Current issue

• 2024 Vol.40 No.36 Published:25 December 2024

  Effect of Sowing Date on Grain Filling Characteristics and Yield Composition of Black Rice XIAO Changchun, WEI Xinyu, ZENG Yuehui, HUANG Jianhong, XU Xuming 2024, 40 (36):  1-8.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0021 Abstract + ( 75 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF ( 1189KB )   ( 13 ) The objective of this study is to investigate the optimal sowing time for grain filling and yield formation in black rice, thereby providing both theoretical and practical foundations for its production. The effects of different sowing dates on the growth process, grain filling characteristics, and yield trait of black rice varieties ‘Heinuo’, ‘Lirenzi’, and ‘Yanzinuo 35’ were analyzed using five experimental sowing dates. The results indicated that the overall growth period of black rice varieties was reduced by an average of 12.7-30.3 days with delayed sowing dates. The Logistic equation model was applicable to grain filling dynamics of black rice (R2≥0.995, P<0.01). Grain filling characteristics and yield composition resulted from a combination of factors including sowing date, variety selection, and their interactions. Sowing dates ranged from March 1 to June 1，the grain weight and yield per plant significantly decreased by 1.32-2.15 g/1000grain and 9.12-16.08 g. From June 1 to July 1, the grain weight and yield per plant increased by 2.13 g/1000grain and 5.97 g. The results of the path analysis revealed that increasing grain filling duration was crucial for enhancing grain weight, while the decrease in both the number of filled grains per panicle and 1000-grain weight was the primary cause of yield reduction. Adjusting sowing dates earlier or later can prolong the filling duration and increase the number of filled grain per panicle, 1000-grain weight, and seed setting rate. Sowing black rice in early March or late June is favorable for prolonging the grain filling period and enhancing both grain weight and yield.

  Risk Assessment of Combined Stress of High Temperature and Drought on Summer Maize in Henan Province LI Haoning, REN Liwei 2024, 40 (36):  9-16.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0640 Abstract + ( 59 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF ( 2127KB )   ( 21 ) In this paper, the risk assessment system for high temperature and drought combined stress of summer maize in Henan Province was constructed, and the weight distribution of drought comprehensive risk and high temperature comprehensive risk was calculated by using analytic hierarchy process (AHP). The paper also comprehensively evaluated the risk distribution from four aspects: the risk of disaster causing factors, the exposure of carriers, the vulnerability of disaster pregnant environment, and the ability of disaster prevention and reduction. The results show that the areas with high comprehensive risk of drought are mainly concentrated in the north of Henan Province, and the areas with high comprehensive risk of high temperature are mainly concentrated in the south of Henan Province. The comprehensive assessment system for drought and high temperature combined stress disasters of summer maize in Henan Province was constructed, and the weights of drought risk and high temperature risk were 0.4938 and 0.5062 respectively. The risk distribution of combined high temperature and drought stress was not closely related to latitude, but was also influenced by various factors such as natural conditions. Most parts of the province are in low-risk areas, and the high-risk areas are mainly concentrated in western Henan and a small part of the southwest. The evaluation results provide theoretical support for disaster prevention and reduction and ensuring the production of corn in Henan Province.

  Study on Yield and Economic Benefits of Fresh Maize-Sweet Potato-Soybean Intercropping HAN Li, ZHANG Fangkui, LI Qiuzhuo, SHI Chan, ZENG Xiuli, ZHANG Xingduan 2024, 40 (36):  17-23.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0273 Abstract + ( 46 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF ( 1139KB )   ( 7 ) In order to explore a new intercropping model that suitable for the flatland and shallow hill in Chongqing and similar ecological areas, increase the yield and economic benefits of crops, and provide reference for research on crop intercropping models, an intercropping experiment with fresh maize, sweet potato, and soybean was conducted. In this experiment, three different row ratios of maize-sweet potato-soybean intercropping models were used, with one fresh waxy maize variety, three fresh sweet potato varieties, and one fresh soybean variety as materials. The results showed that there were no significant differences in the yield components of fresh waxy maize in different row ratio intercropping models, but there was a significant difference in the average fresh ear weight per plant and yield. There were no significant differences in the number of branches, effective pod number per plant, and fresh pod yield of fresh soybean in different row ratio intercropping models. In the intercropping system, sweet potatoes in different row ratio intercropping were affected by the shading of maize, resulting in varying degrees of reduction in storage root yield. The different row ratio intercropping models had inconsistent effects on the number of storage root per plant and commodity rate of different sweet potato varieties. Increasing the intercropping planting density of fresh sweet potato and waxy maize properly is beneficial for achieving high yields. Using the row ratio model of 2:2:3, and intercropping fresh waxy maize and fresh soybean with sweet potato variety ‘Pushu32’ can achieve the highest total economic benefits.

