Current issue

• 2024 Vol.40 No.14 Published:15 May 2024

  Effects of Tillage Practices and Nitrogen Rates on Grain Yield, Grain Protein Content and Nitrogen Use Efficiency in Wheat LI Wenqian, HAN Mingming, ZHANG Haijun, LV Lianjie, LI Xiaoyu 2024, 40 (14):  1-12.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0477 Abstract + ( 197 )   HTML ( 62 )   PDF ( 1401KB )   ( 59 ) To determine the suitable combination of tillage and nitrogen (N) rate for synergistic improvement of wheat yield, quality and N use efficiency in Huang-Huai-Hai area, field experiments was conducted from 2018 to 2020 with three tillage practices (rotary tillage, R; deep ploughing, P; subsoiling, B) and four N rates (135 kg/hm2, N135, 180 kg/hm2, N180, 225 kg/hm2, N225, 270 kg/hm2, N270) in Zibo, Shandong. The results showed that the grain yield, grain protein content and N use efficiency could be significantly regulated by tillage practice, N rate and the interaction of tillage practice and N rate. Compared with the traditional R or P, B increased the N accumulation amount at anthesis and maturity stages by 1.2%-18.9% and 5.2%-16.3%, respectively. The pre-anthesis N translocation amount and post-anthesis N accumulation amount were increased by 0.8%-70.4% and 5.7%-21.9%, respectively. Additionally, the plant N production capacity and N use efficiency increased by 3.2%-21.1% and 3.7%-40.7%, respectively. Therefore, compared with R or P, the grain yield, grain protein content and grain protein yield under B were significantly increased by 3.7%-40.7%, 3.6%-8.9% and 3.0%-49.9%. Increasing the N rate in a certain range could increase the grain protein content, but reduced the N use efficiency at the same time. In general, the highest grain yield, grain protein content and grain protein yield could be obtained simultaneously by B combined with 270 kg/hm2 N rate, and the N use efficiency was higher than other tillage practices with the same N rate. Therefore, in this experimental area, the preferred B combined with 270 kg/hm2 could achieve a synergistic increase in wheat yield and quality, while maintaining relatively higher N use efficiency.

  Effects of Density and Row Spacing on Yield, Canopy Characteristics and Lodging Resistance of Upright Plant Type Wheat ZHAO Xiran, ZHANG Yu, ZHANG Jiahao, CHEN Jiansheng, ZHANG Weidong, MA Yuhua, MENG Qingfu, YAN Zhaoxin, WANG Yongzhen 2024, 40 (14):  13-22.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0500 Abstract + ( 143 )   HTML ( 8 )   PDF ( 1309KB )   ( 78 ) To provide a theoretical basis for the regulation of cultivation measures in upright plant type (UPT) wheat, two UPT wheat lines ‘SN1319’ and ‘SN1425’ were used as materials, and experimental combinations with two high-density sowing rates (T1, 330×104 plants/hm2 and T2, 420×104 plants/hm2 basic seedlings, respectively) and three sowing spacing (H1, H2, and H3 for 6, 8, and 10 rows in a sowing range of 1.10 meters, respectively) were set to study the effects of planting methods on wheat yield, canopy characteristics, and lodging characteristics. The results showed that ‘SN1319’ and ‘SN1425’ achieved the highest yield under T2H2 and T2H3 treatments, respectively, with an increase of 9.83% and 10.10% compared to the control ‘Jimai 22’. High density sowing improved morphological characteristics, leaf area index (LAI) and the extinction coefficient (EC), and increased the light interception ability in wheat population canopy. However, it also reduced the light transmittance (LT) and increased the lodging index (LI) in the populations. Wheat line and row spacing also had significant effects on canopy structure, light interception and lodging characteristics. The experiment indicates that 420×104 plants/hm2 basic seedlings and appropriate reduction of row spacing can be considered as reasonable cultivation measures for UPT wheat. As a new type of wheat, UPT wheat can be used to breed high or even super high yield lines and has application values in practice.

  Shade-Tolerant Foxtail Millet Hybrids [Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv.]: Creation and Shade-Tolerant Physiological Mechanism Study LI Suying, CUI Yanjiao, ZHANG Jing, LIU Zhengli 2024, 40 (14):  23-31.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0745 Abstract + ( 129 )   HTML ( 15 )   PDF ( 1263KB )   ( 60 ) To solve the problems of long-term abandonment of a large amount of understory land in China, overgrowth of weeds, serious pests and diseases, and forest fruit quality declining year by year, the foxtail millet germplasm resources which have good comprehensive traits and certain utilization value were used as experimental materials in this study. Through specialized experiments, the germplasm resources with certain shade tolerance traits were identified and screened, the shade-tolerant parent materials were created, and the shade-tolerant foxtail millet hybrids were then created to meet the needs of stereo interplanting of foxtail millet and forest tree. The physiological mechanism of shade tolerance of shade-tolerant foxtail millet hybrids and parent materials was studied by measuring the contents of chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b in leaves, their ratio and the number of root wheels. The main results were as follows. (1) Seven shade-tolerant sterile lines and four shade-tolerant restorer lines were created. (2) Eight shade-tolerant foxtail millet hybrids were created. (3) The physiological mechanism of shade tolerance of these materials lay in that the contents of chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b were both high, which was 2.11-2.35 mg/gFW and 0.65-0.76 mg/gFW, respectively; the value of chlorophyll a/chlorophyll b was low, ranging from 3.09 to 3.25; the number of root wheels was equal or greater than five, and they could absorb more nutrients from the soil; they had strong resistance and tolerance to pests and diseases in shaded environment. The breeding of shade-tolerant foxtail millet hybrids supported the development of understory economy, and established four stereo interplanting models, foxtail millet/chestnut, foxtail millet/walnut, foxtail millet/hawthorn and foxtail millet/medium and low density-ecological forest.

