水稻植株对稻田甲烷排放的影响及其生物学机理研究进展

doi:10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0143

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

稻田是主要的农业甲烷排放源之一，对全球温室气体排放有着重要影响。稻田甲烷排放包括土壤产甲烷菌的产甲烷过程、好氧甲烷氧化菌的氧化甲烷过程及甲烷通过水稻植株体、土壤溶液中冒气泡及分子扩散三种运输途径的排放过程，水稻植株地上部和根系影响着稻田甲烷排放。本文简要介绍了稻田甲烷的产生、氧化和运输排放过程，综述了水稻根系特征（形态、通气组织、分泌物、根系泌氧）、地上部特征（株高、分蘖数、生物量和同化物分配）、水肥管理措施对稻田甲烷排放的影响及内在机理。本文也讨论了今后稻田甲烷排放的主要研究方向，并认为高产与减排的协同应是一个重要切入点。

关键词: 稻田, 甲烷排放, 根系分泌物, 同化物分配, 通气组织

Abstract:

Paddy fields are one of the main sources of agricultural methane emissions and have important impacts on global greenhouse gas emissions. Methane emission from paddy fields includes three processes: the methane production by soil methanogens, the methane oxidation by aerobic methane-oxidizing bacteria, and the methane emission through the three approaches (rice plants, bubbling and diffusion in soil solution). Both the aboveground parts and root systems of rice plants affect the methane emission in paddy fields. This paper briefly introduced the production, oxidation and transport of methane from paddy fields, and summarized effects of the root characteristics (morphological characteristic, root aerenchyma, root exudates and oxygen secretion), the characteristics of aboveground parts (plant height, tiller number, biomass and assimilates’ distribution) and the water and fertilizer management on the methane emission from paddy fields, and the underlying mechanisms were also reviewed. The main future research area of paddy methane emission was discussed, and attention should be paid to the coordination of high grain yield and low methane emission.

Key words: paddy fields, methane emission, root exudates, distribution of assimilates, aerenchyma

任孝俭, 彭雨瑄, 韩凯艳, 邓志明, 崔克辉. 水稻植株对稻田甲烷排放的影响及其生物学机理研究进展[J]. 中国农学通报, 2022, 38(36): 80-87.

REN Xiaojian, PENG Yuxuan, HAN Kaiyan, DENG Zhiming, CUI Kehui. Effect of Rice Plants on Methane Emission from Paddy Fields and Its Biological Mechanism: A Review[J]. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin, 2022, 38(36): 80-87.

