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中国农学通报

中国农学通报 ›› 2016, Vol. 32 ›› Issue (36): 152-162.doi: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16050075

所属专题： 玉米

• 资源 环境 生态 土壤 气象 • 上一篇    下一篇

≥10℃积温距平对玉米不同发育期冷害的判定及其与产量的关系

姜丽霞,王 铭,朱海霞,宫丽娟,曲辉辉   

  1. (黑龙江省气象科学研究所,哈尔滨 150030）
  • 收稿日期:2016-05-13 修回日期:2016-12-15 接受日期:2016-11-21 出版日期:2016-12-26 发布日期:2016-12-26
  • 通讯作者: 姜丽霞
  • 基金资助:
    公益性行业(气象)科研专项“东北地区春玉米农业气象指标体系研究”(GYHY201206018)；中国气象局气候变化专项“气候变化对中国两大主产区粮食安全影响评估及应对策略”(CCSF201606)；黑龙江省气象局重点项目“基于气候变化事实优化粮食作物种植结构”(ZD201401)。

Judgment of Maize Cold Damage in Different Development Periods Based on Active Accumulated Temperature Anomaly ≥10℃ and Its Relationship with Yield

Jiang Lixia, Wang Ming, Zhu Haixia, Gong Lijuan, Qu Huihui   

  1. (Heilongjiang Institute of Meteorological Science, Harbin 150030)
  • Received:2016-05-13 Revised:2016-12-15 Accepted:2016-11-21 Online:2016-12-26 Published:2016-12-26

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摘要： 为了揭示冷害特征及其与产量的关系，为玉米生产趋利避害及种植结构调整提供气象参考，笔者利用1980—2014年15个农业气象站的资料，基于≥10℃积温距平指标，对玉米出苗—七叶期、出苗—抽雄期、出苗—乳熟期的冷害进行动态判识，分析其时空演变特征，并建立积温距平与玉米产量的关系。结果表明：（1）1980—2014年间，研究区玉米3个发育时期内的冷害年数为7~17年，冷害随时间呈减少趋势，对气候变暖具有明显的响应；空间上呈北多南少特征，并具有群发性、区域性和局地性特点；（2）研究期间，玉米3个发育时期的≥10℃积温距平具有16年左右的周期变化，1995年以前偏冷，之后偏暖；（3）在3个发育时期，研究区分别有13%、60%、67%的站点≥10℃积温距平与玉米单产存在显著或极显著的相关关系，积温距平为100~200℃·d利于玉米高产。以出苗—乳熟期分析热量与产量的关系效果最好；（4）≥10℃积温距平指标判识玉米冷害具有生物学和农学意义，有效提升作物冷害判识的客观性。

关键词: 渔业, 渔业, 家庭农场, 新型渔业经营主体, 现代渔业

Abstract: The paper aims to reveal the characteristics of maize cold damage and its relationship with yield, and provide meteorological references for maize production and planting structure adjustment. Based on the observation data from 15 agro-meteorological stations from 1980 to 2014, by using the active accumulated temperature anomaly ≥10℃ index, the authors estimated the occurrence of maize cold damage during seedling emergence to seven leaves period, seedling emergence to tasseling period, and seedling emergence to milky maturity period, and analyzed the temporal and spatial evolution characteristics of cold damage, and built the relationship between active accumulated temperature anomaly ≥10℃ and maize yield. The results showed that: (1) the sum of maize cold damage year was from 7 to 17 in the 3 critical development periods during 1980-2014, the frequency of cold damage year decreased and the occurrence of cold damage was consistent with climate warming trend; the frequency of cold damage year in north was higher than that in south, and the occurrence of cold damage showed the clustering, regional and local characteristics; (2) in the study period, the cycle of active accumulated temperature anomaly ≥10℃ was about 16 years in a large scale, and the temperature was low before 1995 and it was warming after 1995; (3) in the 3 development periods, correlation between active accumulated temperature anomaly ≥10℃ and maize yield was significant or extremely significant in 13%, 60% and 67% agricultural meteorological stations respectively, active accumulated temperature anomaly ≥10℃ was 100-200℃·d, which was favorable to maize yield; the seedling emergence to milky maturity period was the most suitable stage for analyzing the relationship between active accumulated temperature anomaly ≥10℃ and maize yield; (4) active accumulated temperature anomaly ≥10℃ indicated the biological and agricultural meaning of maize cold damage index and improved the objectivity of maize cold damage assessing.