  Starch Yield of Potato Varieties: Performance and Stability JIANG Bo, LI Hui, LIU Zhiru, AO Xiang, QIU Ping, WANG Xiaoli, YU Xiaogang, TANG Cunshan 2024, 40 (36):  24-30.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0011 Abstract + ( 49 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF ( 1186KB )   ( 5 ) The study aims to solve the lack of high starch processing potato varieties with high yield and good quality in Hulunbuir area. In 2022 to 2023, using ‘Weilasi’ as the control, the phenophase and tuber traits of 8 potato varieties were investigated, and the performance and stability of starch content, tuber yield and starch yield were identified and evaluated. Among the 9 cultivars, the starch content of ‘Zhong Shu 49’ and ‘Long Shu 20’ ranked first and second respectively, and the average values of the two years was 18.27 and 18.10 respectively, which were higher than those of the control, but the difference was not significant. ‘Long Shu 20’and ‘Zhong Shu 28’ had high tuber yield of 55074 kg/hm2 and 54607 kg/hm2 respectively, which were significantly higher than that of the control, and the stability was good. The highest tuber starch yield of ‘Long Shu 20’ was 9863 kg/hm2, which was significantly higher than that of the control and other cultivars, and the performance was stable. ‘Long Shu 20’ had the highest starch yield and stable performance among the nine cultivars, which was suitable for demonstration and promotion as a starch processing variety in this region.

  Effects of Sowing Date, Density and Fertilizer Amount on Yield and Main Characters of Fresh Broad Bean After Tobacco LI Yanlan, LONG Shuiying, HU Xinzhou, LI Xiaoliang, LI Chengchun, LI Yihua, ZHANG Yurong, GAO Yuxi, YE Rong, LI Xiang, LIU Jianjian, YANG Jincheng 2024, 40 (36):  31-36.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0252 Abstract + ( 69 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF ( 1059KB )   ( 11 ) In order to study the efficient planting technology of no-tillage interplanting fresh broad bean after tobacco, using the orthogonal test design of three factors and three levels, the effects of sowing date, density and fertilization on the yield of fresh broad bean after tobacco were studied, and the correlation analysis of main traits and yield were also analyzed. The results showed that the whole growth period, the first flowering, the first podding and the first picking of fresh pods gradually increased with the postponement of sowing date; the yield of fresh pod increased first and then decreased with the postponement of sowing date and increase of density, and increased with the increase of fertilizer application. The fresh pod yield can be increased by increasing plant height, pod number per plant, pod number per pod, fresh weight per 100 pods and fresh weight per 100 seeds, but appropriate control of population biomass is necessary. The three factors affected the yield in the following order: sowing date > density > fertilizer amount. Under the conditions of this experiment, fresh broad beans planted after tobacco were sown on September 10, with a planting density of 90000 plants/hm2 and 150 kg/hm2 of compound fertilizer (16-16-16) applied at the time of sowing, the highest fresh pod yield could be obtained.