  Effect of Nitrogen Application Rate on Nodulation Characteristics of Peanut HUANG Zhipeng, WU Haining, TANG Xiumei, ZHONG Ruichun, HE Liangqiong, JIANG Jing, HAN Zhuqiang, LIU Jing, XIONG Faqian, TANG Ronghua 2024, 40 (14):  32-38.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0462 Abstract + ( 139 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF ( 1277KB )   ( 25 ) To find out the effect of nitrogen application rate on nodulation characteristics of peanut, ‘Guihua 36’ was used as research material, six treatments of nitrogen application rate were set up, including 0% (N0, no nitrogen application), 25% (N1, small amount of nitrogen application), 50% (N2, moderate nitrogen application), 75% (N3, small amount of decreased nitrogen application), 100% (N4, conventional nitrogen application rate, 67.50 kg/hm2), 150% (N5, large amount of nitrogen application). A randomized block design field trial was conducted to study the effects of different nitrogen application rates on the observed values and variation rules of nodulation characteristics in 33 sampling observations. The results showed that the average values of nodule number and nodule diameter decreased with the increase of nitrogen application rate in the early phase of sampling. The minimum value of average nodule number appeared in N4 treatment and the minimal value of average nodule diameter appeared in N5 treatment in the middle and late period of sampling. The inhibition of nitrogen to amount was the strongest in conventional nitrogen application, and the inhibition to diameter increased with the increase of nitrogen application rate. When any one of the treatments from N0 treatment to N4 treatment was used as a reference, the probability of significant difference between the reference treatment and the adjacent treatment did not reach the probable level in each sampling period, and the increase or decrease of 25% nitrogen application rate did not lead to significant difference in nodule number and nodule diameter when the nitrogen application rate was less than 67.50 kg/hm2. The observed value of nodule diameter was probably to decrease significantly in the middle and late sampling period when a large amount of nitrogen was applied, and the observed value of nodule quantity was probably to increase significantly in the late sampling period compared with conventional nitrogen application. In this research, the direct effects of different nitrogen application rates on the number, diameter and variation law of nodules were accurately observed.

  Effects of Transplanting Period and Planting Density on Quality of Enshi Cigar Leaves WU Xu, REN Yongjian, LI Jinjian, CHENG Dan, YU Jun 2024, 40 (14):  39-46.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0563 Abstract + ( 148 )   HTML ( 6 )   PDF ( 1235KB )   ( 20 ) In order to explore the effects of transplanting period and planting density on the yield and quality of cigar tobacco, experiments were carried out in Enshi Cuiba Base. 3 transplanting period treatments (April 20, April 30, May 10) and 6 planting density treatments (100 cm×40 cm、100 cm×45 cm、100 cm×50 cm、110 cm×40 cm、110 cm×45 cm、110 cm×50 cm) were set to compare the growth period, agronomic characters, yield and grade structure, appearance quality and sensory evaluation quality of tobacco plants in different transplanting periods, select the best transplanting period, and explore the influence of different planting densities on the agronomic characters, yield and grade structure of tobacco plants. The results showed that with the postponement of transplanting period, the growth period of tobacco plants was significantly shortened, concentrated in the vigorous growing period, and showed a significant negative correlation with temperature, and the yield and quality of tobacco decreased. In addition, different planting densities had certain effects on the growth of tobacco plants. With the increase of planting density, the plant height, maximum leaf length and leaf width of tobacco plant increased first and then decreased. Increasing row spacing and decreasing plant spacing were beneficial to increasing yield. It is generally believed that the best transplanting time of the cigar coating variety ‘Chuxue 26’ in Enshi Cuiba Base is from April 20 to April 30. The planting density of 110 cm×50 cm makes the agronomic characters of the tobacco plant perform best, and the planting density of 110 cm×40 cm can obtain higher economic benefits.