图/表 3

参考文献 94

[1]	SAVAGE K, PHILLIPS R, DAVIDSON E. High temporal frequency measurements of greenhouse gas emissions from soils[J]. Biogeosciences, 2014, 11(10):2709-2720. doi: 10.5194/bg-11-2709-2014 URL
[2]	SMITH P, REAY D, SMITH J. Agricultural methane emissions and the potential formitigation[J]. Philosophical transactions of the royal society a: mathematical, physical and engineering sciences, 2021, 379(2210):20200451. doi: 10.1098/rsta.2020.0451 URL
[3]	YAN X Y, AKIYAMA H, YAGI K, et al. Global estimations of the inventory and mitigation potential of methane emissions from rice cultivation conducted using the 2006 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Guidelines[J]. Global biogeochemical cycles, 2009, 23(2):125-151.
[4]	SAUNOIS M, STAVERT A R, POULTER B, et al. The global methane budget 2000-2017[J]. Earth system science data, 2020, 12 (3):1561-1623. doi: 10.5194/essd-12-1561-2020 URL
[5]	ITO A, TOHJIMA Y, SAITO T, et al. Methane budget of east Asia, 1990-2015: a bottom-up evaluation[J]. Science of the total environment, 2019, 676:40-52. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.263
[6]	ZHANG B W, TIAN H Q, REN W, et al. Methane emissions from global rice fields: magnitude, spatiotemporal patterns, and environmental controls[J]. Global biogeochemical cycles, 2016, 30(9):1246-1263. doi: 10.1002/2016GB005381 URL
[7]	CONRAD R. Control of microbial methane production in wetland rice fields[J]. Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems, 2002, 64:59-69. doi: 10.1023/A:1021178713988 URL
[8]	LE MER J, ROGER P. Production, oxidation, emission and consumption of methane by soil: a review[J]. European journal of soil biology, 2001, 37(1):25-50. doi: 10.1016/S1164-5563(01)01067-6 URL
[9]	DUBEY S K. Microbial ecology of methane emission in rice agroecosystem: a review[J]. Applied ecology and environmental research, 2005, 3(2):1-27.
[10]	CONRAD R. Microbial ecology of methanogens and methanotrophs[J]. Advances in agronomy, 2007, 96:1-63.
[11]	HUANG Y, SASS R L, JR FISHER F M, A semi-empirical model of methane emission from flooded rice paddy soils[J]. Global change biology, 1998, 4(3):247-268. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2486.1998.00129.x URL
[12]	AULAKH M S, WASSMANN R, BUENO C, et al. Impact of root exudates of different cultivars and plant development stages of rice (Oryza sativa L.) on methane production in a paddy soil[J]. Plant and soil, 2001, 230:77-86. doi: 10.1023/A:1004817212321 URL
[13]	GUTIERREZ J, KIM S Y, KIM P J. Effect of rice cultivar on CH₄ emissions and productivity in Korean paddy soil[J]. Field crops research, 2013, 146:16-24. doi: 10.1016/j.fcr.2013.03.003 URL
[14]	ZHANG G B, YU H Y, FAN X F, et al. Carbon isotope fractionation reveals distinct process of CH₄ emission from different compartments of paddy ecosystem[J]. Scientific reports, 2016, 6(1):27065. doi: 10.1038/srep27065 URL
[15]	MA K, QIU Q F, LU Y H. Microbial mechanism for rice variety control on methane emission from rice field soil[J]. Global change biology, 2010, 16:3085-3095.
[16]	FAZLI P, MAN H C, MD SHAH U K, et al. Characteristics of methanogens and methanotrophs in rice fields: a review[J]. Asia-pacific journal of molecular biology and biotechnology, 2013, 21(1):3-17.
[17]	ROTHFUSS F, CONRAD R. Vertical profiles of CH₄ concentrations, dissolved substrates and processes involved in CH₄ production in a flooded Italian rice field[J]. Biogeochemistry, 1993, 18(3):137-152. doi: 10.1007/BF00003274 URL
[18]	CHANDRA R, TAKEUCHI H, HASEGAWA T. Methane production from lignocellulosic agricultural crop wastes: a review in context to second generation of biofuel production[J]. Renewable and sustainable energy reviews, 2012, 16(3):1462-1476. doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2011.11.035 URL
[19]	CONRAD R. Importance of hydrogenotrophic, aceticlastic and methylotrophic methanogenesis for methane production in terrestrial, aquatic and other anoxic environments: a mini review[J]. Pedosphere, 2020, 30(1):25-39. doi: 10.1016/S1002-0160(18)60052-9 URL
[20]	WONGNATE T, SLIWA D, GINOVSKA B, et al. The radical mechanism of biological methane synthesis by methyl-coenzyme M reductase[J]. Science, 2016, 352(6288):953-958. doi: 10.1126/science.aaf0616 pmid: 27199421
[21]	CAI Y F, ZHENG Y, BODELIER P L E, et al. Conventional methanotrophs are responsible for atmospheric methane oxidation in paddy soils[J]. Nature communications, 2016, 7:1-10.
[22]	RICHARD H S, THOMAS H E. Methanotrophic bacteria[J]. Microbiological reviews, 1996, 60(2):439-471. doi: 10.1128/mr.60.2.439-471.1996 pmid: 8801441
[23]	HO A, KERCKHOL F M, LUKE C, et al. Conceptualizing functional traits and ecological characteristics of methane-oxidising bacteria as life strategies[J]. Environmental microbiology reports, 2013, 5:335-345. doi: 10.1111/j.1758-2229.2012.00370.x URL
[24]	ELLER G, FRENZEL P. Change in activity and community structure of methane-oxidizing bacteria over the growth period of rice[J]. Applied and environmental microbiology, 2001, 67(6):2395-2403. doi: 10.1128/AEM.67.6.2395-2403.2001 URL
[25]	QIU Q F, CONRAD R, LU Y H. Cross-feeding of methane carbon among bacteria on rice roots revealed by DNA-stable isotope probing[J]. Environmental microbiology reports, 2009, 1(5):355-361. doi: 10.1111/j.1758-2229.2009.00045.x pmid: 23765887
[26]	BAO Z H, OKUBO T, KUBOTA K, et al. Metaproteomic identification of diazotrophic methanotrophs, and their tissue localization in field-grown rice roots[J]. Applied and environmental microbiology, 2014, 80(16):5043-5052. doi: 10.1128/AEM.00969-14 URL