  Effect of Sowing Date and Seeding Rates on Agronomic Traits and Yield of Winter Rapeseed LIANG Lipeng, LIU Zhewen, CAO Chunli, GAO Lihui, WANG Haishan, SONG Juhong, TIAN Dongliang, TIAN Guoying, FU Yali 2024, 40 (36):  37-42.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0279 Abstract + ( 68 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF ( 1233KB )   ( 24 ) In order to explore the effects of sowing date and sowing rate on the agronomic traits and yield of winter rapeseed, provide scientific basis for the production of winter rapeseed in central and southern Hebei Province, the effects of two factors on the growth period, population density formation, agronomic traits and yield of winter oilseed rape were analyzed. Using ‘Tianyou 1358’ and ‘Hengyou 8’ as materials, a two-factor split plot experiment with 5 sowing dates and 4 sowing rates was carried out. The results showed that with the delay of sowing date, the seedling density and branch height of winter rapeseed increased significantly, and the wintering rate, plant height, the number of primary effective branches, the number of effective pods per plant, 1000-seed weight and yield decreased significantly. With the increase of sowing rate, the seedling density and branch height of winter rapeseed increased significantly, the plant height, the number of effective pods per plant and the wintering rate decreased significantly, the number of primary effective branches, the number of seeds per pod and the 1000-seed weight did not change significantly, and the yield increased first and then decreased. The regeneration period of the same variety was the same, but with the delay of sowing date, the budding stage, the early flowering stage and the full flowering stage were also postponed and more obvious, and the final flowering stage and the maturity stage were postponed but the delay time was reduced. The yield of 'Tianyou 1358' and 'Hengyou 8' was the highest when the sowing rate was 6 kg/hm2 and 4.5 kg/hm2, respectively, and the corresponding sowing date was September 10th. The suitable sowing date in Shijiazhuang area is September 10th to 30th, and early sowing should be carried out if the stubble is allowed. The sowing rate should be controlled at 4.5-6 kg/hm2. The reasonable cultivation techniques were summarized in order to provide scientific basis for winter rapeseed production in central and southern Hebei.

  Study on Modified Biodegradable Polyethylene Agricultural Mulch Film for Cotton REN Shuai, LIU Fei, LI Jing, ZHOU Jinglun, WANG Lihong, YUE Xiuli, SUN Yifan, ZHANG Xiaolai, ZHANG Heng 2024, 40 (36):  43-50.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0256 Abstract + ( 62 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF ( 1139KB )   ( 9 ) This paper aims to improve polyethylene film to prevent residual film infiltration and soil pollution under the premise of keeping temperature and moisture. The common film and the modified biodegradable polyethylene film were used in the film mulching experiment by using the test method and the comparison method. The results of laboratory tests showed that after 72 hours of ultraviolet aging treatment and infrared characterization, the modified biodegradable polyethylene film was almost completely degraded, while the ordinary film had almost no change. Under the same thickness and test conditions, the properties of the modified biodegradable polyethylene film were basically the same as those of the ordinary film. The field experiment of two kinds of films applied to cotton field in Dezhou City, Shandong Province showed that the moisture retention performance of the degradable polyethylene film was equivalent to that of the common film, and better than the bare land. And the degradation effect of degradable mulching film was in line with the design goal. The modified biodegradable polyethylene film used in this paper has the same performance as common mulch film, and has better degradation ability, which provides a new product for preventing residual film penetration and soil pollution.

  Effect of Lignin Deposition on Seed Coat Cracking LI Xinran, LIU Chang, FENG Guojun, LIU Dajun, AN Punan, YANG Xiaoxu 2024, 40 (36):  51-56.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0446 Abstract + ( 54 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF ( 1204KB )   ( 6 ) Seed coat cracking often occurs in bean seeds harvested under natural conditions. In order to explore the causes of seed coat cracking and improve seed appearance and vigor, we chose the Heilongjiang University ‘Daiguan’and the Heilongjiang University‘Shengguan’as experimental materials, and compared between intact and seed coat cracking (SC) seeds of the same variety. Their length, width, thickness, 100-seed weight and physical properties were measured, and the effect of Phenylpropane metabolic pathway in low temperature was studied at biochemical and molecular level. The results showed that the length, width and thickness of cracked seeds were 11.14% 2.79% 10.15% larger than that of intact seeds respectively, the 100-grain weight increased significantly by 16.79%, the physical properties decreased, and phenylpropane metabolic pathway was enhanced at the transcriptional level. It is speculated that the cotyledon development rate of cracked seeds is higher than that of intact seeds, and the difference of cotyledon and seed coat development rate may be one of the reasons leading to seed coat cracking; low temperature increases the content of Lignin in the seed coat, and the deposition of Lignin lowers the physical properties of the seed coat, which is the direct cause of seed coat cracking.