  Research on the Intensive Baking Technology of Sweet and Sweet Flavor Style of Longyan CB-1 Tobacco Leaves SHEN Shaojun, QIU Mingsheng, LIN Xiaolu, WU Enbiao, CHANG Pengfei, SUN Fushan, MENG Lingfeng 2024, 40 (14):  47-53.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0007 Abstract + ( 124 )   HTML ( 6 )   PDF ( 1198KB )   ( 16 ) The intensive baking process of ‘CB-1’in Longyan area is studied to provide reference for highlighting its sweet and sweet style. In order to highlight the sweet and sweet style of ‘CB-1’ tobacco leaves, the ripe tobacco leaves of the lower, middle and upper parts of ‘CB-1’ planted in Longyan tobacco area of Fujian Province were used as experimental materials. Three kinds of baking processes were set up, and the ‘back-to-back’ method was used to braid tobacco. The flue-cured tobacco leaves were classified according to the lower, middle and upper parts, and then the appearance, chemical composition and sensory quality were counted. The results showed that T3 (high temperature /high humidity) baking process was suitable for the lower leaves of ‘CB-1’ variety. The dry /wet bulb temperatures of the key baking stages were 38-40/37-38℃ at yellowing stage, 42/36 ℃ at wilting stage, 46/36 ℃ at gluten stage, 50-54/38-39℃ at dry stage, and 60-65/40-42℃ at stem-drying stage. The middle and upper leaves should adopt T1 (high temperature / high humidity) baking process, and the dry/wet bulb temperatures in the key baking stages were 38-40/37-38°C at yellowing stage, 42/38℃ at wilting stage, 46/38℃ at gluten stage, 50-54/39-40℃ at dry stage, and 60-65/40-42℃ at stem-drying stage. This study provides a technical reference for highlighting the dense baking process of ‘CB-1’ flavor type.

  Effect of Perylene Diimide Photosensitizers and Its Compound with Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium Foliar Fertilizers on the Growth and Development of Rapeseed CHENG Aohua, SHEN Jiangying, SU Xiurong, MENG Jiao, MENG Qingyu, HONG Peizheng, WANG Haiwei, HE Lining 2024, 40 (14):  54-63.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0456 Abstract + ( 119 )   HTML ( 12 )   PDF ( 1613KB )   ( 40 ) To study the effects of perylene diimide photosensitizers and its compound with nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium foliar fertilizers on the growth and development of rapeseed. N,N’-dicyclohexyl-1,7-dicyclohexylamine-3,4,9,10-perylenediimide (PDI-4CHA) was prepared using 1,7-dibromo-3,4,9,10-perylenetetracarboxylic dianhydride (PDI-2Br) as the acceptor and cyclohexylamine as the donor, and subsequently, PDI-4CHA composite nanocapsules (Photosensitizer, PS) were obtained by coating nanosilica on its surface. Rapeseed was used as the experimental material. Five treatments of CK, 0.4% PS, 1.2% PS, 2% PS and 3% PS were set up to investigate the optimal spraying concentration of PS, and six treatments of CK, foliar fertilizer W, 2% PS, 0.4% PS&W, 1.2% PS&W and 2% PS&W were set up to investigate the effects of the photosensitizer and nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium foliar fertilizer W complex (PS&W) on the growth and development of rapeseed. The results showed that PDI-4CHA composite nanocapsules were successfully synthesized. 2% PS treatment had the best promotion effect on rapeseed when the spraying concentration ranged from 0% to 3%, and the SPAD value, dry weight, and fresh weight of rapeseed were increased by 21.93%, 60.72% and 44.93%, respectively, compared with CK in the last sampling. The experiments on the effect of PS&W treatment on the growth of rapeseed showed that, compared with CK, W and PS treatments, 1.2% PS&W treatment increased fresh weight by 161.43%, 173.90% and 105.46%, and dry weight was increased by 163.98%, 173.92% and 107.64%, respectively. What’s more, the quality of rapeseed treated with PS&W was not worse than that of the control treatment. The experiment proved that perylene diimide photosensitizer and its combination spraying with NPK foliar fertilizer had an efficient effect on rapeseed.

  Effects of Modified Phosphorus Tail Powder on Maize Growth and Soil Physicochemical Properties in Red Soil Habitat GUO Yongjie, WANG Menglai, XIAO Yanan, CHEN Ciyun, WU Jianlin, GENG Chuanxiong, FU Yanyan, SHI Wenqing, YANG Ke, WANG Ziquan, YANG Jinghua 2024, 40 (14):  64-69.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0471 Abstract + ( 127 )   HTML ( 7 )   PDF ( 1261KB )   ( 33 ) The aims are to study the effects of modified phosphorus tail powder on the growth of maize and soil physicochemical properties in red soil habitat through corn field experiment, and to provide theoretical basis for the rational utilization of phosphorus tailings and the prevention and fertilization technology of acid red soil farmland. The experimental corn field was located in Jiuxian Town, Malong County, Qujing City. The following treatments were set up: (1) local customary fertilization (CK); (2) local customary fertilization + modified phosphorus tail powder 3000 kg/hm2 (T1); (3) local customary fertilization + modified phosphorus tail powder 6000 kg/hm2 (T2); (4) local customary fertilization + modified phosphorus tail powder 9000 kg/hm2 (T3); (5) local customary fertilization + modified phosphorus tail powder 12000 kg/hm2 (T4); (6) local customary fertilization + modified phosphorus tail powder 15000 kg/hm2 (T5), each treatment was repeated 3 times, and the maize yield and soil physicochemical properties such as pH, organic matter, exchangeable calcium were measured. The results showed that the application of modified phosphorus tail powder significantly increased soil pH value, which was 23.20% higher than that of CK at the highest level, and significantly reduced the total amount of exchangeable acid, exchangeable Al3+ content and available manganese content, which were 79%, 70% and 29.18% lower than that of CK at the highest level, respectively. The application of modified phosphorus tail powder increased soil exchangeable calcium, which was 38.19% higher than that of CK at the highest level. The application of modified phosphorus tail powder increased the 100-grain weight by 4.03% compared with CK at the highest level, and had no significant effect on maize yield. The application of modified phosphorus tail powder can reduce soil acidification by reducing soil exchangeable acid, increasing cation exchange capacity and soil exchangeable calcium. The effects of different application rates of modified phosphorus tail powder on soil and maize differed. Among which the application of 6000 kg/hm2 modified phosphorus tail powder (T3 treatment) was the optimal fertilization scheme, which could improve soil physicochemical properties, reduce soil acidification degree and increase soil aggregate stability to the greatest extent without affecting maize yield.

