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• 2024 Vol.40 No.15 Published:25 May 2024

  Heat-Tolerance Rice Varieties from National Regional Trial in Upper Reaches of Yangtze River: Identification and Evaluation YANG Shuai, ZHANG Zhengfeng, ZHANG Fangyu, WAN Xing, LIU Yi, XIAO Benze 2024, 40 (15):  1-8.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0196 Abstract + ( 127 )   HTML ( 9 )   PDF ( 1330KB )   ( 536 ) For better reducing the impact of global climate change on rice production, the heat-tolerance of 476 national rice varieties in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River from 2020 to 2022 had been identified and evaluated under both natural field and greenhouse conditions in this study. The results showed that tested varieties had generally good heat-tolerance at flowering stage, with 67, 324, 49, 30 and 6 varieties reaching grade 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9, accounting for 14.1%, 68.1%, 10.3%, 6.3% and 1.3% respectively. The overall heat-tolerance performance of tested varieties in different years was as follows: 2021>2020>2022. The overall heat-tolerance performance of different types of rice varieties showed as follows: two-line hybrid rice>three-line hybrid rice>conventional rice. The overall heat-tolerance performance of varieties from different trial channels showed as follows: green-channel trial>national unified trial>alliance trial. The 391 varieties with stronger or strong heat tolerance identified in this experiment can be preferentially promoted and applied in the heat-damaged frequent areas of the upper reaches of the Yangtze River, on the premise of taking the yield, quality and disease resistance into account. For 49 varieties with general heat tolerance, the planting areas of them should be limited strictly during the approval and promotion to avoid planting in areas with frequent heat damage, and 36 varieties with weak or weaker heat tolerance are recommended to be particularly cautious in the approval.

  Waxy Corn for Suitable Elastic Fresh Harvest: Variety Selection YIN Qishi, FENG Yunchao, ZHANG Ruifang, YU Zhijiang, YANG Lian, ZHAO Wen, LIU Binbin 2024, 40 (15):  9-18.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-1040 Abstract + ( 123 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF ( 1236KB )   ( 62 ) In order to screen the elastic fresh-harvested waxy corn varieties suitable for popularization and planting in Chongqing, waxy corn varieties planted in Chongqing and bred in recent years were chosen for field experiments on spring and summer sowing, and yield, cooking quality score of fresh spikes at different harvest periods, and optimum harvesting period days were compared and analyzed. The results revealed that there were significant differences in the yield of the tested varieties, cooking quality scores of fresh panicles at different harvesting times, and optimum harvesting period days under spring and summer sowing conditions. Under different sowing dates, the yield of ‘Yunuo 918’ was significantly lower than ‘Yunuo 7’, and there was no significant difference or significant yield reduction in other varieties compared with ‘Yunuo 7’. ‘Danuo 19’, ‘Kedanuo 4’, ‘Zhennuo 521’, ‘Caitiannuo 900’, and ‘Kedanuo 2’ had better optimum harvesting period days than other varieties. By comparing yield, cooking quality scores of different harvesting time and optimum harvesting period days, ‘Kedanuo 2’ and ‘Zhennuo 521’ were significantly better than the control in cooking quality and optimum harvesting period days, and the yield was higher than the control, which could be used for waxy corn promotion and planting in Chongqing.

  Response of Different Maize Genotypes to Low Nitrogen Stress and Trait Selection of Low Nitrogen Tolerant Varieties PENG Chaoying, HUO Chuan, XIE Wen, XIANG Zhenfan, HUO Shiping 2024, 40 (15):  19-28.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0416 Abstract + ( 99 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF ( 1222KB )   ( 49 ) In order to screen out the maize varieties with low-nitrogen tolerance, and provide the technologies for identifying and screening low-nitrogen-resistant corn varieties, 36 corn cross combinations were used as test materials, the phenotypic value of genotypic agronomic traits was determined under the condition that the amount of nitrogen used was reduced by 70% compared to the normal amount of nitrogen applied. Based on the phenotypic value, the comprehensive coefficient of low nitrogen stress was calculated, and then the genotype's ability to low nitrogen resistance was evaluated. The results showed that there were significant or very significant differences in the performance of most agronomic traits among different genotypes under low nitrogen stress. The comprehensive coefficient of low nitrogen stress varied greatly among 36 genotypes, with a maximum value of 1.0319, a minimum value of -0.1139, and an average of 0.4506. There were 6 and 4 genotypes with very significantly and significantly greater coefficients than the average, respectively; 16 genotypes had no significantly different from the average; there were 2 and 8 genotypes with significantly and very significantly smaller coefficients than the average, respectively. Genotypes with extremely significant and significantly greater coefficients than the average were rated as varieties with strong and stronger low-nitrogen resistances. Vigorous growth, higher plants, and wide ear leaves could be used as important characteristics for selecting low-nitrogen-resistant varieties under low-nitrogen stress.

