Current issue

• 2025 Vol.41 No.22 Published:05 August 2025

  Study on Selenium Enrichment Capacity of Rice Based on Strong Acid Selenium Rich Soil LIU Zhaoyang, YUAN Kunrong, LU Shangqin, HUANG Jianyu, LI Jing, ZHANG Xianghui, HUANG Shaowei, YANG Xiu’an, LIU Kai, ZHOU Jie, ZHU Zhijun 2025, 41 (22):  1-6.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0697 Abstract + ( 96 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF ( 1264KB )   ( 54 ) To effectively exploit valuable selenium-rich soil resources, promote the development of selenium-rich rice industries, maximize the functional role of selenium in rice, and improve public health, this study selected 27 rice lines as experimental materials and conducted field trials in strongly acidic soil with rich organic matter and available potassium. The results showed that the selenium content of the produced rice was at a relatively low level, ranging from 0.0086 to 0.0247 mg/kg, with an average of 0.0153 mg/kg, a coefficient of variation of 0.258, and a maximum/minimum ratio as high as 2.86. The selenium enrichment coefficients of the rice lines exhibited highly significant differences due to genotype variations, and were generally low, ranging only from 0.0169 to 0.0484, with an average of 0.0299. The average selenium content in rice was only 61.2% of the national average, significantly lower than that in other selenium-rich rice-growing regions. All tested rice lines exhibited selenium deficiency, which is relatively rare in similar studies. This indicates that, in addition to rice genotype, soil properties also have a considerable influence on the selenium enrichment capacity of rice. Therefore, attention should be paid to the reshaping effect of spatiotemporal ecological changes on rice selenium enrichment.

  Effects of Different Fertilization Methods on Yield and Quality of Waxy Corn, Soil Fertility and Economic Benefits HAN Chengwei, HAO Futing, FU Guilin, XUE Faxin, ZHANG Yan, SONG Chunlin, WU Qiuping, JIANG Fei 2025, 41 (22):  7-12.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2025-0107 Abstract + ( 91 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF ( 1237KB )   ( 15 ) To address the issues of declining grain quality and deteriorating soil chemical properties caused by irrational fertilization practices in waxy corn production, a field experiment was conducted using the new waxy corn cultivar ‘Jinuo 23’ to investigate the synergistic effects of five fertilization methods on yield formation, nutritional quality, soil fertility and economic benefits. The results indicated significant variations in the synergistic mechanisms of different fertilization treatments on maize growth and soil improvement, with comprehensive fertilizer efficiency ranking as followed: organic-inorganic combined application (chicken manure+NPK)> controlled-release specialized fertilizer> high-nitrogen compound fertilizer> urea-only application> no-fertilization control (CK). Compared with CK, all fertilization treatments increased yield by 12.1%-32.5%, with the organic-inorganic combined regime (chicken manure+NPK) exhibiting optimal agronomic regulation effects. This treatment significantly enhanced soil organic matter, available phosphorus and potassium content, improved ear traits (increased ear length and kernel number per ear while reducing barren tip length), and elevated both flavor and nutritional quality. This treatment increased single ear weight by 13.7% and fresh ear yield by 18.2% compared with urea-only treatment, with respective increments of 21.2%, 8.3%, 15.5%, 29.8% and 10.3% observed in crude protein, crude fat, crude starch, soluble solids and lysine contents. This approach generated an additional net profit of 4518.9 yuan/hm2. Under the experimental conditions, the combined application of chicken manure and high-nitrogen compound fertilizer effectively coordinated the interactions among yield, quality and soil fertility in waxy corn production. The revealed synergistic mechanisms provide a reliable fertilization strategy and agronomic regulation approach for green and efficient waxy corn production in Shandong Province.

