium thickness of annual branches and roots in 20-40 cm soil layer reached 36.26 and 76.42 μm respectively, which were significantly higher than those in regeneration treatments. It means that it may have a strong thickening growth potential. So, ‘Xiangling’ walnut top grafted with ‘Qingxiang’ changed the annual branches and root transport structure, improved the nutrient transport efficiency, and then promoted the growth of crown and surface roots.

  The Introduction Experiment and Functional Orientation of Citrus Resources in Chenshan Botanical Garden WANG Lianjun 2024, 40 (13):  60-63.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0429 Abstract + ( 43 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF ( 1195KB )   ( 10 ) The aim is to study the introduction performance of citrus varieties in Shanghai area. In this experiment, five pomegranate varieties were introduced, namely ‘Mantouhong’ citrus, ‘Gongchuan’ citrus, ‘Mihani’ citrus, ‘Majiayou’ citrus, and citrus kumquat. Then, using these five varieties, various biological traits such as phenology and fruit quality of pomegranate, as well as stress resistance such as heat resistance and cold resistance were studied. Five varieties of citrus began to mature in succession in early October, the smallest single fruit weight was 12 g and the largest was 850 g, and the plants grew fast and strong. In addition, these five varieties had good water tolerance and heat resistance. This study is intended to provide a certain reference for the introduction of pomegranate varieties, and also provide a practical basis for the large-scale planting of citrus. Citrus resources has important role in botanical garden, which can enhance plant diversity, carry out popular science picking activities, enhance the gardening landscape, and carry out breeding and other scientific research.

  Effect of Low Temperature Stress on Physiological Characteristics and Differential Expression of Cold-related Genes of Loquat PAN Cuiping, TAO Lian, XIE Hongjiang, LI Huajia, DENG Qunxian, WANG Yongqing 2024, 40 (13):  64-69.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0443 Abstract + ( 43 )   HTML ( 6 )   PDF ( 1340KB )   ( 9 ) The physiological changes and the expression of EjICE1 gene related to cold resistance embryos of two young loquat fruit under low temperature stress were studied to provide theoretical basis for the screening of new cold-resistant materials and the analysis of cold-resistant molecular mechanism of loquat. Using Dongting loquat (yellow-flesh) and its mutant type (white-flesh) that were growing in pots with fruits (DTM) as materials, the effects of simulated low temperature stress on the relative electrical conductivity, malondialdehyde (MDA) content, superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT) activity and the expression of EjICE1 gene were studied. The results showed that the relative electrical conductivity (REC) of embryos of two young loquat fruits presented an ‘S’ type curve change pattern, and the Logistic equation showed that the semi-lethal temperature of Dongting loquat and its mutant type was -4.759 and -2.811℃, respectively. The cold resistance of DTM was stronger than Dongting loquat. The SOD, POD and CAT activities of the two loquats and the MDA contents of Dongting loquat showed a trend of increasing first and then decreasing change pattern with the different time point of reaching the peak, while the MDA contents of Dongting loquat showed a slowly increased trend. SOD activity of Dongting loquat reached the peak at 1℃, and the content of MDA, POD, CAT activity reached peak at -1℃. The SOD, POD and CAT activity of DTM reached the peak at -3℃, while the content of MDA reached the peak at -5℃. The expression level of EjICE1 gene of DTM was higher than that of Dongting loquat at the same time. The expression of EjICE1 gene in DTM was the highest at -3℃, and that in Dongting loquat was the highest at -1℃. The expression level of EjICE1 gene was strongly inhibited in the two loquats under low temperature stress at -5℃. The cold resistance of DTM was stronger than Dongting loquat, under low temperature stress, DTM could rapidly activate higher protective enzyme activity and the expression of genes related to cold resistance, activate the low temperature response mechanism to resist and adapt to low temperature injury.