  Effects of Exogenous Material on Seed Germination and Seedling Morphology of Sorghum LI Yuanhong, LI Zhenhua, CAI Lei, DING Ting, WAN Wei, ZHOU Xufan, HE Yuqi 2024, 40 (15):  29-36.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0370 Abstract + ( 112 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF ( 1496KB )   ( 17 ) In order to explore the effects of different exogenous materials on sorghum seed germination and seedling morphology, different concentrations of sodium nitroprusside (SNP), γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), salicylic acid (SA) and amino-oligosaccharide (AS) were used to study the effect on seed germination, seedling plant height, root length, basal stem diameter, shoot fresh and dry weight, root fresh and dry weight by seed priming and hydroponic methods. The results showed that: (1) 0.8 mmol/L SA and 0.64 mmol/L AS had the best effect on seed germination. (2) 0.02 mmol/L SNP, 0.5 mmol/L GABA, 0.2 mmol/L SA, and 0.64 mmol/L AS significantly promoted seedling growth. (3) The sensitivity of different exogenous materials to the vegetative organs of seedlings was different. 1.5 mmol/L SNP could better promote the growth of seedlings. The root length showed a downward trend with the increase in SNP concentration. In addition to plant height, other morphological indicators of SA application showed a significant promotion effect, which was conducive to the cultivation of dwarf and strong seedlings. 2.0 mmol/L AS significantly promoted the root elongation of seedlings. 2.0-3.0 mmol/L GABA was not conducive to seedling growth. In summary, seed priming with different exogenous materials can solve the problems of difficult seedling emergence and weak seedling of sorghum by improving seed germination and enhancing seedling morphological indexes. The results of this study provide a theoretical basis for the development of seed treatment agents to improve the quality of sorghum seedlings.

  A New Fresh Soybean Variety with Big-pods and Big-grain ‘Xinghuadou 5’: Breeding and Characteristics LI Qinghua, LIN Haifeng, GU Zhiwei, YAN Dunwei, YAN Shengren, CHEN Zilin, KE Qingming 2024, 40 (15):  37-43.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0499 Abstract + ( 116 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF ( 1123KB )   ( 18 ) The purpose of this experiment was to cultivate new varieties of high-quality fresh soybean suitable for planting in Fujian and similar ecological regions, accelerate the replacement of old varieties, promote the efficient development of the industry, and help the revitalization of rural industries. With ‘Zhe 98002’ as the female parent and ‘Maodou 389’ as the male parent, the excellent new variety ‘Xinghuadou 5’ was selected and bred by pedigree method, and it was recommended to participate in the regional trial of fresh soybean varieties in Fujian Province in 2020. Results of regional trials in 2020-2021 showed that the average yield of fresh pods of ‘Xinghuadou 5’ was 11522.7 kg/hm2, which was 5.67% higher than that of ‘Maodou 3’ (CK). The yield of standard pods was 8261.7 kg/hm2, which was 5.11% higher than that of ‘Maodou 3’ (CK), and the standard pod rate was 71.70%. The new variety was approved and released by Fujian Provincial Committee of Crop Variety Identification in July 2022. The variety has large pods and large grains, sweet and soft glutinous taste when cooked. It is a medium and late maturing fresh soybean variety, and is suitable for spring sowing and planting in Fujian Province.