[27]	DENIER VAN DER GON H A C, NEUE H U. Oxidation of methane in the rhizosphere of rice plants[J]. Biology and fertility of soils, 1996, 22(4):359-366. doi: 10.1007/BF00334584 URL
[28]	MALYAN S K, BHATIA A, KUMAR A, et al. Methane production, oxidation and mitigation: a mechanistic understanding and comprehensive evaluation of influencing factors[J]. Science of the total environment, 2016, 572:874-896. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.07.182 URL
[29]	DUNFIELD P F, YURYEV A, SENIN P, et al. Methane oxidation by an extremely acidophilic bacterium of the phylum Verrucomicrobia[J]. Nature, 2007, 450(7171):879-882. doi: 10.1038/nature06411 URL
[30]	MURRELL J C, MCDONALD I R, BOURNE D G. Molecular methods for the study of methanotroph ecology[J]. FEMS microbiology ecology, 1998, 27(2):103-114. doi: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.1998.tb00528.x URL
[31]	王世全, 朴永哲, 崔玉波, 等. 基于pmoA基因的污泥干化芦苇床中甲烷氧化菌多样性分析[J]. 安全与环境学报, 2015, 15(5):235-238.
[32]	张晓艳, 马静, 李小平, 等. 稻田甲烷传输的研究进展[J]. 土壤, 2012, 44(2):181-187.
[33]	NOUCHI I, MARIKO S, AOKI K. Mechanism of methane transport from the rhizosphere to the atmosphere through rice plant[J]. Plant physiology, 1990, 94(1):59-66. doi: 10.1104/pp.94.1.59 URL
[34]	WASSMANN R, AULAKH M S. The role of rice plants in regulating mechanisms of methane missions[J]. Biology and fertility of soils, 2001, 31(1):20-29. doi: 10.1007/s003740050619 URL
[35]	BUTTERBACH-BAHL K, PAPEN H, RENNENBERG H. Impact of gas transport through rice cultivars on methane emission from rice paddy fields[J]. Pant, cell and environment, 1997, 20:1175-1183.
[36]	GROOT T T, VAN BODEGOM P M, MEIJER H A J, et al. Gas transport through the root-shoot transition zone of rice tillers[J]. Plant and soil, 2005, 277:107-116. doi: 10.1007/s11104-005-0435-4 URL
[37]	WANG B, NEUE H U, SAMONTE H P. Role of rice in mediating methane emission[J]. Plant and soil, 1997, 189(1):107-115. doi: 10.1023/A:1004219024281 URL
[38]	王明星, 李晶, 郑循华. 稻田甲烷排放及产生、转化、输送机理[J]. 大气科学, 1998, 22(4):600-612.
[39]	KLUDZE H K, DELAUNE R D, JR PATRICK W H. Aerenchyma formation and methane and oxygen exchange in rice[J]. Soil science society of america journal, 1993, 57(2):386-391. doi: 10.2136/sssaj1993.03615995005700020017x URL
[40]	曹云英, 许锦彪, 朱庆森. 水稻根系对甲烷传输速率的影响[J]. 安徽农业科学, 2003, 31(1):90-92.
[41]	傅志强, 黄璜, 朱华武, 等. 水稻CH₄和N₂O的排放及其与植株特性的相关性[J]. 湖南农业大学学报:自然科学版, 2011, 37(4):356-360.
[42]	MAURER D, KIESE R, KREUZWIESER J, et al. Processes that determine the interplay of root exudation, methane emission and yield in rice agriculture[J]. Plant biology, 2018, 20:951-955. doi: 10.1111/plb.12880 pmid: 30047200
[43]	沈学良, 田光蕾, 周元昌, 等. 水稻生物学特性对稻田甲烷排放的影响[J]. 农学学报, 2020, 10(2):75-80.
[44]	王丽丽. 超级稻与常规稻CH₄排放特征及其植株特性的比较分析[D]. 南京: 南京农业大学, 2013.
[45]	闫晓君, 王丽丽, 江瑜, 等. 长江三角洲主要超级稻CH₄排放特征及其与植株生长特性的关系[J]. 应用生态学报, 2013, 24(9):2518-2524.
[46]	夏仕明. 水稻根系形态生理与稻田甲烷排放的关系研究[D]. 扬州: 扬州大学, 2018.
[47]	CHEN Y, LI S Y, ZHANG Y J, et al. Rice root morphological and physiological traits interaction with rhizosphere soil and its effect on methane emissions in paddy fields[J]. Soil biology and biochemistry, 2019, 129:191-200. doi: 10.1016/j.soilbio.2018.11.015 URL
[48]	ZHENG H B, FU Z Q, ZHONG J, et al. Low methane emission in rice cultivars with high radial oxygen loss[J]. Plant and soil, 2018, 431:119-128. doi: 10.1007/s11104-018-3747-x URL
[49]	SINGH S, KASHYAP A K, SINGH J S. Methane flux in relation to growth and phenology of a high yielding rice variety as affected by fertilization[J]. Plant and soil, 1998, 201(1):157-164. doi: 10.1023/A:1004318727672 URL
[50]	DAS K, BARUAH K K. Methane emission associated with anatomical and morphophysiological characteristics of rice (Oryza sativa) plant[J]. Physiologia plantarum, 2008, 134(2):303-312. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-3054.2008.01137.x URL
[51]	周妍. G蛋白α亚基突变体对水稻根系形态生理和稻田甲烷排放的影响及其机制研究[D]. 扬州: 扬州大学, 2018.
[52]	葛会敏. 稻田甲烷排放水稻品种间差异及机理[D]. 扬州: 扬州大学, 2016.
[53]	BHATTACHARYYA P, DASH P K, SWAIN C, et al. Mechanism of plant mediated methane emission in tropical lowland rice[J]. Science of the total environment, 2019, 651:84-92. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.09.141
[54]	CHEN Y, ZHANG Y J, LI S Y, et al. OsRGA1 optimizes photosynthate allocation for roots to reduce methane emissions and improve yield in paddy ecosystems[J]. Soil biology and biochemistry, 2021, 160:108344. doi: 10.1016/j.soilbio.2021.108344 URL
[55]	JIA Z J, CAI Z C, XU H, et al. Effect of rice plants on CH₄ production, transport, oxidation and emission in rice paddy soil[J]. Plant and soil, 2001, 230(2):211-221. doi: 10.1023/A:1010366631538 URL
[56]	贾仲君, 蔡祖聪. 水稻植株对稻田甲烷排放的影响[J]. 应用生态学报, 2003, 14(11):2049-2053.
[57]	刘依依, 傅志强. 水稻根系泌氧特性及其影响因素[J]. 作物研究, 2014, 28(3):312-315.
[58]	阎丽娜, 李霞. 水稻对稻田甲烷排放的影响[J]. 中国农学通报, 2008, 24(10):471-476.
[59]	李奕林. 水稻根系通气组织与根系泌氧及根际硝化作用的关系[J]. 生态学报, 2012, 32(7):2066-2074.
[60]	刘依依, 傅志强, 龙文飞, 等. 水稻根系泌氧能力与根系通气组织大小相关性的研究[J]. 农业现代化研究, 2015, 36(6):1105-1111.
[61]	IQBAL M F, LIU S H, ZHU J W, et al. Limited aerenchyma reduces oxygen diffusion and methane emission in paddy[J]. Journal of environmental management, 2021, 279:111583. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111583 URL
[62]	DING A, WILLIS C R, SASS R L, et al. Methane emissions from rice fields: effect of plant height among several rice cultivars[J]. Global biogeochemical cycles, 1999, 13(4):1045-1052. doi: 10.1029/1999GB900084 URL