  Effect of High Temperature Weather Factors on Different Growth Stages of Pleurotus eryngii HU Jia, CHEN Xin 2024, 40 (36):  57-62.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0053 Abstract + ( 60 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF ( 1152KB )   ( 12 ) The impact of high temperature weather factors on various growth stages of Pleurotus eryngii was analyzed to facilitate the rational control of the temperature within its growing environment and mitigate its effects. Methods such as urea resolution and nitrogen blue tetrazole photoreduction were employed to assess the protein growth rate of Pleurotus eryngii under different temperatures. Between 32℃ and 36℃, the protein growth rate in the primordium stage of Pleurotus eryngii surpassed that in other stages. As the temperature rose from 32℃ to 36℃, enzyme activities declined across all stages, with the mycelium stage exhibiting 776 U/gmf at 32℃ and the mushroom picking stage showing 527 U/gmf, marking the lowest superoxide dismutase activity. The trehalose content initially increased and then decreased with rising high temperatures, peaking at 34℃. Specifically, the trehalose content was highest in the primordium stage (0.102%) and lowest in the mushroom picking stage (0.008%). High temperature weather significantly influences the growth of Pleurotus eryngii. With the increase of temperature, it is characterized by an initial acceleration followed by a deceleration in protein growth, a decrease in superoxide dismutase activity, and a trend of first increasing and then decreasing of trehalose content.

  Screening of Efficient Sulfide-degrading Bacteria and Determination of Deodorizing Effect FAN Meina, ZHANG Xiu, WANG Lirong 2024, 40 (36):  63-68.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0812 Abstract + ( 54 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF ( 1383KB )   ( 6 ) The research aimed to obtain efficient sulfur compound-degrading bacteria and measure deodorization effects. Based on deodorizing microbial flora isolated from livestock and poultry manure, activated sludge, leachate, and sewage, sulfate induction rate and sulfur ion degradation tests were conducted, the phylogenetic tree and chicken manure degradation simulation experiments were carried out. A total of 82 bacterial strains were screened, among which 4 strains exhibited higher sulfate induction rates. The order of induction ability was as follows: 3Shui-5 > 6-3-4 > 5-4-1 > 6-2-1, with induction rates being 75%-108%, 58%-83%, 50%-67%, and 20%-41% higher than the control group, respectively. The strain 3Shui-5 showed the best sulfur ion degradation effect, achieving a degradation rate of 98.64% in 2 hours. Morphological characteristics analysis and phylogenetic tree construction indicated that 3Shui-5 belonged to the same clade as Defluvibacter lusatiae type strain DSM11099T, both classified as Aquamicrobium. Chicken manure degradation simulation experiments demonstrated that 3Shui-5 could inhibit ammonia and hydrogen sulfide by over 95%. The strain 3Shui-5 could effectively improve the treatment of malodorous gases in livestock farms, providing a good reference for the practical application of microbial deodorization technology.

  Biochar Adsorption of Dyes Wastewater: A Review HUA Yang, ZHOU Liuliu, CHEN Yuanyuan, LI Mingwan, LAI Yong, DING Shen, YANG Chaochen, ZHANG Dangquan 2024, 40 (36):  69-76.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0090 Abstract + ( 60 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF ( 1295KB )   ( 8 ) The development of dye industry makes the treatment of dye waste liquid a challenge for environmental protection. Due to the high specific surface area and rich surface functional groups, biochar has excellent performance in adsorption of waste liquid dye substances, which makes it an efficient, economical and environmentally friendly adsorption material. This paper reviewed the adsorption mechanism and influencing factors of biochar in the dye adsorption process. It was pointed out that: (1) the adsorption mechanism of biochar on dye waste liquid including hydrogen bonding, π-π interaction, electrostatic interaction, coordination and ion exchange, jointly determined the interaction and adsorption efficiency of biochar and dye molecules. (2)The factors affecting the adsorption capacity of biochar included the raw materials, modification methods and preparation processes of biochar. (3)The properties of waste liquid, such as solution pH and ion concentration, also affected the adsorption capacity of biochar for dyes. Finally, the problems in the current biochar adsorption research, such as the single research object, the process and cost, and the impact on environment, had yet to be solved. This paper provides a reference for subsequent research to promote the practical application of biochar in the treatment of dye waste liquid.