  Peanut with High Oleic Acid Content: Identification and Evaluation of Salt-alkaline Tolerance During Germination and Seedling Stage LI Jingjing, WANG Jinxiu, CAO Yidan, REN Jianjun, XU Shaohui, TANG Yanyan, WANG Jingshan, QIAO Lixian 2024, 40 (15):  44-52.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0461 Abstract + ( 111 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF ( 1328KB )   ( 58 ) The aims are to screen saline-alkali tolerant peanuts with high oleic acid content, expand the planting area of peanuts in saline-alkali soil, and alleviate the problem of insufficient supply on edible oil. Seed germination rate and salt damage rate during seed germination stage, and seedlings dry weight and salt tolerance coefficient during seedling stage of six peanut varieties with high oleic acid content were studied and analyzed, with a saline-alkali solution of NaCl:Na2SO4:NaHCO3:Na2CO3 simulating saline-alkali soil. The results were as follows: the germination rate of peanut seeds and dry weight of seedlings were decreased significantly, with the increase of the concentration of saline-alkali solution. The optimum screening concentration of peanut varieties at germination stage and seedling stage was different, and the saline-alkali tolerance at germination stage and seedling stage was not completely consistent. The saline-alkali tolerant of 6 peanut varieties was determined as‘YH33’>‘YH208’>‘YH18’>‘YH625’>‘YH169’>‘YH91’, evaluated by the membership function values, considering the saline-alkali tolerance both in germination and in seedling stages. The concentration of salt-alkali solution with Na+ 100 mmol/L and 150 mmol/L might be the suitable concentration for the salt-tolerant screening in germination stage and seedling stage respectively. ‘Yuhua 33’ was determined as highly salt-alkali tolerant variety under this condition.

  Salt and Alkali-resistant Oil Sunflower: A Review on Germplasm Identification and Variety Breeding LI Jianbin, LIU Yantao, ZHAO Changyan, JIA Xiuping, DUAN Wei, LIU Shengli, ZHU Zhifeng 2024, 40 (15):  53-58.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0322 Abstract + ( 110 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF ( 1053KB )   ( 471 ) Oil sunflower is one of the important oil crops in the northern region. At present, the scope of saline-alkali hazards is gradually expanding, which has become an important bottleneck restricting the development of oil sunflower. In order to carry out the identification and utilization of saline-alkali tolerant germplasm resources in saline-alkali areas, cultivating high-quality saline-alkali tolerant sunflower varieties is one of the important measures to improve the planting efficiency of saline-alkali crops and the sustainable development of agriculture. In this paper, the physiological mechanism of oil sunflower in response to saline-alkali stress was summarized, the molecular mechanism of oil sunflower response to saline-alkali stress, the identification of salt-tolerant germplasm resources of oil sunflower and the screening of excellent resources were reviewed. The latest research status of salt-tolerant variety breeding and germplasm resources innovation of oil sunflower were summarized. The study put forward new research ideas and methods for the innovative utilization of salt-tolerant germplasm resources and breeding of new varieties in the future. One was to determine the salinity tolerance level by identifying germplasm materials; the second was to further study the stress resistance mechanism of the collected and screened germplasm materials. At the same time, it also provided a theoretical basis for the breeding of salt-tolerant varieties of oil sunflower.

  Research Progress on Promoting Crop Yield and Efficiency Through Small Molecule Organic Fertilizer Application LIN Siyuan, YUAN Junwei, HOU Jun, HE Wenxiang, CAI Liang, WU Junda, LIU Chao, LIU Xiang 2024, 40 (15):  59-65.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0515 Abstract + ( 143 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF ( 1724KB )   ( 160 ) Applying chemical fertilizers can increase the yield of crops, but excessive application of chemical fertilizers will cause serious pollution to the environment. The application of traditional organic fertilizer can reduce environmental pollution, but its shortcomings such as insufficient nutrition, unstable quality and slow effectiveness determine that it cannot meet the needs of crop growth. Organic fertilizer small molecule products (small molecule organic fertilizer) is a kind of fertilizer containing multiple types of small molecule organic matter, which can be directly absorbed by crop roots, improving the soil fertility, and soil microbial activity. In addition, it can also chemically bond with fertilizers to achieve the goals of improving fertilizer utilization efficiency, reducing fertilizer application, and improving agricultural quality and efficiency. To study small molecule organic fertilizers that overcome the shortcomings of fertilizers and organic fertilizers, the types of small molecule organic fertilizers were summarized, and its application effects on different crops and its impact on soil physicochemical properties and changes in soil microbial community were elaborated. The main production processes, existing problems, and future development directions of small molecule organic fertilizers were discussed.