[63]	GOGOI N, BARUAH K K, GUPTA P K. Selection of rice genotypes for lower methane emission[J]. Agronomy for sustainable development, 2008, 28(2):181-186. doi: 10.1051/agro:2008005 URL
[64]	黄农荣, 梁开明, 钟旭华, 等. 南方低甲烷排放的高产水稻品种筛选与评价[J]. 农业环境科学学报, 2018, 37(12):2854-2863.
[65]	LINDAU C W, BOLLICH P K, DELAUNE R D. Effect of rice variety on methane emission from Louisiana rice[J]. Agriculture, ecosystems & environment, 1995, 54(1-2):109-114. doi: 10.1016/0167-8809(95)00587-I URL
[66]	ZHANG Y, JIANG Y, LI Z J, et al. Aboveground morphological traits do not predict rice variety effects on CH₄ emissions[J]. Agriculture, ecosystems & environment, 2015, 208:86-93. doi: 10.1016/j.agee.2015.04.030 URL
[67]	李思宇. 稻田温室气体排放水稻品种间差异及其机理研究[D]. 扬州: 扬州大学, 2020.
[68]	HUANG Y, SASS R L, JR FISHER F M. Methane emission from Texas rice paddy soils. 2. seasonal contribution of rice biomass production to CH₄ emission[J]. Global change biology, 1997, 3(6):491-500. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2486.1997.00106.x URL
[69]	JIANG Y, WANG L L, YAN X J, et al. Super rice cropping will enhance rice yield and reduce CH₄ emission: a case study in Nanjing, China[J]. Rice science, 2013, 20(6):427-433. doi: 10.1016/S1672-6308(13)60157-2
[70]	SU J, HU C, YAN X, et al. Expression of barley SUSIBA2 transcription factor yields high-starch low-methane rice[J]. Nature, 2015, 523(7562):602-608. doi: 10.1038/nature14673 URL
[71]	DU L, WANG Y F, SHAN Z, et al. Comprehensive analysis of SUSIBA2 rice: the low-methane trait and associated changes in soil carbon and microbial communities[J]. Science of the total environment, 2021, 764:144508. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144508 URL
[72]	WANG C, SUN H F, ZHANG X X, et al. Contributions of photosynthate carbon to methane emissions from rice paddies cultivated using different organic amendment methods: results from an in-situ ¹³C-labelling study[J]. Geoderma, 2021, 402:115190. doi: 10.1016/j.geoderma.2021.115190 URL
[73]	SASS R L, FISHER F M, TURNER F T, et al. Methane emission from rice fields as influenced by solarradiation, temperature, and straw incorporation[J]. Global biogeochemical cycles, 1991, 5(4):335-350. doi: 10.1029/91GB02586 URL
[74]	JIANG Y, VAN GROENIGEN K J, HUANG S, et al. Higher yields and lower methane emissions with new rice cultivars[J]. Global change biology, 2017, 23(11):4728-4738. doi: 10.1111/gcb.13737 pmid: 28464384
[75]	JIANG Y, QIAN H Y, WANG L, et al. Limited potential of harvest index improvement to reduce methane emissions from rice paddies[J]. Global change biology, 2019, 25(2):1-13. doi: 10.1111/gcb.14437 URL
[76]	JIANG Y, TIAN Y L, SUN Y N, et al. Effect of rice panicle size on paddy field CH₄ emissions[J]. Biology and fertility of soils, 2016, 52(3):389-399. doi: 10.1007/s00374-015-1084-2 URL
[77]	江瑜, 管大海, 张卫健. 水稻植株特性对稻田甲烷排放的影响及其机制的研究进展[J]. 中国生态农业学报, 2018, 26(2):175-181.
[78]	AULAKH M S, BODENBENDER J, WASSMANA R, et al. Methane transport capacity of rice plants.II.variations among different rice cultivars and relationship with morphological characteristics[J]. Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems, 2000, 58:367-375. doi: 10.1023/A:1009839929441 URL
[79]	傅志强, 黄璜, 何保良, 等. 水稻植株通气系统与稻田CH₄排放相关性研究[J]. 作物学报, 2007, 33(9):1458-1467.
[80]	XU C M, CHEN L P, CHEN S, et al. Effects of soil microbes on methane emissions from paddy fields under varying soil oxygen conditions[J]. Agronomy journal, 2018, 110(5):1738-1747. doi: 10.2134/agronj2017.12.0747 URL
[81]	褚光, 陈婷婷, 陈松, 等. 灌溉模式与施氮量交互作用对水稻产量以及水氮利用效率的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2017, 31(5):513-523.
[82]	褚光, 展明飞, 朱宽宇, 等. 干湿交替灌溉对水稻产量与水分利用效率的影响[J]. 作物学报, 2016, 42(7):1026-1036.
[83]	陶进. 干湿交替灌溉对水稻农艺生理性状与米质的影响[D]. 扬州: 扬州大学, 2017.
[84]	侯丹平, 谭金松, 毕庆宇, 等. 水分胁迫对节水抗旱稻产量形成和根系形态生理特性的影响[J]. 中国水稻科学, 2021, 35(1):27-37. doi: 10.16819/j.1001-7216.2021.0507
[85]	徐国伟, 孙会忠, 陆大克, 等. 不同水氮条件下水稻根系超微结构及根系活力差异[J]. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2017, 23(3):811-820.
[86]	李婷婷, 冯钰枫, 朱安, 等. 主要节水灌溉方式对水稻根系形态生理的影响[J]. 中国水稻科学, 2019, 33(4):293-302. doi: 10.16819/j.1001-7216.2019.8116
[87]	黄敏. 水稻根系解剖结构对水氮的响应及其与水氮吸收的关系[D]. 武汉: 华中农业大学, 2016.
[88]	宋娜娜. 水稻根系特性对根系碳氮成本影响及其与氮素吸收利用的关系研究[D]. 武汉: 华中农业大学, 2017.
[89]	CAI Z C, SHAN Y H, XU H. Effects of nitrogen fertilization on CH₄ emissions from rice field[J]. Soil science and plant nutrition, 2007, 53(4):353-361. doi: 10.1111/j.1747-0765.2007.00153.x URL
[90]	DENIER VAN DER GON H A, VAN BODEGOM P M, WASSMANN R, et al. Sulfate-containing amendments to reduce methane emissions from rice fields: mechanisms, effectiveness and costs[J]. Mitigation and adaptation strategies for global change, 2001, 6:71-89. doi: 10.1023/A:1011380916490 URL
[91]	CAI Z C, XING G X, YAN X Y, et al. Methane and nitrous oxide emissions from rice fields as affected by nitrogen fertilizer and water management[J]. Plant and soil, 1997, 196(1):7-14. doi: 10.1023/A:1004263405020 URL
[92]	KIM G W, JEONG S T, KIM P J, et al. Influence of nitrogen fertilization on the net ecosystem carbon budget in a temperate mono-rice paddy[J]. Geoderma, 2017, 306:58-66. doi: 10.1016/j.geoderma.2017.07.008 URL
[93]	LINQUIST B A, ADVIENTO-BORBE M A, PITTELKOW C M, et al. Fertilizer management practices and greenhouse gas emissions from rice systems: a quantitative review and analysis[J]. Field crops research, 2012, 135:10-21. doi: 10.1016/j.fcr.2012.06.007 URL
[94]	李思宇, 陈云, 李婷婷, 等. 水分养分管理对稻田温室气体排放影响的研究进展[J]. 扬州大学学报:农业与生命科学版, 2019, 40(6):16-23.