  Study on Pollen Viability and Stigma Acceptability of Guava QIN Jian, JIANG Haoran, ZHANG Shoumei, LAI Duo, XIAO Weiqiang, ZHUANG Qingli, SHAO Xuehua 2024, 40 (13):  70-75.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0415 Abstract + ( 37 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF ( 1317KB )   ( 9 ) In order to explore the optimal period for pollen collection, pollination and emasculation in guava, fresh guava pollen was used as the experimental material and an orthogonal design experiment was conducted to screen the optimal formula of the culture medium. Subsequently, the pollen viability and stigma receptivity were determined at different preservation time and states of openness. The results showed that the influence of culture medium formulas on the pollen viability of guava was in the order of sugar> boric acid> calcium chloride. The optimal treatment combination was 150 g/L sucrose+ 0 g/L boric acid+ 0.3 g/L calcium chloride with a pollen viability of 91.9%. The pollen viability decreased with prolonged storage time and the pollen viability of freshly harvested guava pollen was 89.69%, which decreased to 0% after 96 hours of storage. Guava flowers had the highest pollen viability in stage Ⅲ (complete bud split and sepal shedding), and the stigma receptivity was the strongest in stage Ⅳ (petal spreading). Moreover, guava flowers in stage Ⅰ and Ⅱ were in the states of unopened anthers, no pollen adhesion on the stigma and a low rate of pollen viability. Therefore, the optimal emasculation period is stages Ⅰ and Ⅱ, while the optimal periods of pollination and pollen collection are stage Ⅳ and stage Ⅲ, respectively.

  Research Progress on Intergeneric Hybridization Breeding of Renanthera YANG Songmin, JIANG Xiao, CHENG Mengya, WANG Shunshun, DUAN Yanru, CHEN Heming, PENG Donghui 2024, 40 (13):  76-82.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0809 Abstract + ( 35 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF ( 1206KB )   ( 13 ) Hybrid breeding is an important means to develop and utilize orchid resources. Renanthera plants have good hybridization affinity and often conduct inter-genus hybridization, which is also one of the important research materials for studying the hybridization barriers of distant plants. In this paper, the basic characteristics and distribution of plant resources of the Renanthera were briefly described, the cross breeding and cross combination of Renanthera and its related genera were summarized, and the problems such as the low rate of seedling regeneration and low level of molecular research were pointed out. Finally, we put forward some measures to promote the inter-genus breeding work, such as paying attention to the selection of parents, strengthening the basic breeding research, expanding the cross-breeding work among related genera, and increasing the in-depth research on the molecular level of inter-genus hybrids.

  Effect of Thermal Resources on Growth Period and Yield of Winter Brassica napus in Zhejiang Province WU Xing, XIAO Jingjing 2024, 40 (13):  83-90.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0466 Abstract + ( 55 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF ( 1399KB )   ( 26 ) This study aims to investigate the impact of heat resource variations on winter Brassica napus under the background of climate warming. Daily meteorological data from 2000 to 2020, including the growth period and yield of Zhejiang winter B. napus, were collected from the national first-class agricultural meteorological experimental station of Zhejiang Longyou Station. Statistical analyses, such as simple linear regression equations, Pearson correlation coefficients, 5-day moving averages, and 3-year moving averages were employed to assess the effects of multi-temporal and multi-element heat resources on the growth period and yield of winter B. napus in Zhejiang. The results revealed a clear upward trend in average temperatures in Longyou County, Zhejiang Province during autumn, winter, and spring over the past two decades, with the most significant inter-annual distribution difference observed in winter, reaching its peak in 2020. Additionally, the study found that the initial and final dates of stable through the 10℃ threshold temperature were advanced, along with a significant increase in duration, and a reduction in the longest and shortest days. The budding period of rapeseed had been advanced over the past 20 years, while other growth periods had experienced delays, particularly the green ripening period. The study also highlighted the influence of temperatures in January and February on the early budding period in winter. Furthermore, the entire growth period had increased in recent years, with a significant advance in the maturation period and an increase in the accumulated temperature above 10℃. Both the actual and trend yields of rapeseed had exhibited an increasing trend, with climatic yield also showing an upward trajectory, but there were significant inter-annual fluctuations. The study identified a positive correlation between the average temperature in late October and the climatic yield, indicating favorable conditions for the robust growth of rapeseed seedlings before winter, as well as the promotion of cotyledon growth and the development of strong seedlings. The main climatic factors affecting rapeseed yield were found to be low temperatures during the overwintering period and high temperatures after spring. The study suggests that the advance of initial and final dates, along with appropriate late sowing of rapeseed, can enhance the utilization of heat resources during the seedling stage, promoting robust seedlings, early budding, and early bolting, ultimately leading to high rapeseed yields and abundant harvests.