  Effect of Ultra-dry Treatment on Seed Viability and Physiological and Biochemical Activities of Common Beans HAN Jimin, SUN Lu, FENG Guojun, LIU Dajun, LIU Chang, YANG Xiaoxu 2024, 40 (15):  66-72.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0316 Abstract + ( 112 )   HTML ( 6 )   PDF ( 1226KB )   ( 28 ) The aims of this study was to apply the method of silica gel drying to the ultra-dry treatment of common beans, and analyze the main physiological activity related indexes, in order to provide scientific basis and practical reference for the long-term storage of beans seeds. After ultra-dry treatment, indicators such as protein content and dehydrogenase (ADH) content were measured using Coomassie Brilliant Blue G-250 staining, TTC method, thiobarbituric acid (TBA) method, etc. The results showed that when the water content of ‘Jiangjun’ was 6.95%, the seed vitality and physiological indicators were higher than that of the control, while the activity of antioxidant enzymes was significantly lower than that of the control. When the water content of ‘Ziguan’ was 6.89%, the physiological indexes were higher than that of the control, and the content of O2- decreased. When the water content of ‘Renaya’ was 6.15%, the germination rate was the highest, the protein content and ADH activity increased significantly, and the content of O2- and the MDA were not significant. These results indicated that moderate ultra-dry treatment had a greater effect on ‘Jiangjun’ seeds, and little or no effect on ‘Ziguan’ and ‘Renaya’ seeds. The results showed that the ultra-dry treatment was feasible for the preservation of common bean seeds, which laid the foundation for the long-term storage of common bean seeds.

  Amomun tsao-ko Germplasm Resources in Different Origins: Cold Resistance Evaluation ZHAO Xinyu, SU Junyu, YANG Wei, YANG Jianning, TONG Kairong, YANG Zhiqing 2024, 40 (15):  73-79.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0407 Abstract + ( 119 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF ( 1308KB )   ( 364 ) The research aims to screen out the germplasm resource of Amomun tsao-ko with high cold resistance, provide a basis for hybrid breeding and cultivation of Amomun tsao-ko and facilitate the sustainable development of the Amomun tsao-ko industry. Taking Amomun tsao-ko plants from different origins which has been grown for 6 months as test materials, the materials were cultured under low temperature stress for 3 days (low temperature incubator parameters: 4℃, 12 hours of darkness, 12 hours of light, 90% humidity), the physiological indexes related to cold resistance were measured, and cold resistance of the Amomun tsao-ko germplasm resources of different origins was comprehensively evaluated by using correlation anailsis, principal component analysis and membership function analysis. The results showed that under low temperature (4℃) stress, the chlorophyll content and antioxidant enzyme activity in the leaves of Amomun tsao-ko decreased, while the electrical conductivity, malondialdehyde content, soluble sugar content, and soluble protein content increased to varying degrees. The rank of the cold resistance of the Amomun tsao-ko obtained by the membership function analysis is DH-LC>BS-TC>NJ-GS-GLB>WS-MG>PE-ZY>PE-LC. Among the 6 germplasms from different origins, DH-LC has the best cold resistance, and it could be used as cold resistance material for hybrid breeding and cultivation.

  Effect of Compound Conditioner on Conditioning of Saline-alkali Soil and Growth of Tall Fescue in Northern Shaanxi YIN Meili, ZHANG Kaiyu, KANG Furen, ZHANG Xin, ZHANG Sheng, ZHANG Yan, LI Qiang, ZHENG Jiewen, CAO Taotao 2024, 40 (15):  80-87.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0502 Abstract + ( 109 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF ( 1377KB )   ( 38 ) To strengthen resource utilization of coal-based solid waste in northern Shaanxi and to improve the ecological environment of local saline and alkaline soils, this experiment used fly ash, desulfurization gypsum, wood vinegar liquid, biochemical xanthate and sheep dung materials compounded with different conditioning agents to comprehensively improve the saline and alkaline soils in northern Shaanxi. A greenhouse pot experiment was conducted to analyze the effects of compound of different conditioning materials on soil pH, chemical properties and growth of tall fescue. The results showed that: (1) soil pH decreased significantly after compound treatment of different conditioning materials by 0.52-0.64 units, and total soil alkalinity decreased significantly compared with the control by 20%-52.5%; (2) soil organic matter, alkaline-dissolved nitrogen, quick-acting potassium, and effective phosphorus contents increased after compound treatment of different conditioning materials by 1.07-5.09, 1.32-4.44, 3.43-19.13, 2.67-27.42 times, respectively; (3) tall fescue plant height increased by 17.54%-38.86%, stem thickness increased by 10.71%-27.27%, leaf length increased by 12.17%-43.10%, leaf width increased by 21.16%-43.11%, aboveground dry weight increased by 176.02%-280.12%, belowground dry weight increased by 53.01%-171.08%. Through the comprehensive evaluation of the principal component analysis, the comprehensive evaluation of solid waste conditioner in this experiment was higher than the control. When the conditioner application rate was 20%, it could not only ecologically utilize solid waste, but also significantly improve the saline-alkali soil in northern Shaanxi and promote the growth of tall fescue.