植株特征	对甲烷排放的影响	参考文献
根生物量	甲烷排放与根生物量正相关	[39⇓-41]
根生物量	孕穗期甲烷排放与根系生物量负相关，籼型超级稻较低的根系生物量导致其甲烷排放量显著高于粳型超级稻	[45⇓-47]
根条数	根条数促进稻田土壤的甲烷传输速率	[40]
根体积	甲烷排放与根体积正相关	[41,49-50]
根长	根系越长，甲烷排放通量越大	[39,50]
根长	孕穗期甲烷排放通量与根长呈负相关关系	[46-47]
根系通气组织	根系通气组织越发达甲烷排放越低，两者之间呈显著负相关	[51-52]
根系通气组织	土壤氧化还原电位降低促进水稻根系通气组织形成，促进甲烷产生和排放	[39]
根系分泌物	根系分泌物中有机酸和有机碳等能够促进稻田甲烷的产生和排放	[12,52-53]
根系分泌物	根系分泌物中的苹果酸、琥珀酸、柠檬酸能增强稻田甲烷氧化菌的丰度和活性，降低甲烷排放	[47,54]
根系泌氧能力	根系泌氧能力弱的水稻突变体材料，稻田甲烷排放增强，稻田甲烷排放与根系泌氧能力显著负相关	[47-48,51]