  Impact of Climate Change on Developmental Period and Flowering of ‘Red Globe’ Grapes JI Fen, PAN Feng, LIU Yong, TIAN Miao, DU Feng, YANG Mingfeng 2024, 40 (13):  91-95.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0359 Abstract + ( 57 )   HTML ( 6 )   PDF ( 1365KB )   ( 16 ) In order to adapt to climate change and promote the sustainable and stable development of the grape industry in northern Xinjiang, parallel observations and experimental methods were employed to study the impact of changes in meteorological elements on the growth and development period of grapes and the opening of flower clusters. The results showed that the growing season of grapes in northern Xinjiang was from mid to late April to mid-October, and the dormant period was from late October to mid-April. The budding to maturity period of ‘Red Globe’ grapes was significantly correlated with accumulated temperature ≥10℃, and the flowering period temperature was significantly correlated with grape yield. The flowering period of grapes was a critical period of growth, generally lasting 1 to 2 weeks, with a peak flowering period of 2 to 3 days. The dynamic expression of flower cluster opening showed a clear double-peak curve, with the most flowers opening between 10:00-12:00, and a decrease in flower cluster opening during the period of dry air and temperatures exceeding 30℃ from 14:00 to 16:00. The optimal temperature for grape cluster opening was 16-30℃, with the most suitable temperature range being 22-26℃. Grape flowering was most suitable when the relative humidity of the air was 50%-80%. The variation in grape cluster opening dates during the peak flowering period corresponds to the variation in net photosynthetic rate on a daily basis, with a highly significant correlation coefficient. Temperature, humidity, and sunlight were the three important environmental factors affecting grape growth and flower cluster opening. The experimental results can provide reference for studying the biological characteristics of grapes, preventing meteorological disasters, and ensuring safe production.

  Phenological Characteristics of Lagerstroemia indica Germplasm Resources in Wuhan WANG Zhiyi, LI Zhenfang, PENG Chan, CHEN Ying, ZHANG Xinye 2024, 40 (13):  96-101.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0144 Abstract + ( 42 )   HTML ( 6 )   PDF ( 1231KB )   ( 8 ) 187 Lagerstroemia indica materials were investigated for phenological characteristics such as germination, leaf expansion, flowering, and defoliation, and their phenological laws were analyzed and evaluated comprehensively to provide theoretical basis and data support for the evaluation of the phenological characteristics of L. indica germplasm resources. The results showed that the coefficient of variation of 12 phenological periods ranged from 8.55% to 52.01%, and the order of variation from large to small was: leaf bud germination stage> defoliation stage> leaf expansion stage> defoliation stage> budding stage> late defoliation stage> leaf expansion stage> flowering stage> flowering stage> flowering stage> young fruit emergence stage> fruit maturity stage. There were 42 pairs of phenological periods with extremely significant positive correlation, 6 pairs of phenological periods with significant correlation, and the other 18 pairs of phenological periods with no significant correlation. In the principal component analysis, the contribution rates of the first three principal components were 36.320%, 23.282% and 17.704% respectively, and the cumulative contribution rate reached 77.305%. The results showed that there were large differences and more significant correlations between the various phenological periods of L. indica, and the first three principal components were representative in the principal component analysis, which provided a scientific basis for the development, cultivation, protection and evaluation of L. indica germplasm in the region.