  Increase of Organic Carbon Accumulation in Deep Soil of Paddy Fields by Long Term Continuous Cropping of Zizania latifolia ZHANG Lijun, ZHANG Mingkui 2024, 40 (15):  88-95.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0519 Abstract + ( 167 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF ( 1051KB )   ( 146 ) To understand the changes of organic carbon pool and its components in paddy soils after long-term continuous cropping of Zizania latifolia, six groups of farmlands with the same soil type, varying in Zizania latifolia plantation years of 0 (control), 2-5, 5-10, 10-20, 20-30 and 30-35, were selected, and soil samples of 0-20, 20-40, 40-60 and 60-80 cm layers were collected. Soil organic carbon, different stable forms of organic carbon and microbial biomass carbon were analyzed. The results showed that with the increase of the plantation time of Zizania latifolia, the soil bulk density decreased gradually from the upper layer to the lower layer, the total amount of soil organic carbon, highly active organic carbon, moderately active organic carbon, low active organic carbon, inert organic carbon and microbial biomass carbon in each of soil layers gradually increased, with the most obvious increase in 20-40 and 40-60 cm soil layers. Meanwhile, the proportion of highly active organic carbon in deep soil increased significantly. The storage proportion of total organic carbon and various forms of organic carbon of 20-80 cm soil layers in all of 0-80 cm soil layers also increased gradually, showing the characteristics of organic carbon accumulation in deep soil. The main reasons for the rapid accumulation of organic carbon and the increase of organic carbon activity in the deep soil of farmland planted with Zizania latifolia were the gradual disappearance of the plough pan and the formation of the soft paste layer caused by deep tillage, long-term flooding and frequent human trampling in the field during the production of Zizania latifolia.

  Research Progress of Soil Compound Erosion in Black Soil Region of Northeast China YAN Shougang, LI Xiaodong, LIU Zhimin 2024, 40 (15):  96-101.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0531 Abstract + ( 101 )   HTML ( 6 )   PDF ( 1494KB )   ( 1112 ) Soil compound erosion is the erosion phenomenon occurring under the interaction or coupling action of two or more erosion exogenic forces. The complex erosion of multiple forces in the black soil area of Northeast China has the characteristics of spatiotemporal alternation and superposition. In recent years, some progress in the study of soil composite erosion in black soil areas had been made in terms of the mechanism of occurrence and the effect on soil degradation. Based on previous research results, the mechanism and research methods of soil erosion by water or wind under freezing and thawing, combined erosion of tillage and hydraulic, combined erosion of water and wind and multiple forces compound erosion were systematically summarized. The main problems in the research were concluded and the key scientific problems to be solved in the future research of composite erosion mechanism and simulation test method, as well as the experimental simulation technology and quantitative evaluation method that should be paid attention to, were put forward, which could provide reference for the future research of soil composite erosion in the black soil region of Northeast China.

  Regulation Effect of StGID1 Gene on Potato Plant Height, Diameter and Chlorophyll Content LI Huapeng, PENG Xiaohe, LIANG Xiao, TANG Mingxia, WANG Kexiu, HU Jianjun 2024, 40 (15):  102-109.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0472 Abstract + ( 107 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF ( 1851KB )   ( 42 ) In order to investigate the role of gibberellin insensitive dwarf gene (GID1) in potato growth, the gene was cloned and transformed to record the expression differences. StGID1 was cloned from ‘Chuanyu 21’ tissue culture seedlings by using the primers designed from PGSC (Potato Genomics Resource). By transformation into potato ‘E Malingshu 3’, overexpressing transgenic plants and RNAi plants were obtained, and the differences in expression were recorded. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the amino acid sequence of StGID1 protein had the highest homology with SlGID1b-1 in tomato. The comparison of overexpression transgenic plants and suppressed expression transgenic plants showed that in the tissue culture seedlings, the average stem diameter of suppressed expression transgenic plants was twice that of overexpression plants. In the mature plants, the relative height of the suppressed expression plants was only 62.8% of that in the overexpressed plants, significantly lower than the blank control and overexpressed plants. When treated with gibberellin, it showed an increase in stem height and a decrease in stem diameter in overexpression plants, suppressed expression plants, and control, with increasing of gibberellin concentration. This study verified that StGID1 was a homologous gene of GID1 gene family in potato and was a part of the gibberellin regulation pathway in potato.