植株特征	对甲烷排放的影响	参考文献
根生物量	甲烷排放与根生物量正相关	[39⇓-41]
根生物量	孕穗期甲烷排放与根系生物量负相关，籼型超级稻较低的根系生物量导致其甲烷排放量显著高于粳型超级稻	[45⇓-47]
根条数	根条数促进稻田土壤的甲烷传输速率	[40]
根体积	甲烷排放与根体积正相关	[41,49-50]
根长	根系越长，甲烷排放通量越大	[39,50]
根长	孕穗期甲烷排放通量与根长呈负相关关系	[46-47]
根系通气组织	根系通气组织越发达甲烷排放越低，两者之间呈显著负相关	[51-52]
根系通气组织	土壤氧化还原电位降低促进水稻根系通气组织形成，促进甲烷产生和排放	[39]
根系分泌物	根系分泌物中有机酸和有机碳等能够促进稻田甲烷的产生和排放	[12,52-53]
根系分泌物	根系分泌物中的苹果酸、琥珀酸、柠檬酸能增强稻田甲烷氧化菌的丰度和活性，降低甲烷排放	[47,54]
根系泌氧能力	根系泌氧能力弱的水稻突变体材料，稻田甲烷排放增强，稻田甲烷排放与根系泌氧能力显著负相关	[47-48,51]