  Impact of Different Raw Material Ratio on Fermentation Effect of Asparagus Straw Compost LV Zhenzhen, LIU Xiumei, JI Jianhua, LAN Xianjin, HOU Hongqian, FENG Zhaobin, LIU Yiren 2024, 40 (14):  70-75.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0479 Abstract + ( 121 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF ( 1303KB )   ( 15 ) To promote the resource utilization of asparagus straw, the experimental study on the resource composting effect of asparagus straw was carried out by adding duck dung and rice husk in different proportions. The fermentation temperature, pH, germination index, organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium were used as evaluation indexes to study the effect of adding duck dung and rice husk on composting fermentation process. The results showed that the fermentation process of asparagus straw alone failed to meet the requirements of the fermentation compost without high temperature stage. Adding different proportions of duck dung and rice husk could promote compost fermentation of asparagus straw. The high temperature maintenance time lasted for 12-13 days, the average temperature of high temperature stage was 56.3-60.4℃, and the fermentation time was 21-29 days. At the end of 30 days of fermentation, the germination index reached 92%-118%, pH>8.0, organic matter content reached 50.70%-57.02%, total nutrient content (i.e. N + P2O5 + K2O) reached 4.64%-5.20%. Comparing all indexes, under the condition of this experiment, the fermentation effect of 70% asparagus straw + 10% duck dung + 20% rice husk was better than that of other ratios, which was more suitable for asparagus straw fermentation.

  Effect of Exogenous Additives on Solid State Fermentation of Straw LIU Naijia, HU Xiaolin, DING Yaling, SA Rula, SUN Guangtao, LI Zhilin 2024, 40 (14):  76-81.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0483 Abstract + ( 128 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF ( 1410KB )   ( 18 ) To improve the fermentation effect of straw degradation bacteria, the straw degradation strain No.8 screened in the earlier stage and the straw ripening agent A, the main product in production, were used as test materials to inoculate the soil buried with mature corn straw, and urea, biochar and PEG6000 were added. The solid fermentation was carried out at 20℃ compared with the soil buried with mature corn straw without inoculum and exogenous additives. By measuring the characteristic indicators of straw fermentation products, the fermentation broth with better degradation effect on straw was selected. Fermented liquid was used for hydroponic cultivation of corn, the agricultural traits and physiological indicators of corn seedlings were measured, and the effect of exogenous additives on solid-state fermentation of straw was studied. The results showed that No.8 + biochar, No.8 strain + urea and A strain + PEG6000 significantly increased the urease activity of the straw fermentation system. The treatment of No.8 + biochar and No.8 strain + urea significantly increased the content of available phosphorus and alkali hydrolyzable nitrogen, respectively. The addition of biochar and urea to the straw degrading strain No.8, and the addition of PEG6000 to the straw ripening agent A can improve the performance of the fermentation system.

  Analysis of Drought Characteristics of Summer Maize Growing Season in Puyang Based on SPEI DONG Jianshe 2024, 40 (14):  82-89.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0514 Abstract + ( 145 )   HTML ( 8 )   PDF ( 2264KB )   ( 218 ) Drought is the most important agrometeorological disaster in the process of summer maize production in Puyang area. It is of great significance to clarify the evolution law of agricultural drought occurrence for taking effective disaster prevention and mitigation measures. Using the monthly temperature and precipitation of 5 meteorological stations in Puyang from 1991 to 2020, standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI) and wavelet analysis and Mann-Kendall test were used to analyze the characteristics of drought change in the summer corn growing season (June-September) in Puyang. The results showed that the incidence of drought in summer maize seedling stage was 26.7%, and it showed a trend of drought after 2010. The abrupt climate change occurred in 1992, 1995 and 2005, and the climate of summer maize seedling stage showed a periodic change of dry and wet of 8-9a and 20-25a. The incidence of drought in the ear period of summer maize was 30.3%, and the climate changed abruptly in 2018, and the climate in the ear period showed dry and wet periodic changes of 6-10a and 15-25a. The incidence of drought in the summer corn grain period was 35%, the climate abrupt change occurred in 1992, 1998, 2002 and 2018, and the climate in the flower grain period showed periodic changes of dry and wet of 5a, 10a and 18-24A. The incidence of drought in the whole growing season of summer maize was 32.3%, climate abrupt change occurred in 2010, 2015 and 2019, and the climate of summer maize during the whole growing period showed dry and wet periodic changes of 8 to 9a and 22a. Due to the abnormal climate, the cyclical changes of dry and wet become weaker after 2010, showing a trend of drying, and there is a risk of abrupt change in dry and wet conditions. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen monitoring, early warning, forecasting and defense work in the production process of summer maize.