  Fusarium solani Causing Astragalus membranaceus var. mongholicus Root Rot: Establishment of RT-qPCR Detection Method XU Yingzhi, ZHAO Limei, ZU Weixi, GAO Fen 2024, 40 (15):  110-116.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0496 Abstract + ( 102 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF ( 1599KB )   ( 13 ) The study aimed at establishing a rapid and accurate real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) method for the detection of Fusarium solani, the pathogenic fungus of Astragalus membranaceus var. mongholicus (AMM) root rot. Based on the elongation factor-1α (EF-1α) sequence of F. solani, a pair of specific primers FP.F/FP.R was designed and verified for its specificity. The RT-qPCR detection method was established and then used to detect the DNA content of F. solani in AMM plants and soil samples for verifying its detection effect. The results showed that the designed specific primer FP.F / FP.R was highly specific, and the sensitivity of the established RT-qPCR method was 0.0192 ng/μL. Repeatability evaluation showed that the method was stable and reliable. With the mothed, the pathogen F. solani was detected in F. solani-inoculated and suspected diseased AMM plants as well as soil samples, the positive detection rate being 100% for all samples in the three groups. Meanwhile, the changes of F. solani content in AMM plants and soil samples were consistent with the severity of root rot. The results indicated that the RT-qPCR method could be used in quantitative detection of F. solani in AMM plants and soil to provide technical support for the early diagnosis of and warning against root rot, and the dynamic monitoring of pathogens.

  Reduction of Cr(Ⅵ) by Feather Degradation Products of Bacillus subtilis CH-1 LI Ruqiao, LIU Ying, CHEN Qingwang, WU Jiapei, CHEN Jinjun 2024, 40 (15):  117-123.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0163 Abstract + ( 101 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF ( 1306KB )   ( 10 ) In order to develop a strategy for reducing hexavalent chromium Cr(VI) in heavy metals, feather fermentation with Bacillus subtilis CH-1 was conducted to produce feather fermentation liquid (FFB). The high toxicity of Cr(VI) was reduced to low toxicity trivalent chromium using the abundant cysteine in FFB. The activity of β-keratinase, concentration of cysteine and reduction rate of Cr(VI) in FFB were determined. In FFB, the maximum β-keratinase activity of FFB was reached at about 21st hour, the highest cysteine concentration was reached at 36th hour, and the optimal time for Cr(VI) reduction was also 36 hours. The reduction effect of FFB on Cr(VI) was not affected by high pressure and high temperature treatment, indicating that no biological enzymes were involved in the reduction process. Furthermore, when the FFB supernatant stock solution was concentrated 5 times and then treated with potassium dichromate solution, it was found that the reduction effect of the concentrated solution was 1.5 times that of the original supernatant. These results show that Bacillus subtilis CH-1 can effectively degrade feather waste, and the hydrolysate contains a large amount of cysteine, which has a strong reduction effect on Cr(VI). The present study provides a candidate strain and accurate theoretical basis for the pollution-free treatment and utilization of feather waste, which has a good application prospect and value in circular agro-ecosystem.

  Zygosaccharomyces rouxii Culture Medium: Optimization Based on Response Surface Methodology PAN Dongmei, YANG Chuanlun, ZHANG Xinqing, GUO Nannan, ZHANG Xiaoxiao, GAO Baojun, WANG Xiuzhi, SI Genghua, HE Fuming, FU Yingxun, TIAN Jiewei, LIU Guangbin, ZHAO Hui 2024, 40 (15):  124-131.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0350 Abstract + ( 108 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF ( 1972KB )   ( 63 ) The aim of this study was to increase the amount of Zygosaccharomyces rouxii and break the bottleneck of long fermentation time in the industrialized production of soy sauce. On the basis of single factor experiment, response surface methodology was used to optimize the composition of the medium. 3 significant factors were quickly and effectively screened out of 9 factors affecting the amount of Zygosaccharomyces rouxii by Plackett-Burman design: glucose, soybean meal, manganese sulfate. The maximum response interval was obtained by the steepest climb test and the optimal medium combination was obtained by Box-Behnken design. The optimal medium combination was as follows: glucose 58 g/L, corn meal 20 g/L, phosphate dibasic Ammonium hydrogen 5 g/L, soybean meal 43 g/L, potassium dihydrogen phosphate 1 g/L, disodium hydrogen phosphate 2 g/L, zinc sulfate 0.04 g/L, manganese sulfate 0.04 g/L, magnesium sulfate 0.5 g/L. Under the optimal medium combination, the amount of Zygosaccharomyces rouxii reached 12.81×108 cfu/mL, which was 3.64 times higher than that before optimization.