植株特征	对甲烷排放的影响	参考文献
植株高度	植株较高的水稻品种稻田甲烷排放较高，与稻田甲烷排放显著正相关	[45,62,64-65]
	与稻田甲烷排放没有显著相关性	[13,66 -67]
	籼型超级稻品种稻田甲烷排放量与株高显著负相关，而粳型品种为正相关	[45]
分蘖数	与分蘖数显著正相关	[63]
分蘖数	与分蘖数无显著相关性	[13,66]
地上部生物量	与地上部植株生物量显著正相关	[68]
	与地上部生物量无显著相关性	[13,67]
	稻田甲烷排放与地上部生物量呈著负相关，生物量高的品种甲烷排放相对较低	[52,69]
光合产物分配	减少光合产物向根系分配、增强其向穗部分配，可以降低稻田甲烷排放	[70-71]
光合产物分配	向根系分配较多的光合产物可以促进根系生长，降低稻田甲烷的产生	[47]

植株特征	对甲烷排放的影响	参考文献
植株高度	植株较高的水稻品种稻田甲烷排放较高，与稻田甲烷排放显著正相关	[45,62,64-65]
	与稻田甲烷排放没有显著相关性	[13,66 -67]
	籼型超级稻品种稻田甲烷排放量与株高显著负相关，而粳型品种为正相关	[45]
分蘖数	与分蘖数显著正相关	[63]
分蘖数	与分蘖数无显著相关性	[13,66]
地上部生物量	与地上部植株生物量显著正相关	[68]
	与地上部生物量无显著相关性	[13,67]
	稻田甲烷排放与地上部生物量呈著负相关，生物量高的品种甲烷排放相对较低	[52,69]
光合产物分配	减少光合产物向根系分配、增强其向穗部分配，可以降低稻田甲烷排放	[70-71]
光合产物分配	向根系分配较多的光合产物可以促进根系生长，降低稻田甲烷的产生	[47]