  Induction Effect of Colchicine on Polyploidy of Medicago polymorpha HONG Senrong, JI Lili 2025, 41 (22):  13-26.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2025-0045 Abstract + ( 75 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF ( 2459KB )   ( 15 ) Using the seeds and plantlets of Medicago polymorpha in Shanghai as experimental materials, different concentrations of colchicine were set (0%, 0.01%, 0.03%, 0.05%, 0.07%, 0.09%, 0.11%), and plant tissue culture, plant biochemical physiology, and plant molecular biology techniques were used to investigate the effects of colchicine treatment on the germination of seeds, the growth and development of plantlets, as well as related physiological and biochemical indicators and gene expression in M. polymorpha. The results showed that the addition of colchicine and colchicine soaking to MS medium could inhibit the germination rate of M. polymorpha seeds and the plant height of germinated seedlings, reduce their leaf number, increase their stem thickness, promote their rooting, increase their CAT activity, SOD activity, POD activity, MDA content, soluble sugar content, soluble protein content, and proline content, promote their upregulation of WRKY transcription factor, protein TIFY 8, transcription factor MYB13, NAC transcription factor 47, ABC transporter, late embryogenesis rich protein 2, and ethylene responsive transcription factor ERF110 gene expression. The addition of colchicine to MS medium and soaking in colchicine could inhibit the plant height, leaf number, stem diameter, root number, and root length of plantlets of M. polymorpha, promote their increase of stem diameter, CAT activity, SOD activity, POD activity, MDA content, soluble sugar content, soluble protein content, and proline content of test tube seedlings of M. polymorpha, and promote their upregulation of gene expression of WRKY transcription factor, protein TIFY 8, transcription factor MYB13, NAC transcription factor 47, ABC transporter, late embryogenesis enriched protein 2, and ethylene responsive transcription factor ERF110. The polyploidy induction effect of M. polymorpha seeds on colchicine added medium was lower than the polyploidy induction effect of M. polymorpha seeds soaked in colchicine, the polyploidy induction effect of M. polymorpha seeds soaked in colchicine was lower than the polyploidy induction effect of M. polymorpha plantlets on colchicine added medium, the polyploidy induction effect of M. polymorpha plantlets on colchicine added medium was lower than the polyploidy induction effect of M. polymorpha plantlets soaked in colchicine. The results of this experiment had practical significance for the induction of polyploidy in M. polymorpha, and could provide theoretical support for the study of signal pathways for polyploidy induction in M. polymorpha and the application of colchicine in inducing polyploidy in M. polymorpha.

  Preparation and Characterization of Alginate Polysaccharide-Selenium Nanoparticles Complex JIN Dandan, HUANG Zhenghua, CHANG Xiaoyu, ZHANG Kangkang, WEI Yihua, ZHANG Biaojin 2025, 41 (22):  27-34.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0693 Abstract + ( 67 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF ( 1422KB )   ( 8 ) The study aimed to optimize the preparation process of alginate polysaccharide-selenium nanoparticles (APS-SeNPs) for developing efficient and stable nano-selenium fertilizers. The combination experiment of orthogonal and single-factor was designed to prepare APS-SeNPs. The ratio of absorbance at 410 nm to 490 nm (A410/A490) served as a critical indicator for evaluating particle size and stability of APS-SeNPs. Morphological structure and element distribution characterization of APS-SeNPs were performed using scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS). The research results indicated that the optimal preparation conditions of APS-SeNPs were determined as follows. APS concentration of 1200 mg/L, molar ratio of vitamin C (Vc) to sodium selenite (Na2SeO3) at 4:1, reaction temperature of 45℃, and reaction time of 1.5 h. The prepared APS-SeNPs exhibited uniformly dispersed spherical structure which particle size was (91.30±7.20) nm, with A410/A490 ratio of 1.96±0.01 and selenium (Se) loading capacity of 31.51%. Energy spectrum analysis revealed that the proportion of carbon and oxygen elements in APS-SeNPs increased by 38.97% and 336.94%, respectively, compared with selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) unmodified by alginate polysaccharide, indicating that alginate polysaccharide modified the surface of selenium nanoparticles effectively. The APS-SeNPs prepared by this optimized process possessed fine stability and Se loading, providing a theoretical basis for the development of novel nano-selenium fertilizers.

  Review on Effect of Pruning on Tree Growth and Wood Quality CAO Pei, XU Cheng, LI Mengqiu, TANG Luozhong 2025, 41 (22):  35-40.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2025-0183 Abstract + ( 74 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF ( 1137KB )   ( 26 ) Pruning is an essential technical measure in the process of forest cultivation. Reasonable pruning is conducive to promoting the growth of forest trees, improving the trunk shape, increasing trunk completeness and timber outturn percentage, reducing the number of dead and live knots, and improving the overall quality of wood. This paper comprehensively analyzed the influence and mechanism of pruning on the growth of tree diameter at breast height and tree height, the physical properties of wood, and the tree trunk quality, and revealed that the growth promotion effect was achieved by regulating the distribution of photosynthetic products and improving the efficiency of nutrient transport. At the same time, the complex regulation rules of pruning intensity and seasonal difference on wood density, mechanical properties and knot scar formation were clarified. On this basis, it further summarized the deficiencies and problems in the past research and put forward the main research directions for the future as follow. (1) To construct the theoretical model of precise pruning based on tree species characteristics and growth stages; (2) to research and develop intelligent pruning equipment and digital operation systems; (3) to establish a standardized technical system covering material improvement and economic benefit evaluation. The research results provide theoretical support and technical path for directional cultivation of high-quality industrial materials.