  Temporal and Spatial Variation Characteristics of Climate Factors During Growth Period of Flue-Cured Tobacco Fields in Nanping WU Ping, CHEN Zhihou, LIN Yong, CHEN Aiguo, ZHENG Jiayu, ZHENG Guojian 2024, 40 (14):  90-98.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0486 Abstract + ( 143 )   HTML ( 7 )   PDF ( 2151KB )   ( 97 ) Climate has an important impact on the growth of flue-cured tobacco and tobacco leaf quality. In order to clarify the change characteristics of climate elements in the field period of flue-cured tobacco in Nanping tobacco-growing area, this study used the climate data of growing period of tobacco (mid-January to mid-July) from 1971 to 2019 provided by Nanping Meteorological Bureau, and the Mann-Kendall method was used to detect abrupt change of climate, the temporal and spatial variation characteristics of typical climatic elements such as temperature, precipitation and sunshine duration were analyzed. The results showed that the interannual sunshine hours tended to decrease and the temperature and precipitation tended to increase during field growing period of flue-cured tobacco, and the inflection point was in 1995. The abrupt change of climate mainly occurred in the air temperature and sunshine hours of spring tobacco, and occurred in the mid-1970s and early 2000s respectively, the precipitation factors did not change abruptly. The temperature in the field growing period of early spring tobacco and spring tobacco was lower in the north area, and higher in the south and middle area. Precipitation was higher in the north area, but lower in the south and middle area. The sunshine hours increased gradually from west to east or southeast. With the growth period of flue-cured tobacco progress, the temperature increased gradually, the sunshine hours increased rapidly from late June, and the heavy precipitation was mainly concentrated in June. The difference of sunshine hours between early spring tobacco and spring tobacco field growth period was mainly in the root expanding stage and mature stage. The research results are of great significance to the rational use of climate resources, avoiding disadvantages and improving the yield and quality of tobacco leaves.

  Analysis of Agrometeorological Factors of Prunus domestica L. Freeze Injury in Heshuo of Xinjiang Reyanguli AIZEZI 2024, 40 (14):  99-103.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0480 Abstract + ( 123 )   HTML ( 9 )   PDF ( 1302KB )   ( 71 ) In recent years, the phenomenon of increasing extreme weather (climate) events, frequent natural disasters has been widely presented around the world. The study aims to scientifically understand the effect of freezing injury of Prunus domestica L. in Heshuo, reduce the loss of florescence due to freezing injury, and improve the planting benefit. This article used daily weather data during 1991-2023 in national ground meteorological station of Heshuo and investigation data about freezing injury of Prunus domestica L. from 2003 to 2023, the factors such as the happening time, type, and limit temperature were analyzed by making the investigation of historical disaster conditions. The characteristics of meteorological factors were analyzed to study the relationship between freeze injury and meteorological factors. The results showed that: (1) the annual average temperature, extremely maximum and minimum temperature in Heshuo County increased from 1991 to 2023, the climate trend rates for annual average temperature, extremely maximum and minimum temperature were 0.20 ℃/10a, 0.38 ℃/10a and 0.26 ℃/10a-1 respectively; (2) the date of germination, sepal showing, petal baring, initial blooming, full blooming was ahead of time by 3.2 to 4.6 d/10 a(P<0.01); (3) the main reason for the freezing injury of Prunus domestica L. was the extreme minimum temperature in winter, strong wind and serious sandstorm, cold spell duration days, severe cooling, and heavy snowfall. The results of this study provide a reference for the monitoring and early warning of freezing damage and disaster prevention and mitigation of Prunus domestica L., and provide a theoretical reference for the rational cultivation and management, so as to promote the healthy development of Prunus domestica L. industry.

  Effects of Two Crops on Clonal Growth and Node Reproduction of Invasive Alternanthera philoxeroides WU Randi, GE Liqing, ZHANG Fudou, SHEN Shicai, YANG Yunhai, YANG Shaosong, ZHENG Fengping, FAN Zewen, GAO Jiale, XU Gaofeng 2024, 40 (14):  104-111.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0034 Abstract + ( 122 )   HTML ( 7 )   PDF ( 1253KB )   ( 94 ) This investigation seeks to explore the effects of diverse intervention strategies employing Ipomoea batatas and Cymbopogon citratus on the Alternanthera philoxeroides growth, aiming to furnish a robust scientific foundation for its ecological management. Ground sweet potato and lemongrass parts were applied via mulching, soil mixing, and extracts to A. philoxeroides, and the effects of different treatments were evaluated by measuring its survival rate, biomass, and enzyme activity. Under 100 g/kg treatment, survival rates decreased to 55.56% (sweet potato, soil mixing) and 43.75% (lemongrass extract). High-concentration extract irrigation significantly reduced stem length (Ipomoea batatas: 3.37 cm, Cymbopogon citratus: 2.25 cm), root length (Ipomoea batatas: 3.34 cm, Cymbopogon citratus: 2.62 cm), leaf area (Ipomoea batatas: 0.46 cm2, Cymbopogon citratus: 0.37 cm2), and biomass (Ipomoea batatas: 0.19 g, Cymbopogon citratus: 0.13 g). Additionally, the increase of concentration led to the elevation of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities, as well as the content of malondialdehyde (MDA), while the activity of peroxidase (POD) decreased, reflecting the changes in plant response to oxidative stress. This study unequivocally illustrates that treatments with a 100 g/kg concentration of Ipomoea batatas and Cymbopogon citratus substantially curtail the clonal expansion and seedling development of A. philoxeroides, particularly when applied through aqueous extract irrigation. These findings are of great significance for the development of new plant growth regulation strategies.