  Effects of Different Additives on Nitrogen Transformation in Aerobic Composting WU Meihua, LV Fengxia, WANG Dehan, ZHANG Shengnan, Sun Guanghui, FU Hongting, LI Ping, HUANG Jianfeng, PANG Yuwan 2024, 40 (36):  77-86.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0269 Abstract + ( 57 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF ( 1638KB )   ( 16 ) Aerobic composting is an important means of livestock and poultry manure resource utilization, the loss of nitrogen not only causes environmental pollution but also reduces the quality of compost products, and chemical additives and biological fungicides are the main technical means to solve the problem. In this study, pig manure, mushroom slag and calcium superphosphate were used as raw materials, and self-developed composite fungicides and modified biochar were added to investigate the effect and mechanism of ammonium nitrogen sequestration in composting, with a view to reducing the loss of nitrogen. Three groups of treatments were set up in the experiment, including pig manure + mushroom slag + calcium superphosphate (T1), pig manure + mushroom slag + calcium superphosphate + 0.5% self-researched composite fungicide (T2), pig manure + mushroom slag + calcium superphosphate + 0.5% self-researched composite fungicide + 8% modified biochar (T3). The results showed that at the end of 24 d of composting, the relevant indexes of the three groups of treatments met the standard of organic fertilizer decomposition. Compared with T1, T2 ammonia emission decreased by 31.0% and organic matter increased by 1.36%; T3 ammonia emission decreased by 56.0% and organic matter increased by 5.34%. During the microbial community succession, the community abundance of T2 and T3 was higher than that of T1, and the abundance of Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria and Oceanicbacillus was increased, among which Oceanicbacillus had strong nitrogen fixation. The combination of 0.5% self-developed composite bacillus and 8.0% modified biochar had the best effect in promoting compost maturation, reducing ammonia volatilization, improving nitrogen retention capacity and improving the quality of organic fertilizer.

  Comprehensive Evaluation of Soil Fertility of Different Land Use Patterns of Changsha Arable Land Based on Principal Component and Cluster Analysis HU Mingyong, FENG Qiufen, ZHU Jian, REN Zhengwei, LIU Su, YI Zhanping, WU Yuhui 2024, 40 (36):  87-94.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0351 Abstract + ( 53 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF ( 1226KB )   ( 7 ) To quantitatively evaluate the influence of different land use patterns on soil fertility characteristics of arable land in Changsha City, the soil pH value, organic matter, total nitrogen, alkaline nitrogen, available phosphorus, available potassium and slow-acting potassium nutrient contents were analyzed at each sampling point during March to September 2023. Paddy fields, tea gardens, orchards and vegetable gardens were taken as experimental objects, and the differences in the comprehensive soil fertility of different land use patterns were quantitatively evaluated by correlation analysis, principal component analysis and cluster analysis. The results showed that: (1) soil fertility characteristics of different land use patterns in Changsha City varied greatly, with large differences in soil fertility characteristics of tea gardens and moderate differences in soil fertility characteristics of vegetable gardens. (2) There was no significant difference in soil pH among paddy fields, orchards and vegetable gardens in Changsha City, indicating that they were less affected by the land use patterns. On the contrary, there were significant differences in soil alkaline nitrogen and available potassium contents among the four different land use patterns, indicating that soil alkaline nitrogen and available potassium contents in Changsha City were greatly affected by the four different land use patterns of paddy fields, tea gardens, orchards and vegetable gardens. (3) The results of principal component composite score calculation and cluster analysis showed that the soil fertility of paddy field was the best among the different land use patterns in Changsha City, followed by vegetable gardens and orchards, and the tea gardens was the worst. Overall, the soil pH value of tea gardens was 4.51 (acidic), which was significantly lower than that of paddy fields, orchards and vegetable gardens, seriously affecting soil fertility. Therefore, in order to meet the acidic environment for the growth of tea trees, it is necessary to increase soil nutrient inputs, and regulate soil pH as a supplement when improving soil fertility.

  Effect of Returning Organic Materials on Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Rice Yield in Paddy Soil XU Jianming, WANG Yanhong, LIU Zhongzhen, ZHENG Xiaodong 2024, 40 (36):  95-101.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0377 Abstract + ( 56 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF ( 1317KB )   ( 11 ) Elucidating the effect of returning organic materials on paddy soil greenhouse gas emissions and rice yield is vital for farmland soil carbon management. Rice straw and its biochar were used as research objects to explore the change of early rice yield, greenhouse gas emission and soil physicochemical properties under the same carbon input condition. The results showed that compared with the control treatment, the early rice yield in straw and biochar returning treatments increased by 4.71% and 17.2%, respectively. Biochar returning significantly reduced the greenhouse gas emission intensity of paddy soils (P<0.05), while straw returning significantly increased CH4 emission flux, greenhouse effect index and greenhouse gas emission intensity (P<0.05). Biochar returning can both increase the early rice yield and decrease the greenhouse gas emissions in paddy soil. However, straw returning has a limited effect on rice yield increase and exhibits a high risk of environmental greenhouse effect.