  Study on Community Characteristics of Artemisia ordosica in Shiyang River Basin LI Delu, ZHANG Jinchun, YUAN Hongbo, CAO Lei, ZHAO Qianyun 2025, 41 (22):  41-46.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2025-0048 Abstract + ( 56 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF ( 1280KB )   ( 9 ) In order to study the species composition and diversity characteristics of Artemisia ordosica plant communities under different habitat conditions, taking Artemisia ordosica in different regions of Shiyang River Basin as the research objects, the distribution range of A. ordosica was determined, the community characteristics of A. ordosica in different regions were measured, and the species diversity characteristics of the community were analyzed. The results showed that there were a total of 26 desert plants in the A. ordosica community, including 7 shrubs, 9 perennial herbaceous plants, and 10 annual herbaceous plants, the number of herbs accounts for 73.08% of the total species, while the number of shrubs only accounts for 26.92%. The indicators of A. ordosica height and crown width distributed in different regions were closely related to the distribution area. The height of A. ordosica in Gulang County with high rainfall was significantly higher than that in Minqin County with relatively low rainfall, and the distribution area determined the individual growth status of A. ordosica. The richness index of A. ordosica community ranged from 3 to 12, with a relatively low richness index. The habitat of A. ordosica was mainly fixed and semi fixed sand dunes, with fewer species suitable for growth. Other diversity indices were also related to distribution areas, and were relatively high in the eastern part of the watershed with more rainfall. Therefore, the species composition of A. ordosica community is relatively simple, shrubs are rare in species, while herbaceous plants have an absolute advantage, and the growth characteristics and diversity index of the community of A. ordosica are highly correlated with the regional habitat.

  Adaptability Research of Stagger Season Tomato Varieties in Lujiangba Region MA Qiantao, TIAN Wentao, WEN Jie, MA Zhibin, ZHANG Yunjuan, ZHAO Liju, YU Haochen, LIU Wan, SONG Zhijiao 2025, 41 (22):  47-56.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2025-0002 Abstract + ( 57 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF ( 1337KB )   ( 11 ) The present paper aimed to screen out tomato varieties with good-quality suitable for Lujiangba region in winter-spring stagger season and to enrich tomato varieties resource in dry-hot valley region. 20 excellent varieties from home and abroad were introduced and cultivated in the open cultivation. Their phenophase, fruit traits, fruit quality, disease resistance, and commodity were compared, and 20 different tomato varieties were comprehensively evaluated based on the principal component analysis method. There were significant differences among key indexes of tested tomato varieties, among which the yield ranged from 84.00 to 125.45 t/hm2, incidence rate was within 0%-4.89%, fruit type index was from 0.63 to 1.21, dehiscent fruit rate was within 0%-14.29%, abnormal fruit rate was 0%-0.98%, and fruit shelf life was within 7-14 d, respectively. In terms of quality index, the soluble solid content was in the range of 4.73%-7.30%, vitamin C content was within 4.81-39.63 mg/100 g, the soluble protein content ranged from 44.2-58.7 μg/g, anthocyanin level was in the range of 0- 8.31 μg/kg, soluble sugar level was within 4.23%-6.25%, titratable acid was in the range of 0.28%-0.71%, flavone was within 0.07-0.34 μg/g, lycopene content was in the range of 0-14.99 mg/100 g, and commodity fruit-rate was within 89.71%-100%, respectively. Principal component analysis showed that the cumulative contribution rate of the first four principal components accounted for 76.24%, which effectively reflected most indicator information. The best performing varieties by the comprehensive evaluation were as follows: ‘Multicolor’, ‘Siddha’, ‘Red Cherry’, ‘Purple Globe’ and ‘Red Pearl’, indicating that these five tomato cultivars could be widely planted and extended in Lujiangba region. Alternatively, four tested varieties of ‘Red Pearl’, ‘Lili Redspot’, ‘Cherry Tomato’ and ‘Ruffled Tomato’ had a potential to be cultivated as processed tomato products with high level of lycopene content. Five tested varieties of ‘Purple Globe’, ‘Purple Multicolor’, ‘Multicolor’, ‘Cherry Tomato’ and ‘Siddha’ could be extended in Lujiangba region due to their high hardness and longer shelf life in fruits.

  Regulatory Effects of Plant Growth Regulators on Fruit Shape of ‘Jingbaili’ Pear LIU Xiaolin, GAO Tongyu, SU Benying, LI Jing 2025, 41 (22):  57-64.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2025-0213 Abstract + ( 61 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF ( 1456KB )   ( 11 ) The typical shape of ‘Jingbaili’ pear is oblate, but improper pollinizer configuration and cultivation management often lead to deterioration of its fruit appearance quality. To enhance fruit marketability, this study investigated the regulation of fruit shape in ‘Jingbaili’ pear using plant growth regulators (PGRs). Based on an analysis of fruit growth patterns, different PGRs combinations (gibberellin, cytokinin, brassinosteroid, and their mixtures) and application timings (early and later fruit development stages) were applied. Their effects on fruit growth, development, and quality were systematically evaluated. Results showed a significant positive correlation between single fruit weight and both fruit longitudinal and transverse diameters. The rapid growth period of longitudinal diameter occurred between 34 to 74 days after full bloom, while that of transverse diameter was between 74 to 94 days after full bloom. Early-stage application of gibberellin or cytokinin prolonged the rapid growth period of longitudinal diameter, whereas brassinosteroid application did not alter the growth patterns of diameters or the fruit shape index. Application of PGRs at the later stage showed no significant effect on the growth patterns of diameters or the fruit shape index. PGR application at both stages reduced the fruit skewness index, with the gibberellin and cytokinin combination being the most effective. In conclusion, applying PGRs, especially the combination of gibberellin and cytokinin, during the early fruit development stage is more conducive to correcting the fruit shape of ‘Jingbaili’ pear.