  Morphological Characteristics and Biological Traits of Cyamophila willieti LIANG Jing, WU Xinglong, YANG Xiaodong, SUN Yu, ZHAO Yu, YANG Qingchuan, Ren Jie, XIAO Haibing, YANG Minglu 2024, 40 (14):  112-118.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0905 Abstract + ( 105 )   HTML ( 13 )   PDF ( 2606KB )   ( 29 ) This study aims to delve into the morphological characteristics and biological traits of Cyamophila willieti, providing a foundational reference for integrated pest management. Using molting as the boundary for nymphal instars, we observed and recorded the developmental periods, reproductive capabilities, and behavioral patterns from egg to adult. Photographic documentation and measurements of morphological changes during each developmental stage were conducted using stereomicroscopy. The eggs of Cyamophila willieti are spindle-shaped, measuring (362.13±3.53) µm in length and (152.06±1.61) µm in width. Initially white, the eggs gradually shift to orange, revealing two red spots through the eggshell; the egg stage lasts (3.81±0.03) days. Nymphs undergo five instars with distinct morphological differences. First-instar nymphs have heads wider than the abdomens and lack wing buds; second-instar nymphs show initial and smaller wing buds, with forewings and hind wings separated; third-instar nymphs exhibit well-defined wing buds, with the anterior and posterior wing buds initially adjacent without overlapping, and later partially overlapping; fourth-instar nymphs have hind wings overlapped by half of the forewings; fifth instar nymphs display substantial overlap of both forewings and hind wings. The number of antennal segments for first to fifth instar nymphs is 3, 4, 6, 8, and 10, respectively, and body lengths are (371.82±4.31) µm, (728.15±36.2) µm, (996.9±34.03) µm, (1271.06±24.65) μm, and (2083.33±22.89) µm, with developmental periods for these instars are (3.81±0.03) days, (3.47±0.06) days, (2.13±0.06) days, (2.03±0.07) days, (2.46±0.06) days, and (4.81±0.06) days, respectively. Adults have ten antennal segments, with females having a tapered posterior end and males having an upturned reproductive plate. The developmental periods for summer-type females and males are (20.88±0.92) days and (28.29±1.67) days, respectively. Over wintering adults are slightly larger than summer counterparts. Summer and winter females measure (4.04±0.12) mm and (3.85±0.24) mm, respectively, while males measure (4.02±0.24) mm and (3.31±0.16) mm. The pre-oviposition period for summer-type females are (5.60±0.24) days, with an individual laying an average of (647.75±52.94) eggs. The peak oviposition period occurs between days 7 and 14 after emergence, constituting 71.2% of the total egg production. Cyamophila willieti nymphs undergo five instars, each characterized by distinct wing bud development, antennal segment count, and body length changes. The adult lifespan and oviposition period are longer, with a significant occurrence of overlapping generations.

  Research Progress of Sheep Embryo Transfer Technology YUAN Xiaole, KANG Huaiyan, JU Minying, LI Yanyan, SONG Yanfeng, LIU Xiaoyu, SONG Xiaoyue, DONG Shuwei, QU Lei, DU Xiaomin, ZHU Haijing 2024, 40 (14):  119-126.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0512 Abstract + ( 118 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF ( 1170KB )   ( 184 ) Embryo transfer technology is a modern reproductive technology that can accelerate the expansion and reproduction rate of domestic animal populations. It has been widely applied in the promotion and rapid expansion of excellent animal breeds such as cattle, sheep, and horses. This article reviews the superovulation technology, synchronous estrus technology and factors affecting embryo transfer involved in sheep embryo transfer, so as to provide ideas for the improvement of sheep embryo transfer technology and its application in the sheep industry, and lay a foundation for subsequent technological progress.