  Effects of Basic Application of Soil Amendment on Soil Cd Passivation and Rice Cd Accumulation YUAN Haiwei, JIANG Xinghua, TANG Shouyin, HU Lu, LUO Xufeng, ZENG Peng, GU Jiaofeng, ZHOU Hang 2024, 40 (36):  102-109.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0297 Abstract + ( 57 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF ( 1433KB )   ( 8 ) To study the effect of the application of soil amendment on the Cd availability in soil and the Cd content in brown rice, a continuous three-year field experiment was conducted in two different textures of Cd contaminated paddy soil in Xiaojia Town, Hengyang City, Hunan Province. The results indicated that: (1) continuous application of soil amendment (2250 kg/hm2 and 3000 kg/hm2) for three years significantly increased the paddy soil pH in Jinxing Village and Niuling Village, and reduced the content of available Cd in soil by 14.1%-50.0% and 16.9%-49.4%, respectively; (2) continuous application of soil amendment for three years significantly increased the rice yield in Jinxing Village and Niuling Village, and reduced the Cd content in brown rice by 40.4%-62.9% and 40.0%-64.1%, respectively. Moreover, the Cd content in brown rice in both areas was 0.15-0.18 mg/kg under the treatment of applying 3000 kg/hm2 amendment, lower than the National Standards for Food Safety (GB2762—2022); (3) the net income of farmers in both areas increased significantly by 1603-2912 and 2282-3408 yuan/hm2, respectively, under the treatment of applying 3000 kg/hm2 amendment. Therefore, the application of soil amendment was a remediation technology that can achieve safe production in mildly Cd contaminated paddy soil.

  Effects of Biochar Application and Reducing Irrigation Amount on Soil Agglomeration Structure and Yield of Winter Wheat LI Tingyu, SHEN Yi, TONG Junfei, LU Shunfeng, LI Qin, GUO Song, YANG Weijun 2024, 40 (36):  110-116.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0382 Abstract + ( 57 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF ( 1507KB )   ( 9 ) To explore the influence of biochar on soil structure and wheat yield under different irrigation conditions, the experiment was conducted in combination of field experiment and indoor experiment. Two levels of biochar application, 0 t/hm2 (B0) and 20 t/hm2 (B1), and two levels of irrigation amount, 4500 m3/hm2 (W0) and 4050 m3/hm2 (W1) were set to investigate the distribution of soil aggregates, stability changes and wheat yield. The results showed that the application of biochar and the reduction of irrigation water would affect soil aggregate distribution and soil aggregate stability. In the 0-20 cm soil layer, biochar application increased the soil aggregate content of > 2 mm GMD and MMD, but reduced irrigation would decrease the soil aggregate content of > 2 mm and reduce the stability of soil mechanical aggregate. In the soil layer of 20-40 cm, the trend between each treatment was basically consistent with that of the 0-20 cm soil layer. However, the application of biochar in conjunction with reduced irrigation can maintain the stability of soil mechanical aggregates and increase winter wheat yields to a certain extent. The highest winter wheat yield was recorded in B1W1 treatment, which was 9.73 % higher than that of B0W0 treatment. In conclusion, under the conditions of this experiment, the appropriate reduction of irrigation volume (4050 m3/hm2) and the application of biochar (20 t/hm2) could significantly improve the distribution and stability of soil aggregates in wheat fields in the irrigated area, which was conducive to the improvement of soil structure and the increase of wheat yield.