  Effects of Mineral Element Content on Fruit Quality of Xinjiang Gray Jujube ZHENG Chenye, YAN Yujiang 2025, 41 (22):  65-74.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0764 Abstract + ( 61 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF ( 1333KB )   ( 7 ) This study aims to analyze the quantitative correlation characteristics between the core quality indexes and mineral elements of gray jujube fruits in the main producing areas of Xinjiang, and clarify the direct effect intensity and direction of key elements (e.g., Mg, B, P, etc.) on quality formation. Samples were collected from orchards in 9 counties of major producing areas. Seven quality parameters (single fruit weight, soluble sugar, titratable acid, protein, fruit shape index, edible rate, and sugar-acid ratio) and eleven mineral elements (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, B, S) were analyzed using correlation and path analysis. Results showed significant regional variations, with coefficients of variation exceeding 30% for titratable acid, protein, sugar-acid ratio, B, Fe, and Zn, while edible rate exhibited the smallest variation (CV=1.06%). Significant correlations between mineral nutrients and fruit quality were identified: single fruit weight was negatively correlated with P (r=-0.657), Mg (r=-0.606), and S (r=-0.648); fruit shape index was significantly negatively correlated with P (r=-0.603); and titratable acid was positively correlated with Ca (r=0.651). Path analysis revealed that Mg exerted the strongest negative direct effects on single fruit weight (-0.698) and soluble sugar (-0.446), but positive effects on protein (0.785) and fruit shape index (0.529). B showed the maximal negative impact on titratable acid (-0.959) and positive impact on sugar-acid ratio (0.978). P negatively influenced edible rate (-0.825), while Mn (0.373) and P (0.342) significantly affected soluble sugar. These findings suggest that increasing B, Mn, and P fertilization with controlled Mg and Ca inputs, combined with optimized nutrient allocation, can effectively enhance fruit quality. This study provides a theoretical foundation for precision fertilization strategies to achieve high-quality jujube production, promoting industry transformation toward efficient and precision-oriented management.

  Effect of Selenium Nutrition Enhancement Technology on Yield, Quality and Selenium Content of Lanzhou Lily LIU Yaoquan, WANG Liguang, PEI Huaidi, ZHANG Minmin, SHI Youtai, HOU Yiqing, HE Mingming 2025, 41 (22):  75-81.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2025-0109 Abstract + ( 62 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF ( 1403KB )   ( 6 ) This study aimed to the explore effects of organic selenium fertilizer application at different growth stages (seedling stage, flowering stage, and swelling stage) and application frequencies on the yield, quality and bulb selenium content of Lanzhou lily, providing theoretical support for the efficient production of selenium-enriched Lanzhou lily and precise application of selenium fertilizer. The experiment was conducted over two years using Lanzhou lily as the material. Organic selenium fertilizer was applied at 3000 mL/hm2 during the seedling, flowering, and swelling stages, either alone or in combination, to evaluate the effectiveness of different selenium nutrition enhancement techniques. The results indicated that applying selenium fertilizer on the foliage more than twice a year could significantly increase the yield of Lanzhou lily (P<0.05), with the highest increase reaching 34.53%. However, foliar application of selenium fertilizer did not significantly affect the morphological indicators and quality of Lanzhou lily (P>0.05). Additionally, foliar application of selenium fertilizer significantly enhanced the selenium content in lily bulbs (P<0.05), achieving a selenium-enriched effect after accumulating two applications, and selenium content gradually increased with the number of applications. In conclusion, it is recommended to apply organic selenium fertilizer once during the seedling, flowering, and swelling stages each year throughout the entire growth period of lilies to improve the yield of Lanzhou lily and promote the accumulation of selenium in lily bulbs, thereby facilitating the production of selenium-enriched lilies.

  Research Progress of Salt Stress on Plant CHANG Zhangyue, YAN Hong, LU Yuxin, QIN Tao, BAI Yani 2025, 41 (22):  82-88.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2025-0403 Abstract + ( 131 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF ( 1174KB )   ( 33 ) The global salinization is becoming more and more serious, leading to intensified degradation of cultivated land and threatening plant growth seriously. In the current study, the composition and distribution characteristics of salt ions in saline-alkali soil were summarized. The negative effects of salt stress on plant growth, photosynthesis, rhizosphere secretions and microbial communities were clarified. The current chemical, physical and microbial regulation methods for alleviating plant salt stress were summarized. On this basis, the key problems such as the inconsistent evaluation criteria of salinity and the complexity of soil ion composition in existing studies were revealed, and targeted suggestions were proposed as follows: (1) establishing classification criteria by region; (2) developping a temporal and spatial dynamic model of soil salinity change. Furthermore, synthetic flora (SynComs) is expected to become an important direction for research and application of saline-alkali land improvement with its advantages of functional synergy, ecological stability, improvement of comprehensive benefits and technical scalability. Overall, the current study provides theoretical basis and technical support for the improvement of saline-alkali soil and the enhancement of plant salt tolerance.