  Effects of Polyvinylpyrrolidone on Callus Browning and Antioxidant Activity of Medicago sativa cv. ‘Gannong No.3’ MA Xiang, JU Zeliang, WEI Xiaoxing, JIA Zhifeng 2024, 40 (15):  132-136.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0440 Abstract + ( 106 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF ( 1291KB )   ( 9 ) In order to investigate the effect of different concentrations of Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) on browning of alfalfa callus, hypocotyls of alfalfa ‘Gannong No.3’ were selected as explants to study the inhibitory effect of different concentrations of PVP on browning of alfalfa callus. The results showed that different concentrations of PVP had different effects on callus browning. Compared with control, browning rate of treatment groups decreased. When PVP concentration was 300 mg/L, browning degree decreased significantly (P<0.05). The MDA content and PPO activity reached the lowest of 0.1 μmol/g FW and 32.8 U/g respectively. POD activity was lower (232.0 U/g), SOD activity was higher (168.1 U/g). Therefore, PVP 300 mg/L had the best inhibitory effect on browning of alfalfa callus.

  Analysis of Resistance of Potato Varieties (lines) to Potato Common Scab in Yunnan Province SHI Guizhi, FENG Jiawen, XU Yajin, LIN Zhixu, LIU Xia 2024, 40 (15):  137-142.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0547 Abstract + ( 109 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF ( 1184KB )   ( 15 ) With the continuous expanding of planting area, frequent transportation of seed potatoes and inadequate quality supervision, the potato scab has been increasingly serious since potato staple food normalization. In order to clarify the resistance of potato cultivars (lines) to potato scab in Yunnan Province and screen out the breeding materials for resistance, this study collected 33 potato materials, conducted tissue culture, and evaluated the resistance by means of tissue culture potted seedlings. At the same time, the field incidence of potato cultivars was investigated. The results showed that after inoculation of scab pathogen on tissue culture seedlings of 33 tested potato varieties (lines), different degrees of scab disease occurred in all tested varieties. The incidence rate ranged from 58% to 96.67%. The lowest incidence rate was I-1085, and the highest incidence rate was F37-2; the disease index ranged from 22.58 to 67.27, with the lowest being Fx3 and the highest being F37-2. This study aims to preliminarily clarify the resistance level of the main potato varieties (lines) in Yunnan Province to potato scab, providing support for the breeding of potato varieties with resistance to potato scab in Yunnan Province.

  Effect of Straw Fiber Size on Drying and Water Absorption Rate of Straw Rice Seeding Mats YONG Cheng, ZHAO Sheng, ZHANG Siyi, SUN Enhui, QU Ping, CHEN Ling, WANG Qiujun, LIU Zhaozheng, JIN Hongmei, XU Yueding, HUANG Hongying 2024, 40 (15):  143-150.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0336 Abstract + ( 106 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF ( 2247KB )   ( 9 ) The aim was to illustrate the effect of straw fiber size on drying and water absorption rate of vacuum dehydrated seeding mats. In this paper, rice seedling mats were prepared by vacuum dehydration using three fiber processing techniques including coarse crushing fermentation grinding (A), fine crushing fermentation grinding (B) and fine crushing fermentation (C). According to the fiber size frequency distribution, fiber and water binding energy in the seedling mats, combined with the changes of porosity degree, drying and water absorption rate of different seedling mats, we simulated the drying and moisture absorption model of seedling mats, respectively. The results showed that the fiber diameter and length were reduced by defibrination and grinding respectively. The fiber length-to-width ratio of seedling mat A was up to 19.5, and the water-holding porosity degree and total porosity degree reached 85.66% and 93.48%, respectively. The binding energy of fiber and water (XA=0.11kg water/kg DS) was significantly better than those of other fiber treatments. The Logarithmic model of drying kinetics might fit the water loss rate of seedling mats optimally. The seedling mat C with the smallest fiber length-to-width ratio had the fastest moisture drying rate of 0.29 kg/(kg·h), the highest water diffusion coefficient was 1.962×10-5 m2/s, and the shortest time for matrix seedling mat C to reach the saturated water content was 61.5 min. However, the saturation moisture content was the lowest to 531.06%. In summary, the seedling mat by fine crushing fermentation with smaller fiber aspect ratio has the better drying efficiency and water absorption rate.