  Resistance Analysis of Tobacco Black Shank Disease and Characteristic of Physiological Response DAI Xianqiang, LIU Nian, LIANG Yingtao, YANG Changquan, DENG Kexuan, CHEN Shaopeng 2024, 40 (13):  102-108.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0545 Abstract + ( 39 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF ( 1519KB )   ( 8 ) The study aimed to elucidate the resistance mechanisms of different tobacco varieties against tobacco black shank disease. The identification of resistance to tobacco black shank disease of 24 tobacco varieties (lines) was conducted, and four highly resistant varieties, eight moderately resistant varieties, eight moderately susceptible varieties, and four highly susceptible varieties were identified. Two highly resistant varieties and two highly susceptible varieties were selected to determine the activity of antioxidant enzyme system, salicylic acid content, and expression of disease-related genes after Phytophthora parasitica var. nicotianae infection. The results revealed that the antioxidant enzyme activity in highly resistant varieties was significantly higher than that in highly susceptible varieties after infection with P. nicotianae, suggesting that highly resistant varieties have stronger antioxidative capabilities. Additionally, the synthesis of endogenous salicylic acid in high-resistant varieties was significantly stronger than that in highly susceptible varieties after infection with P. nicotianae, and the expression of disease resistance genes was also significantly higher than that in highly susceptible varieties, indicating that resistant varieties can more efficiently trigger their own defense system to resist the invasion of P. nicotianae. The study offers insights into the mechanisms of tobacco against tobacco black shank disease and provides a theoretical foundation for breeding disease-resistant tobacco varieties.

  Screening, Identification and Control Effect of Biocontrol Bacteria Against Kiwifruit Black Spot Disease WANG Jiazhe, ZHANG Feng, LI Yingmei, ZHOU Bohang, FU Bo 2024, 40 (13):  109-112.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0437 Abstract + ( 48 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF ( 1407KB )   ( 11 ) In order to screen the antagonistic bacteria against Diaporthe eres, strain BKH with good antagonistic effect was isolated from the rhizosphere soil of Actinidia chinensis in Zhouzhi County, Shaanxi Province by plate confrontation method. BKH strain was identified as Burkholderia ambifaria, through the methods of colony and microscopic morphology observation, physiological and biochemical test and 16S rDNA gene sequences analysis. BKH strain could significantly inhibit the growth of Diaporthe eres on the plate, and the inhibition rate was 72.5%. The field control effect of BKH strain against kiwifruit black spot disease was 91.7%, which had great potential in biological control of kiwifruit black spot disease.

  Identification and Biological Characteristics Analysis of a Pathogen of Strawberry Root Rot WANG Mengyuan, DU Yanquan, YAN Jiali, WANG Dan, ZHANG Yangyang, ZHU Jianqiang 2024, 40 (13):  113-120.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0220 Abstract + ( 50 )   HTML ( 6 )   PDF ( 1520KB )   ( 13 ) In order to clarify the pathogen and the biological characteristics of strawberry root rot disease occurring in Linyi City, Shandong Province, the strain ZH-G01 was obtained by using tissue isolation method. The strain was identified based on morphological characteristics and rDNA-internal transcribed spacer (ITS) analysis, and the biological characteristics of the strain were explored by studying the effects of different culture environments on mycelium growth. The results showed that colonies of strain ZH-G01 were white villous and the back was pale yellow. The conidia consisting of five cells were spindles with three or four hyaline appendages and three middle brown cells. The ITS sequence of strain ZH-G01 had over 99% homology with that of Neopestalotiopsis clavispora isolates in GenBank. The pathogen was identified as N. clavispora (GenBank accession No. MN559410). The shoot of strawberry plants wilted 30 days after inoculation of damaged roots of strain ZH-G01, the center of the stele and the adventitious roots were brown, and the diseased tissues of roots could be isolated again. The strain grew well in PDA and carrot agar at 25℃ and pH range of 4.0-10.0. Light had no significant effect on the growth of mycelium. Soluble starch was the optimum carbon source, and xylitol utilization was the worst. Yeast extract was the optimum nitrogen source, and urea utilization was the worst.