  Evolution, Hot Spots and Future Paths of Water-fertilizer Coupling Research:A CiteSpace-based Bibliometrics and Knowledge Mapping Analysis HU Minghang, ZHOU Yuliu, YE Yanhui, JING Aohang, LIU Shuang, REN Shiqiang, HAN Yanying 2025, 41 (22):  89-99.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2025-0557 Abstract + ( 63 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF ( 2428KB )   ( 7 ) This study systematically sorted out the development context, research hotspots and future trends in the field of water-fertilizer coupling research. Based on CNKI and Web of Science core paper databases, relevant literature during 1995 to 2024 was searched, and the number of publications, issuing institutions, authors, and keywords co-occurrence, clustering, and emergence were visualized and analyzed using CiteSpace analysis tool, and the knowledge map in the field of water-fertilizer coupling was constructed. The results showed that water-fertilizer coupling research had made remarkable progress in recent years, and the number of articles published in this field had been on the rise in general, and China had become the core force of research in this field. The journals with more articles are Water Saving and Irrigation, Journal of Irrigation and Drainage, Environmental Sciences, etc.. At present, this field is more active in the direction of drip irrigation, drip irrigation under membrane, drip irrigation fertilization, etc. In the future, it would develop in the direction of soil nutrients, water and fertilizer utilization system construction, etc., in order to deeply respond to the challenges of resource shortage, environmental pollution and sustainable development of agriculture, and to explore the water and fertilizer coupling technology and other new improvement measures, which would help to efficiently utilize the resources, protect the environment, increase the efficiency of agricultural production, and promote the perpetual development of the modernization of agriculture.

  Morphological Traits and Reproductive Parameter Shifts Across Age Groups in Farmland Rattus norvegicus AI Zhenxian, BAI Mingqiong 2025, 41 (22):  100-105.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0799 Abstract + ( 60 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF ( 1222KB )   ( 20 ) To clarify the age-related changes in the morphological characteristics and reproductive parameters of Rattus norvegicus populations in agricultural areas and provide a scientific basis for population quantity prediction and control, the data of R. norvegicus specimens captured during the rodent monitoring in Sandu County, Guizhou Province from 2012 to 2024 were collected and statistically analyzed. The results show that the external morphological characteristics of R. norvegicus in the agricultural areas of Sandu County vary significantly among different age groups. As the age increases, all the indicators keep rising. However, when the age grows to the adult II group, the growth of tail length, hind foot length and ear height slows down or stops. There are significant differences in reproductive parameters such as the pregnancy rate and the litter size of female mice of different age groups, the rate of testicular descent in male mice, and the reproductive index. Individuals in the juvenile group have no reproductive capacity. Those in the sub-adult group participate in reproduction to a limited extent. The main reproductive individuals are from the adult group I, adult group II and the elderly group. The overall pregnancy rate of the three age groups was 49.62%, the average number of litter size was 8.26, the overall testicular descent rate was 90.45%, and the overall reproductive index was 1.7439. There are certain differences in condition factor among different age groups.

  Correlation Analysis of Gummosis and Pulp Brown Spot of Peach in South China HUANG Xinzhong, HUANG Baoping, WU Jingdong, ZENG Shaomin, LYU Keliang, JIANG Cuicui 2025, 41 (22):  106-109.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0723 Abstract + ( 57 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF ( 1229KB )   ( 11 ) In order to clarify the efficient prevention and control path of brown spot of peach pulp in southern China, the correlation between peach gummosis and brown spot of peach pulp was investigated. Fruit samples were collected from peach orchards, plants, and main branches with different severity of gummosis, and the same plant before and after the serious occurrence of gummosis in ‘Jinxiu yellow peach’ and ‘Olecranon peach’. The occurrence degree of brown spot was observed by peel removal, and the differences of fruit incidence, disease index and coloration coefficient were statistically analyzed. The results showed that the fruit incidence, disease index and coloration coefficient of peach orchards with heavy gummosis were 20.35 percentage points, 0.2421 and 0.3760 higher than those of peach orchards with moderate gummosis, which were 14.75, 86.19 and 61.32 times higher than those of peach orchards without gummosis, respectively. The 3-year-old plants without gummosis were only 8.97%, 2.32%, 6.62% of the 8-year-old plants with heavy gummosis and 11.37%, 3.41%, 11.01% of the plants with medium gummosis. The main branches with heavy gummosis increased by 39.18 percentage points, 0.0940 and 0.0884, respectively, compared with the main branches without gummosis. After a large amount of gummosis, the 3-year-old plants were equivalent to 13.44, 35.56 and 9.75 times of those before a large amount of gummosis. Peach gummosis may be one of the main inducements leading to the serious occurrence of brown spot of peach pulp in South China. The prevention and control strategy should be controlling the serious occurrence and spread of peach gummosis.