  Effects of Chinese Herbal Extract on Performance, Immune Function and Antioxidant Capacity of Highland Brown Laying Hens ZHANG Hongyan, ZHANG Qiang, HAN Shanshan, YIN Hong, WANG Jianbo, Qin Tao 2024, 40 (14):  127-133.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0873 Abstract + ( 135 )   HTML ( 6 )   PDF ( 1287KB )   ( 12 ) The aim of this experiment was to study the effects of Chinese herbal extracts on performance, blood immune function and antioxidant properties of Highland brown laying hens. A total of 360 healthy 42-week-old Highland brown laying hens were randomly divided into 4 groups with 3 replicates per group and 30 laying hens per replicate. Samples in groups A, B and C were fed with 0.4% Chinese herbal extract compound Coptis Jiedu Powder HLJDS, Pulsatilla Pulsatilla Powder BTWS and Qingwen Decoction QWT on the basis of commercially available normal full price feed, and control group D was fed with the commercially available normal full price feed. The pre-test lasted for 7 days and the experiment lasted for 28 days. The results showed as follows. In terms of production performance, the laying rate of laying hens in group C was extremely significantly higher than that of control group D (P<0.01), and the laying rate of laying hens in group A was significantly higher than that of control group D (P<0.05). The feed to egg ratio of laying hens in groups A and C was significantly lower than that of control group D (P<0.01). There was no significant difference in average egg weight among all groups (P>0.05). The defective egg rate of laying hens in groups A and C was extremely significantly lower than that of control group D (P<0.01), and the defective egg rate of laying hens in group B was significantly lower than that of control group D (P<0.05). There was no dead culling chicken in group A and Group C during the whole experiment period, while the dead culling rate in control group D was 2.22%. In terms of egg quality, there were no significant differences in egg shape index, protein concentration index and yolk index in groups A, B, C and D (P>0.05), but the number of defective eggs in fecal eggs, bloodstained eggs, malformed eggs and soft preserved eggs in control group D was significantly higher than that of the other three groups, and there was a phenomenon of uneven egg color. In terms of immune function, the activity of lysozyme in blood of groups A and C was extremely significantly higher than that of control group D (P<0.01). Serum globulin of laying hens in group C was extremely significantly higher than that of control group D (P<0.01), and serum globulin of laying hens in group A was significantly higher than that of control group D (P<0.05). In terms of antioxidant performance, the T-SOD activity in blood of laying hens in groups A and C was significantly higher than that of control group D (P<0.01). The content of MDA in blood of laying hens in groups A and C was significantly lower than that of control group D (P<0.01). Dietary addition of HLJDS and QWT can improve the production performance of laying hens, reduce the defective egg rate and dead chickens to a certain extent, and improve the immune function and antioxidant properties of laying hens, which is conducive to improving the economic benefits of laying hens.

  Characteristics and Impact Factors of Grassland Drought and Forage Yield in Southern Foothills of Qilian Mountains XIAO Liangui, SHI Mingzhang, BAI Jinlian, LUO Fuzuo, CHEN Anqi, HUANG Xinhua 2024, 40 (14):  134-141.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0491 Abstract + ( 108 )   HTML ( 7 )   PDF ( 1327KB )   ( 123 ) Understanding the characteristics and patterns of spatial and temporal changes in soil moisture is important for fully utilizing soil moisture resources and coping with climate change. In this study, the interannual and seasonal trends of soil relative humidity in alpine grassland and the seasonal changes of soil drought in natural grassland were analyzed using the monitoring data of grassland soil moisture in the thawing period from 2004 to 2022 at Tianjun Ecological and Meteorological Observatory in alpine grassland of the southern foothills of the Qilian Mountains. The correlation between overall soil relative humidity and pasture yield of the grassland was analyzed in conjunction with the comparison of pasture yield inside and outside the fence. The results showed that the relative soil humidity in the alpine grassland of the southern foot of Qilian Mountains had obvious characteristics of month-to-month and seasonal changes within the year, and from 2004 to 2022, the overall relative soil humidity in the year, season and month showed an increasing trend year by year, and the degree of aridization of the soil was reduced. Although the frequency and degree of occurrence of drought varied among seasons in the alpine grassland of the southern foothills of the Qilian Mountains, the probability of consecutive droughts in spring, summer and fall was also higher. The frequency of drought in all seasons was light drought>moderate drought>severe drought>extreme drought, and the frequency of moderate drought and severe drought in spring was as high as 34.8%, with the late spring and early summer being the driest time of the year. 2004 to 2022 pasture yields inside and outside the fence showed a significant increasing trend (P<0.05), and the rate of change of the increase of the pasture yields in the fence was 1.6 times of those of the outside of the fence. The analysis of the correlation between meteorological factors, soil relative humidity and pasture yield showed that the construction of the overall soil relative humidity and pasture yield model had a good use value, and could be popularized and applied in practical work.

  Anthocyanin Extraction and in vitro Antioxidant Activity Analysis of Black Highland Barley Produced in Longzi County ZHU Mingxia, ZHANG Yuhong 2024, 40 (14):  142-147.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0484 Abstract + ( 112 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF ( 1326KB )   ( 175 ) In order to analyze the antioxidant activity of anthocyanin extracts in vitro, the anthocyanins were extracted from ‘Longzi black barley’ by ultrasonic assisted acid water method, and the processing conditions were optimized by orthogonal experiment. The results showed that the ratio of material to liquid had the greatest effect on the extraction rate of anthocyanins, followed by water bath extraction temperature and ultrasonic temperature. The optimal extraction conditions were liquid to material ratio of 20 mL:1 g, ultrasonic temperature of 40℃, ultrasonic time of 40min, water bath extraction temperature of 60℃, and water bath extraction time of 3 h. The same sample had different scavenging ability for different free radicals. On the whole, the scavenging ability for superoxide anion free radicals is the strongest, and the anthocyanin crude extract of ‘Longzi black barley’ had certain scavenging ability for free radicals.