  Identification and Expression Analysis of NAC Gene Family in Andrographis paniculate XU Shiqiang, LI Jingyu, SUN Mingyang, GU Yan, WANG Jihua 2024, 40 (36):  117-125.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0755 Abstract + ( 66 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF ( 3910KB )   ( 23 ) NAC (NAM, ATAF, and CUC) transcription factors play a crucial role in plant growth and development, as well as in responses to various abiotic and biotic stresses. This study aims to identify and analyze the NAC gene family in Andrographis paniculata. Using bioinformatics methods, NAC genes were identified from the A.paniculata genome, followed by analysis of their phylogenetic relationships, cis-acting elements, chromosome distribution, collinearity, and expression profiles under drought stress and MeJA treatment. A total of 91 NAC genes were identified in A.paniculata, with protein lengths ranging from 139 to 715 amino acids, unevenly distributed at both ends of the chromosomes. Subcellular localization predictions revealed that most of the genes were located in the nucleus. Phylogenetic analysis, based on the construction of a phylogenetic tree with Arabidopsis NAC proteins, divided these genes into 16 subfamilies. Intraspecies collinearity analysis identified 4 tandem duplication groups and 36 segmental duplication gene pairs within the A.paniculata NAC family. Based on the functional conservation of subfamilies, analysis of cis-acting elements, and transcriptome analysis under drought stress and MeJA treatment, NAC genes responsive to drought and andrographolide synthesis were identified. This study identified and analyzed the NAC gene family in A.paniculata, predicting genes related to drought response and andrographolide synthesis, laying the foundation for further functional research on NAC genes.

  Latest Research Progress on Prevention and Control Technologies of Citrus Huanglongbing LIN Jieying, CUI Yiping, HUANG Feng, MU Guiping, YUE Maofeng, SONG Xiaobing 2024, 40 (36):  126-131.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0354 Abstract + ( 92 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF ( 1150KB )   ( 14 ) In order to effectively control Huanglongbing (HLB) and reduce the loss of HLB to the global citrus industry, this study reviewed the latest research on the control of HLB in recent years. The results showed that there were no effective agents and disease-resistant varieties. At present, the main methods of controlling HLB include traditional ‘three fast methods’, namely planting disease-free seedlings to control HLB from the sources, preventing and controlling Diaphorina citr to block its transmission path, and digging infected trees to eliminate the infection source; expanded physical control technologies include seedling virus-free, light, steam heat treatment, etc.; multi-directional chemical drug control technologies include antibiotics, nanomaterials, immune inducers and antimicrobial peptides; emerging biological control technologies include various probiotics, microbial preparations, etc. Finally, the application prospect of soil amendment and biological control agent combined treatment of HLB and citrus transgenic disease resistance technology based on genetic improvement was prospected, to provide theoretical basis and practical reference for effective control of HLB.

  Research Progress on SIX Effectors of Fusarium oxysporum CHEN Yiwen, PENG Cunzhi, XU Bingqiang 2024, 40 (36):  132-139.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0119 Abstract + ( 74 )   HTML ( 9 )   PDF ( 1163KB )   ( 21 ) Fusarium oxysporum (Fo) is a soil-borne fungal disease that causes crop wilting, which is a serious constraint to the sustainable development of agriculture. Effectors are key factors in pathogen-plant interactions, and their mechanism of action can be analyzed to provide effective strategies for controlling plant diseases. When Fo infects crops, it secretes a protein in the xylem of vascular bundles, which is called Secreted In Xylem effector protein (SIX). In order to study the role of SIX effectors between Fo and plants, the structural characteristics of SIX on the Fo genome were analyzed. The functional attributes of SIX in identifying different formae speciales and physiological races of Fo, influencing the pathogenicity of Fo, and affecting the immune response of plants were summarized. It was pointed out that SIX had toxic effects on plants and could interact with plants in an incompatible manner to influence the invasion of pathogens. The results of this study reveal the effects of SIX on plants in different aspects and provide theoretical support for the study of the molecular mechanism of plant disease resistance and the selection and breeding of disease-resistant varieties.

  Identification and Phylogenetic Analysis of Pathogen of Rice Seedling Blight KANG Meihua, DUAN Lingtao, YIN Changfa, QU Runbo, XIAO Sujun, WANG Xi, ZHANG Lu, KUANG Hongmin, SUN Qiang, CHEN Hongfan, YANG Yingqing, SHAO Jianyang, TU Xueqin, LAN Bo 2024, 40 (36):  140-146.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0296 Abstract + ( 52 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF ( 2737KB )   ( 9 ) To accurately identify pathogen of rice seedling blight and make its taxonomic status clear, the identification was carried out using morphology examination and net BLAST based on rDNA ITS sequences, the differences on rDNA ITS sequences of the rice seedling blight fungus and its related fungi from the same genus were compared, and the phylogenetic analysis was carried out. The result revealed that the pathogen of rice seedling blight was Fusarium graminearum. The differences of bases were at the sites of 92, 129, 150, 390, 394-397, 399, 401, 403, 405, 408 and 418-419 regions of rDNA ITS sequences on the pathogen of rice seedling blight and F. sporotrichioides, which was its nearer fungi from the same genus. The results of phylogenetic analysis revealed that rice seedling blight fungus clustered with F. graminearumand, and kept a nearer phylogenetic relationship with F. sporotrichioides. Fungi from the 6 genera clustered as 2 groups, and Fusarium had the nearest phylogenetic relationship with Trichoderma.