  Bacillus licheniformis: Fermentation Medium Optimization and Preservation of Its Liquid Preparation YE Weiwei, TAN Xinfeng, HOU Wenhe, WEI Shanqiang, YAN Xiaoxiao, ZHANG Long 2025, 41 (22):  110-116.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0496 Abstract + ( 54 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF ( 1393KB )   ( 10 ) This research aims to establish a theoretical foundation for the production, application, and further exploration of Bacillus licheniformis and its liquid formulations by studying the liquid culture medium of Bacillus licheniformis and the preservation methods of its liquid preparations. Using Bacillus licheniformis as the test material, the liquid culture medium was optimized by orthogonal test, and the optimal medium was verified by fermenter test; different proportions of Lactobacillus plantarum were added to its liquid preparation to determine the best preservation method. The results were as follows. (1) The optimal medium and fermentation conditions were as following: bran 10 g/L, soybean meal 15 g/L, calcium carbonate 0.75 g/L, sodium chloride 10 g/L. The initial pH was 7.5, the temperature was 37℃, and the viable count of effective bacteria in the fermentation broth attained 2.68×1010 cfu/mL. The fermentation in a 2 t fermenter was completed after approximately 24 hours of cultivation, achieving a viable count of 3.8×1010 cfu/mL. (2) At indoor temperature, in the experimental groups supplemented with 2.00% and 5.00% Lactobacillus plantarum, the survival rates of Bacillus licheniformis were 84.2% and 84.1%, respectively, after 30 days, and reached 54.3% and 52.4% after 90 days. This study obtained a high-density liquid fermentation medium for this strain of Bacillus licheniformis, and laid a theoretical foundation for the research on the preservation of Bacillus licheniformis liquid preparations.

  Insect Species Composition and Fauna Analysis of Coccinellidae in Shaanxi Province NING Shuoying, DING Changping, SHI Yongqiang, CHEN Chuan 2025, 41 (22):  117-125.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2025-0383 Abstract + ( 67 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF ( 1662KB )   ( 38 ) To understand the species composition and faunal characteristics of Coccinellidae insects and provide reference for the protection of Coccinellidae insect species diversity and biological control of pests in Shaanxi Province, the Coccinellidae insects were investigated and the fauna of these species were preliminarily analyzed. A total of 113 species belonging to 42 genera and 8 subfamilies were identified, which included 7 newly recorded species from Shaanxi Province. Within the zoogeographic regions of the world, the Oriental realm exhibits the highest diversity in terms of genera and species, with 41 genera and 107 species. The Palaearctic realm follows, which includes 35 genera and 78 species. The Neotropical realm, however, demonstrates the lowest diversity, comprising only 7 genera and 9 species. Within the zoogeographic regions of China, the Central China region exhibits the highest diversity in terms of genera and species, comprising 41 genera and 108 species. The Northern China region ranks second, include 32 genera and 71 species. In contrast, the Qinghai-Xizang region demonstrates the lowest diversity, with only 14 genera and 22 species. The trans-regional type within the Oriental realm exhibits the highest species richness and a diverse array of fauna types. At both the genus and species levels, it is predominantly distributed across the Palaearctic-Oriental realms, with limited connections to the other four realms. The trans-regional type within the Central China region have the highest species richness and a diverse array of fauna types. The Central China region and the Northern China region display the highest diversity at both the genus and species levels, with stronger connections to the Southwest China region, and relatively limited connections to other realms. In summary, the species of Coccinellidae in Shaanxi Province are situated in the transition zone from the Palaearctic to Oriental realms, and are dominated by species in Northern China and Central China. This study reveals the species diversity and transitional characteristics of the fauna of Coccinellidae insects in Shaanxi Province, providing essential background data for the cataloging of insect diversity, conservation and utilization of natural enemy insect resources.

  Effects of Soaking Seeds with Wood Vinegar on Germination of Forage Seeds LU Die, HU Yi, WANG Xin, SHAN Linge, WANG Wenhao, ZHAO Baolong, YANG Helong 2025, 41 (22):  126-133.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2025-0058 Abstract + ( 64 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF ( 1341KB )   ( 10 ) The paper aims to study the effect of soaking seeds with wood vinegar on the germination of forage seeds, and provide reference for the popularization and application of soaking seeds with wood vinegar. The seeds of Onobrychis viciifolia, Medicago sativa and Bromus inermis were used as experimental materials. The seed germination test was conducted by setting 9 treatments with 0% (distilled water control) and 0, 50, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600 times dilution of wood vinegar to analyze the seed germination and seedling growth. The root length of Onobrychis viciifolia increased by 9.5% and the dry weight of 100 seedlings significantly increased by 20.9% (P<0.05) under the treatment of 300 times dilution of wood vinegar. Compared with the control, under the treatment of 400 times dilution of wood vinegar, the germination rate and germination potential of Medicago sativa were significantly increased by 22% and 21%, the germination index, vigor index and root length were increased by 20%, 22% and 18%, and the dry and fresh weight of 100 seedlings was increased by 30% (P<0.05). When Bromus inermis was treated with 500 times dilution of wood vinegar, the bud length was significantly increased by 8.4% (P<0.05). Soaking seeds in wood vinegar can effectively improve the bud length, root length, 100 seedling dry weight, and improve the germination and growth of forage seeds. The best treatments of soaking seeds for Onobrychis viciifolia, Medicago sativa and Bromus inermis are 300, 400 and 500 times dilution of wood vinegar, respectively.