  Bibliometric Analysis of Research on Polyphenolic Compounds in Fruits and Vegetables Based on CNKI Database DAWUTI·Tuerxunayi, LIU Mengwen, SHEN Jing, WANG Qian, CAO Fang, XU Weisheng, XIAO Hui 2024, 40 (15):  151-158.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0198 Abstract + ( 118 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF ( 5107KB )   ( 52 ) This study aimed at comprehensively understanding the research status, hotspots, and trends of polyphenolic compounds in China over the past four decades. Utilizing the bibliometric tool CiteSpace, the research literature on polyphenolic compounds in fruits and vegetables from 1979 to 2021 in the CNKI database was searched and a knowledge map of authors, institutions and keywords was constructed for visual analysis. The construction and visualization of knowledge maps were carried out to vividly reveal the panoramic view of the research field, along with its evolving hotspots and trends. The findings indicated a fluctuating yet overall increasing trend in publication volume, with the field being in its nascent stages during the 1980s and 1990s, and witnessing a rapid surge in publications in the 21st century, reaching a peak in recent years. This reflected the growing attention of domestic scholars on the study of polyphenolic compounds in fruits and vegetables. Although the research community appeared dispersed, evidence of close collaboration among some scholars was found. Research institutions were mainly concentrated in agricultural universities and scientific research institutes, forming the backbone of this research field. Co-occurrence and cluster analyses of keywords highlighted that the research primarily focused on aspects such as "polyphenols, lotus root, flavonoids, browning, anthocyanins, onion, preservation, quality, and antioxidation". However, the field has seen a scarcity of innovative and breakthrough research hotspots in recent years, pointing to the need for deeper exploration and enhanced collaborative exchange. This study summarized four major research hotspots and trends: the browning mechanism of fruits and vegetables, quality changes and preservation techniques, extraction and detection technologies for polyphenolic compounds, and their antioxidative and other biological activities. The aim was to provide a reference and foundation for future research, promoting the development of scientific theory and practical applications in this field.

  Effects of Different Amounts of Cow Manure Returning to Field on Alfalfa Growth, Soil Physical and Chemical Properties LIU Qingsong, JIA Yanli, XU Yupeng, XIAO Yu, LIU Guixia, TENG Xiao, QU Xinyue, LI Hongbo, YAN Xudong 2024, 40 (15):  159-164.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0266 Abstract + ( 119 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF ( 1158KB )   ( 13 ) To clarify the effect of returning manure and water from large-scale dairy farms on the growth of alfalfa and the physical and chemical properties of soil, 5 amounts of cow manure water of 0, 150, 300, 450 and 600 m3/hm2 returning to the field after solid-liquid separation and fermentation were set in this experiment. By measuring the changes in alfalfa yield, quality, soil nutrient content and heavy metal content under different treatments, the results showed that returning manure to the field could significantly increase the hay yield of alfalfa. With the increasing in the amount returned to the field, the yield increased significantly, under the treatment of 600 m3/hm2, the annual hay yield of alfalfa reached 19369.0 kg/hm2; the application of manure water could not reduce the crude protein and relative feeding value of alfalfa; the return of manure water to the field could significantly increase the pH and salt content of the soil, and it could increase the soil organic matter content. Under the condition of no fertilization throughout the year, the available nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium in the treated soil all showed a decline. Returning manure water to the field could not meet the annual growth needs of alfalfa, and it should be combined with fertilization for better results. The return of manure water to the field would increase the content of heavy metals such as copper, cadmium, arsenic, lead, and chromium in the soil, and the content of each heavy metal would increase the most at the level of 600 m3/hm2. In general, the amount of cow manure water returning to the field should be controlled within the range of 300-450 m3/hm2 to achieve double improvement of alfalfa yield and soil quality.