  Rheological Characteristics of Black Wheat Dough and Effects of Flour Blending on Quality of Steamed Bun and Bread YANG Lijuan, REN Xingxu, ZHOU Siyuan, LI Yongzhen, MA Huaping 2024, 40 (36):  147-155.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0772 Abstract + ( 45 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF ( 2312KB )   ( 4 ) In order to screen the high-quality black wheat germplasm resources for color wheat breeding and guide the black wheat industrialization, 15 black wheat varieties were used as materials, and the farinograph parameters were measured by E-farinograph. At the same time, the effects of the ‘Zhouheimai1’ flour blending and ordinary wheat flour on the quality of steamed bun and bread were also analyzed. The results showed that the water absorption of the tested varieties was 57.4%-67.2%, the formation time was 2.7-7.8 min, the stability time was 2.3-10.8 min, the softness was 49-141 Fu, and the farinograph quality number (FQN) was 41-165. The water absorption of ‘Luozhen 1’, ‘Tesexiaomai 1’ and ‘Jiziheimai 9’ was higher than that of the control ‘Jimai 44’. The formation time, stability time and FQN of ‘Jiziheimai 9’ were higher than that of other varieties, which could be used as the key germplasm for strong gluten color wheat breeding. The stability time of 5 black wheat varieties, including ‘Shuzimai 1801’, was less than 3 min, which could be used as key germplasm for weak gluten color wheat breeding. The quality of steamed bun or bread was lower than that of ordinary wheat flour when it was blended with ‘Zhouheimai1’ flour. The optimal proportion of flour was different from previous studies. The purpose of this study is to provide reference for the formulation of color wheat quality evaluation standards, as well as to provide technical support for the promotion of color wheat and the industrialization development of related foods products.

  Establishment of an Indirect Chemiluminescent Antibody Detection Method for Porcine Pseudorabies Virus gB Protein XIANG Guoqing, SONG Shuai, WEN Xiaohui, LV Dianhong, CHEN Yuting, LIAN Cong, JIA Chunling, GU Youfang, LUO Shengjun 2024, 40 (36):  156-164.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0205 Abstract + ( 48 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF ( 1163KB )   ( 4 ) The aim of this study is to establish a rapid indirect CLIA antibody detection method for porcine pseudorabies virus gB protein, in order to provide technical support for the prevention and control of porcine pseudorabies disease and the evaluation of vaccine immunization level in large-scale pig herds. In this study, carboxylated magnetic beads were coupled with recombinant gB protein to form immunomagnetic beads, and the reaction conditions were optimized by using a fully automated chemiluminescence instrument; six different concentrations of standards were used to draw the standard curves; the negative and positive determination criteria were determined by drawing ROC curves; and the specificity, sensitivity, reproducibility, and compliance were evaluated after the preliminary establishment of the method. The results showed that the optimal pH for magnetic bead coupling was 6.0, the optimal concentration for protein coupling was 40 μg/mL, 10% BSA was the optimal sealant, the optimal dilution of enzyme-labeled secondary antibody was 1:20000, the serum reaction time was 5 min, the enzyme-labeled antibody reaction time was 10 min, and the pre-stimulation solution reaction time was 5 min. Finally, a standard curve with R2=0.9987 was drawn, and at the same time the judgment criteria were set as follows: ≥16.78 U was judged as positive, and <16.78 U was judged as negative. In the methodological evaluation, there was no cross-reactivity with the positive sera of 7 porcine pathogens, and the sensitivity was slightly higher than that of the commercial kits, with intra-batch and inter-batch coefficients of less than 10%, and the total compliance rate with the commercial ELISA kits was 98.9%. The indirect chemiluminescent antibody detection method for porcine pseudorabies virus gB protein established in this study can be used for epidemiological investigation of PR and assessment of vaccine immunization level, and provides theoretical reference for the development of subsequent kits.