  Evaluation of Visiting Behavior and Pollination Effect of Apis cerana cerana and Bombus terrestris on Forsythia suspensa LI Xiaodong, WU Nan, JIANG Tao, LIU Ming, WEN Chunxiu, GUO Wenxiu, WANG Yuan, ZHANG Xiyue, YU Yi, LIU Lingdi 2025, 41 (22):  134-140.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2025-0083 Abstract + ( 73 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF ( 1353KB )   ( 14 ) To screen suitable pollinating insects for Forsythia suspensa, the foraging behaviors and pollination effects of Bombus terrestris and Apis cerana cerana were observed and compared. In the F. suspensa field, test areas for B. terrestris, A. cerana cerana, and a control area were established. Pollination methods included self-pollination, wind pollination, and entomophily. During the flowering period of F. suspensa, flower branches were selected and tagged to mark the number of flowers. After fruit setting, the fruit setting rate was counted, and at the harvest stage, quantitative indicators such as fruit length, fruit width, fresh weight, and dry weight of F. suspensa fruits under different treatments were statistically analyzed. The results showed that there were significant differences in flower-visiting behaviors between A. cerana cerana and B. terrestris on F. suspensa. The single flower visiting time of A. cerana cerana is (9.77±0.16) s, the flower-visiting frequency is (9.18±0.32) min, visit flower interval time is (3.50±0.60) s, the peak periods for leaving the nest and returning to the nest are 10:00 am (322 individuals) and 14:00 pm (237 individuals), respectively; B. terrestris single flower visit time is (14.65±3.25) min, visit flower frequency is (4.28±0.25) min, visit flower interval time is (7.65±1.35) s, the peak periods for leaving the nest and returning to the nest are 10:00 am (32 individuals) and 14:00 pm (28 individuals). The fruit setting rate of F. suspensa had obvious difference under different pollination treatments, the highest fruit-setting rate was observed in the A. cerana cerana pollination group (79%). While no significant difference existed between the B. terrestris pollination group (58%) and the control group (50%), both groups exhibited significantly higher fruit-setting rates compared to wind pollination (17%) and self-pollination (2%) in F. suspensa. There are significant differences in fruit length, width, fresh weight and dry weight of F. suspensa under different pollination treatments, the agronomic traits of F. suspensa fruit after pollination by A.cerana cerana are significantly better than other treatments. The effective distance for A. cerana cerana to release is 180 m. A. cerana cerana is an excellent bee species for pollinating F. suspensa and has a better pollination effect on F. suspensa.

  Effects of Yellowing Degree and Increasing Temperature Rate During Bulk Curing on Quality of Tobacco Leaves Produced in Sandy Mud Field WANG Hang, WANG Songfeng, LIU Lan, YAO Yuanhua, WANG Aihua, WANG Xiaobin 2025, 41 (22):  141-147.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0706 Abstract + ( 60 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF ( 1218KB )   ( 14 ) In order to optimize the baking process and improve the quality of tobacco leaves，in this study we investigated the effects of yellowing degree and rising temperature rate during the leaf-drying stage on the quality of tobacco leaves produced in sandy mud field. Three yellowing degrees (C1, 80% yellowing at 42℃/37℃; C2, 90% yellowing at 42℃/37℃; C3, 100% yellowing at 42℃/37℃) and three temperature rising rates during leaf-drying stage (H1, 1℃/3 h; H2, 1℃/2 h; H3, 1℃/h) were set up to study their impacts on upper tobacco leaves produced in sandy mud fields. The results showed that, among the three yellowing degree treatments, C2 significantly reduced the proportion of ash hanging leaves by 25.63% and 40.80% compared to C1 and C3, respectively, while increasing the average price by 0.47 yuan/kg and 2.08 yuan/kg. In terms of chemical composition, total sugar content decreased by 7.98% and 13.40%, total nitrogen content increased by 7.24% and 33.61%, and total phenolic content rose by 7.79% compared to C1. In terms of quality, C2 also achieved the highest appearance quality (color intensity) and sensory evaluation score. Among the three rising temperature rate treatments, H2 significantly reduced the proportion of ash hanging leaves by 21.57% and 33.44% compared to H1 and H3, respectively, with an average price increase of 0.64 yuan/kg and 1.62 yuan/kg. Total sugar content decreased by 4.36% and 6.90%, total nitrogen content increased by 3.40% and 9.35%, and total phenolic content rose by 18.80% compared to H3. H2 exhibited the highest scores in appearance and sensory quality. The study determined the optimal curing parameters for sandy mud field tobacco by maintaining dry-bulb temperature at 42℃ and wet-bulb temperature at 37℃ until leaves reached 90% yellowing degree (C2) with softened blades, then transitioning to the leaf-drying stage at a heating rate of 1℃/2 h (H2). This protocol effectively reduced ash-hanging leaves and improved cured leaf quality.