  Effect of Pb and As Interaction on Quality of Highland Barley YANG Xiaojun, ZHANG Tangwei, CI Rendeji, WU Xuelian 2024, 40 (14):  148-156.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0490 Abstract + ( 115 )   HTML ( 6 )   PDF ( 1278KB )   ( 11 ) A pot experiment was conducted to study the effects of Pb and As interactions on the quality of highland barley (fatty acids, amino acids, β-dextran and mineral elements). Using highland barley as the experimental crop, different concentrations of Pb (480, 720, 960 and 1200 mg/kg) and As (30, 60, 90 and 120 mg/kg) interaction treatment and blank control were set up for the study. The results showed that, compared with blank, under the interaction conditions of Pb and As, when the concentration of Pb addition were 480, 720, 960 and 1200 mg/kg, β-dextran of highland barley showed inhibition, amino acid showed a promoting effect; when Pb addition concentration was 480 mg/kg, the fatty acid showed low promotion and high inhibition; when pb addition concentrations were 720, 960 and 1200 mg/kg, all showed a promoting effect; when the Pb addition concentrations were 480, 720, 960 and 1200 mg/kg, the K and Na content of highland barley showed low promotion and high inhibition, and the content of Fe and Zn showed a promoting effect; when Pb addition concentrations were 480, 960 and 1200 mg/kg, the Mg and Ca content of highland barley showed low promotion and high inhibition; when the Pb addition concentration was 720 mg/kg, the Mg and Ca content of barley showed inhibitory effects; when the Pb addition concentration were 480 and 960 mg/kg, the Mn content of highland barley showed a promoting effect; when the concentration of Pb addition were 720 and 1200 mg/kg, the Mn content of barley showed low inhibition and high promotion; when the Pb addition concentration was 480 mg/kg, the Cu content of barley showed a low promotion and high inhibition; when the Pb addition concentration was 720, 960 and 1200 mg/kg, the Cu content of highland barley showed a promoting effect. Interaction of high concentration of Pb and As significantly inhibited highland barley β-dextran content, but significantly increased the content of fatty acids and amino acids. There was a significant difference in the content of mineral elements in highland barley under the interaction of Pb and As, the distribution pattern of the content of 8 mineral elements in highland barley was in the order of K>Mg>Ca>Na>Fe>Zn>Mn>Cu.

  Correlation Analysis Between AI and Manual Measurement for Morphological Traits of Two Cyprinus carpio L. Strains MA Ziyao, PAN Hong, WANG Kaikuo, CHEN Yingjie, CAO Yiming, SUN Xiaoqing, ZHANG Yan 2024, 40 (14):  157-164.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0057 Abstract + ( 125 )   HTML ( 6 )   PDF ( 2311KB )   ( 66 ) The morphology of fish is an important population resource for artificial breeding, functional gene localization, as well as aquaculture and ecological research. The common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) is one of the important freshwater fish species farmed in China. Natural and artificial selection have resulted in a great diversity of phenotypes among different varieties of carp. In recent years, with the rapid development of imaging technology, computational capabilities, and hardware devices, non-destructive measurement methods based on machine vision have rapidly emerged, making it an efficient and repeatable method for batch inspection of fish bodies. In order to test the accuracy of AI measurement for fish phenotypic traits, manual measurement and AI measurement were used in two ways, respectively, for the Cyprinus carpio yuankiang and the Cyprinus carpio var. Jinbei, which have significant differences in phenotypic indices. A total of 204 fish from two carp populations were selected, and 10 linear, circular, and spatial traits including total length, body length, body depth, body thickness, head length, caudal peduncle length, caudal peduncle depth, snout length, eye diameter and interorbital width were measured and compared. The results show: (1) In the two populations of Cyprinus carpio yuankiang and Cyprinus carpio var. Jinbei, for the measurement of 10 phenotypic traits, compared to manual measurement, the AI measurement results are generally larger. In the phenotypic index, there is no significant difference between the two measurement methods in the body width index (body thickness/body length), head length index (head length/body length), and caudal fin index (caudal peduncle length/body length), while the two methods show significant differences in the results of the body depth index (body depth/body length). (2) In the populations of Cyprinus carpio yuankiang and Cyprinus carpio var. Jinbei, a correlation and consistency analysis of the two measurement methods found that for a total of 6 traits including total length, body length, body depth, body thickness, head length, and interorbital width, the two methods show high consistency (r>0.85). (3) In the consistency analysis of the repeatability measurement of the two measurement methods, it was found that both manual measurement and AI measurement show good consistency (r>0.85), but the consistency of manual measurement is slightly higher than that of AI measurement. Overall, the improvement of the accuracy of AI measurement can speed up the work efficiency of measuring linear phenotypic traits such as total length and the speed of selective breeding, but the accuracy of measuring circular and spatial phenotypic traits needs to be further improved.