  Non-Specific Effects of Apricot Shell Wood Vinegar Solution on Henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata GAN Yangguang, YE Lefu, LI Zhenyu, WANG Liqing, CHI Yang, XU Zhen, FU Xue 2024, 40 (13):  121-128.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0387 Abstract + ( 43 )   HTML ( 7 )   PDF ( 1468KB )   ( 20 ) To investigate the growth inhibition, anti-feeding and repellent activity of apricot shell wood vinegar on the Henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata, to clarify the non-specific effect of apricot shell wood vinegar on the Mots, and to provide a theoretical basis for the application of the Mots’ green prevention and control and the application of wood vinegar for pest control. The Mots were fed with leaves of Solanum nigrum treated with different concentrations of apricot shell wood vinegar solution, and the body weight gain of 4th instar larvae, non-selective anti-feeding and selective anti-feeding of adults and larvae as well as behavioral choices of different concentrations of apricot shell wood vinegar solution were measured in each period, and the effects of different concentrations of apricot shell wood vinegar solution on the weight gain inhibition, anti-feeding and repellency were analyzed, respectively. The results showed that, the weight gain of 4th instar larvae, non-selective anti-feeding and selective anti-feeding of adults and larvae, and behavioral choice were all significantly affected by apricot shell wood vinegar solution, among which the weight gain inhibition of 4th instar larvae by apricot shell wood vinegar solution reached 83% at 48 h. The highest non-selective anti-feeding rates were 92% and 82% for 4th instar larvae and adults, respectively; the highest selective anti-feeding rates were 87% and 78% for 4th instar larvae and adults, respectively; the Mots larvae and adults in the four-quadrant olfactometer showed highly significant repellent effect, with the highest repellent index of 0.67 for larvae and 0.95 for adults. It’s shown that apricot shell wood vinegar had significant weight gain inhibition, anti-feeding and repellent activity on the Mots. The concentration of apricot shell wood vinegar also had significant non-specific effects on the Mots.

  Determination of Residues of Twenty Registered Pesticides in Lychee WANG Siwei, LIU Yanping, ZHANG Shufei, ZHANG Huiyun, HE Qiang, WANG Xiaonan, CHANG Hong 2024, 40 (13):  129-139.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0421 Abstract + ( 42 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF ( 2407KB )   ( 18 ) The paper aims to solve the problem of simultaneous and rapid detection of 20 registered pesticide residues in lychee. An analytical method based on ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was established and optimized for simultaneous determination of 7 insecticides and 13 fungicides in lychee. The whole lychee fruit were extracted with 80% acetonitrile aqueous solution and cleaned up with graphitized carbon black (GCB). Extend C18 chromatographic column was used for separation and the mobile phase was acetonitrile and water by gradient elution. Electrospray ionization in positive and negative ion mode was selected, the detection mode was multi-reaction monitoring, and external standard method was used for quantification. The results showed that a good linear relationship was presented between the mass concentration and peak area of the twenty tested pesticides, and the determination coefficient was greater than 0.9990. The average recoveries of the twenty pesticides in lychee were in range of 71%-106% with the relative standard deviations (RSD) of 0.9%-9.8%, which met the requirements of residue analysis. The results demonstrated that the proposed method was convenient and effective for the quick determination of these twenty pesticides residues in lychee.

  Application Evaluation of AMMI Model and GGE Biplot Based on R Language in Soybean Regional Test ZHANG Kaidong, ZHANG Fanqiao, DONG Bo, DUAN Jialin, CHEN Guangrong, WANG Liming, YANG Ruping 2024, 40 (13):  140-145.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0388 Abstract + ( 55 )   HTML ( 6 )   PDF ( 1548KB )   ( 20 ) To improve the selection and application efficiency of soybean varieties in Gansu Province, data from soybean regional trials were used to comprehensively assess the stability and adaptability of new soybean varieties in Gansu Province and the discrimination power of each pilot site in terms of the interaction analysis between genotype and environment. This paper used the AMMI model combined with GGE double-labeled plots to analyze the yields of nine soybean varieties in Gansu Province at five trial sites. The results showed that the principal component values (IPCA1 and IPCA2) in the AMMI model accounted for 95% of the sum of squares of the total variation; among them, ‘Zhonghuang 318’ was a high-yield and stable variety, while ‘Longhuang 3’ and ‘Tiefeng 31’ had higher yields but moderate stability, making them only suitable for cultivation in specific areas. Among the five trial sites, Liangzhou had the strongest discrimination power and Zhenyuan was weaker. The combined use of the AMMI model and the GGE double-labeled map method can more accurately and intuitively reflect the productivity, stability and adaptability of each variety as well as the discrimination power and representativeness of each trial site.