  Determination and Difference Analysis of Organic Acid Content in Particulate Matter of Mainstream Smoke of Cigar Leaves CHEN Qi, ZHOU Ting, LEI Jinshan, YE Keyuan, LIU Yi, LIU Li, HUANG Mingyue, JIN Yile, ZHANG Jing, YUE Xiaolin, TAN Wenyuan, LI Ping 2025, 41 (22):  148-155.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2025-0253 Abstract + ( 62 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF ( 1389KB )   ( 23 ) This study aimed to explore the disparities in organic acid content within cigar smoke and its correlations with different parts, grades, and origins of cigars. In the study, an analytical method based on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) selective ion detection mode (SIM) was established. Using methanol as the extraction solvent, through the Cambridge filter (adding internal standard phenethyl acetate) for capturing total particulate matter (TPM) in mainstream smoke by ultrasonic extraction, 17 kinds of organic acids were quantitatively analyzed, and the pretreatment conditions were optimized. The results indicated that the detection limit of this method ranged from 0.0684 to 1.1798 μg/cig, the quantitative limit from 0.2277 to 3.9289 μg/cig, the recovery rate from 81.03% to 117.16%, and the relative standard deviation from 3.33% to 11.00%. The linear relationship was good (R2≥0.9982), which met the requirements of quantitative detection. Using this method, 49 cigar samples (15 from Yunnan, 6 from Hainan, 8 from Hubei, 9 from Sichuan, and 11 from Dominica) were analyzed. The results showed that the content of organic acids in the upper and middle tobacco leaves was significantly higher than that in the lower tobacco leaves. The content of organic acids in smoke of the first grade tobacco leaves was higher than that of the second and third grade tobacco leaves. The composition of organic acids in domestic producing areas and foreign producing areas (Dominica) is complementary, and is regulated by ecological conditions and chemical components of tobacco leaves. There exists a certain correlation between the differences in organic acid content in cigar mainstream smoke and the position, grade, and origin of the cigars. This method holds reference significance for the analysis and classification evaluation of organic acid content in the mainstream smoke of different types of cigars.

  Fruit Quality Analysis of Pyrus bretschneideri ‘Laiyang’ at Different Tree Ages WU Dandan, WU Xiaoxing, LIN Menghua, LIANG Ying, GU Hongsheng 2025, 41 (22):  156-164.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2025-0226 Abstract + ( 68 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF ( 1286KB )   ( 15 ) In order to clarify the effect of tree age on the fruit quality of Pyrus bretschneideri ‘Laiyang’, fruit samples from trees with eight different ages from 5 to over 400 years old were selected. Quality indicators including organic acids, soluble sugars and antioxidant capacity were measured and analyzed. The results indicated that the single fruit weight from trees with 300 a and 400 a- was significantly higher than those from 5, 50, 75 and 100 a. The fruits from the tree with 400 a- exhibited the highest soluble solids content and solid-acid ratio. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents in the peel were approximately one order of magnitude higher than those in the pulp, and the contents of total phenols and total flavonoids in pear peel and pulp were significantly different among some tree ages. In both the peel and pulp, malic acid was the highest organic acid. The contents of malic acid, quinic acid, and citric acid in the peel initially increased and then decreased with tree age, with malic acid content in the trees with 100-400 a- being higher than those in 25-75 a and significantly higher than those in 5 a. The contents of quinic acid and citric acid in the trees with 50-400 a-were higher or significantly higher than those in 5 and 25 a. The main soluble sugars in both peel and pulp were fructose, sorbitol, glucose, and sucrose, with fructose content in the tree with 400 a- being significantly higher than other tree ages. The ferric ion reducing ability of the peel fluctuated and increased with tree age, peaking in the tree with 400 a-, while the ABTS radical scavenging ability showed significant differences among some tree ages, with the highest in the tree with 300 a. The ferric ion reducing ability and ABTS radical scavenging ability of the pulp increased with tree age, reaching their peaks in the trees with 100 a and 400 a-, respectively. This study clarified the key influence of tree age on the quality formation of Pyrus bretschneideri ‘Laiyang’, and provided a theoretical basis for the development and utilization of ancient tree resources and the protection of excellent germplasm resources.