  The Response of Soil Microorganisms to Planting Patterns Based on CiteSpace Bibliometric Analysis HU Haonan, FENG Haiping, ZHANG Kai, WU Hongliang, KANG Jianhong 2024, 40 (13):  146-156.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0447 Abstract + ( 54 )   HTML ( 6 )   PDF ( 2991KB )   ( 14 ) Soil microbial communities have a significant impact on ecosystems. To understand the effects of different planting patterns on soil microorganisms and their characteristics, advancements, hot topics, and trends, CiteSpace literature visualization software was utilized to investigate 2123 research papers published between 2002 and 2022 to analyze the effects of different planting patterns on soil microorganisms in this study. Visual analysis was conducted based on countries, institutions, authors, journals, co-cited references, and keywords to explore the hot topics and development trends in this field. The results showed an overall increasing trend in literature concerning the effects of different planting patterns on soil microorganisms over 2002 to 2022. In terms of publication volume by countries, China and the United States were in the leading position. The United States had 484 publications, accounting for 22.79% of the total, ranking first. China closely followed with 431 publications, accounting for 20.30%. There was frequent exchange between China and the United States. Although the Chinese Academy of Sciences had a later start in initial publications, it held a prominent position in this research field. Chinese researchers had a large proportion of publications, but collaborations with scholars from other countries were relatively limited. Research was concentrated in interdisciplinary fields such as biology and biochemistry, physics, and agronomy, indicating a trend towards interdisciplinary integration. High-throughput sequencing-based soil microbial metagenomics studies are essential for understanding the responses of soil microorganisms to planting patterns in the future. Current research hot topics mainly revolve around patterns, communities, rhizospheres, carbon, nitrogen, and other related issues. Potential future areas of development may include disease resistance, decomposition, and biogeography.

  Detecting of Genetic Diversity and Genetic Structure of Four Released Seeding Populations of Triangular Bream (Magalobrama terminalis) in the Middle and Lower Reaches of Qiantang River Based on SSR Marker ZHANG Minying, FANG Di’an, ZHOU Yanfeng, KUANG Zhen, REN Long, ZHENG Yuchen, XU Dongpo 2024, 40 (13):  157-164.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0395 Abstract + ( 42 )   HTML ( 6 )   PDF ( 1389KB )   ( 25 ) In order to detect genetic diversity and genetic structure of released populations of triangular bream (Magalobrama terminalis) in the middle and lower reaches of the Qiantang River, in this study, 192 samples from 4 Released seeding populations were amplified and sequenced based on 9 pairs of fluorescence-labeled SSR primers using capillary electrophoresis genotyping technique. The results showed that the average number of alleles (Na) was (20±2)-(24±2) per locus for each population, and the average number of effective alleles (Ne) was (10.76±1.51)-(13.66±1.33). The number of Na and Ne were the largest in Yuhang population, and the two indexes were similar in Jiande and Tonglu population. The average value of Shannon’s index (I) was (2.55±0.13)-(2.83±0.09) for four populations. The average value of observed heterozygosity (Ho) was (0.83±0.08)-(0.94±0.03) and that of expected heterozygosity (He) was (0.88±0.02)-(0.92±0.01), which showed heterozygote excess in most loci for four populations. The number of private alleles of Yuhang, Jiande, Tonglu and Fuyang populations was 54, 9, 15 and 17 respectively. The genetic diversity of the four released populations was relatively high, and some populations showed heterozygote excess and allelic loss. AMOVA analysis showed that 98.7% of genetic variation was between individuals within populations and 1.3% of genetic variation was among populations. The genetic differentiation index was 0.013-0.017, which revealed mild genetic differentiation (0<FST<0.05) among four released populations. Both structure analysis and PCoA analysis got the consistent result, indicating that all individuals could be divided into two genetic clusters. However, each cluster contained individuals from four populations, and there was no significant difference in the individual origin of each cluster. This study detected the germplasm genetic status of four released populations of M. terminalis, which would provide better guidance in the stock enhancement of M. terminalis in the future.