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中国农学通报

中国农学通报 ›› 2023, Vol. 39 ›› Issue (20): 6-13.doi: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0120

• 农学·农业基础科学 • 上一篇    下一篇

不同轮作模式和施氮水平对春小麦产量和品质的影响

葛丽丽(), 赵财(), 程宝钰, 殷民兴   

  1. 甘肃农业大学农学院/省部共建干旱生境作物学国家重点实验室，兰州 730070
  • 收稿日期:2023-02-08 修回日期:2023-04-15 出版日期:2023-07-15 发布日期:2023-07-10
  • 通讯作者: 赵财，男，1978年出生，甘肃武威人，研究员，博士，研究方向：多熟种植与节水农业。通信地址：730070 甘肃省兰州市安宁区营门村一号 甘肃农业大学，Tel：0931-7631850，E-mail：zhao@gsau.edu.cn。
  • 作者简介:

    葛丽丽，女，1997年出生，甘肃庆阳人，硕士研究生，研究方向：绿洲农作制。通信地址：730070 甘肃省兰州市安宁区银滩路街道营门村一号 甘肃农业大学农学院，E-mail：。

  • 基金资助:
    甘肃省高校创新基金项目“河西灌区冬季覆盖作物轮作绿肥土壤活性有机碳及微生物特性研究”(2020B-127); 甘肃省重点人才项目“作物多样化配置固碳减排机制研究”。

Effects of Different Crop Rotation Patterns and Nitrogen Application Levels on Yield and Quality of Spring Wheat

GE Lili(), ZHAO Cai(), CHENG Baoyu, YIN Minxing   

  1. Faculty of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University/State Key Laboratory of Arid Land Crop Science, Lanzhou 730070
  • Received:2023-02-08 Revised:2023-04-15 Online:2023-07-15 Published:2023-07-10

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摘要：

通过优化轮作模式和施氮制度，探究春小麦产量和品质的变化，为建立农田高产、优质的生产方式提供科学依据。本研究在河西绿洲灌区武威市进行，试验采用完全随机区组设计，设小麦连作 (W)、春小麦-箭筈豌豆-春小麦-箭筈豌豆(WV)、春小麦-冬小麦-箭筈豌豆(WWV)和春小麦-冬油菜-箭筈豌豆(WRV) 4种种植模式；2年轮作周期内设置3种施氮水平，分别为不施氮(N0)、减量25% 270 kg/hm2 (N1)和传统施氮360 kg/hm2 (N2)。通过对小麦干物质积累量、产量及品质的测定，以期为该区建立合理的种植模式和施氮制度，进而提高耕地产能。结果表明：不同施氮水平下，干物质积累量在拔节至灌浆期迅速增长，N2处理在开花期具有最高的干物质积累量，N1较N2处理降低了10.1%和10.6%；与连作模式相比，WRV、WWV和WV 3种轮作模式提高了小麦干物质积累量，在2020年和2022年平均提高14.9% 和15.7%、10.9% 和11.8%、8.6% 和8.1%。减量施氮处理下，降低了小麦千粒重、单位面积穗数和穗粒数，但轮作模式提高了千粒重、单位面积穗数和穗粒数，产量得到了提高；与N2相比，N1处理产量降低了11.5%和12.5%，与连作模式相比，WRV、WWV和WV 3种轮作模式产量分别提高18.5%和23.8%、10.3%和16.1%、6.0%和11.5%。轮作模式结合氮肥可以有效地提高籽粒品质，其中籽粒蛋白含量、沉降值及湿面筋含量都有所提升。相关性分析显示，轮作模式结合氮肥对作物产量具有一定的提升效应，这主要是由于产量构成因素的协同提高。不同施氮水平下，春小麦-冬油菜-箭筈豌豆轮作模式对农田春小麦产量及品质有明显的提升效应，因此，可作为西北绿洲灌区提高农田小麦产量和品质的一种新的种植模式。

关键词: 春小麦, 施氮水平, 种植模式, 干物质, 籽粒品质

Abstract:

By optimising crop rotation patterns and nitrogen application regimes, changes in spring wheat yield and quality were explored to provide a scientific basis for establishing high-yielding, high-quality production practices on farmland. This study was conducted in the west oasis irrigation area of Gansu Province, and the trial was designed in a completely randomized group design. Four cropping patterns were established: wheat continuous crop (W), spring wheat-vicia sativa-spring wheat-vicia sativa (WV), spring wheat-winter wheat-vicia sativa (WWV) and spring wheat-winter rape-vicia sativa (WRV); three N levels were applied in the two-year crop rotation: without N (N0), 25% reduction of 270 kg/hm2 (N1), and conventional application of 360 kg/hm2 (N2). The determination of dry matter accumulation, yield and quality of wheat was carried out to establish a reasonable cropping pattern and nitrogen application system for the region, and thus increase wheat productivity. The results showed that dry matter accumulation increased rapidly from nodulation to filling stage at different levels of N application, N2 treatment had the highest dry matter accumulation at flowering stage, N1 reduced by 10.1% and 10.6% compared to N2 treatment; the three crop rotation patterns WRV, WWV and WV increased wheat dry matter accumulation by an average of 14.9%, 15.7% and 10.9%, and 11.8%, 8.6% and 8.1% in 2020 and 2022 compared to the continuous crop pattern. Under the reduced N treatment, wheat thousand grain weight, number of spikes per unit area and number of grains per spike were reduced, but the crop rotation pattern increased thousand grain weight, number of spikes per unit area, number of grains per spike, and yield. Yields were reduced by 11.5% and 12.5% in the N1 treatment compared to the N2, and increased by 18.5% and 23.8%, 10.3% and 16.1%, 6.0% and 11.5% in the WRV, WWV and WV rotations, respectively, compared to the continuous crop pattern. The crop rotation pattern combined with N fertilizer could effectively improve the quality of the seeds, where the seed protein content, sedimentation value and wet gluten content were enhanced. Correlation analysis showed that the crop rotation pattern combined with nitrogen fertilization had an enhancing effect on crop yield, which was mainly due to the synergistic increase in yield components. At the different nitrogen application level, the spring wheat-winter rape-vicia sativa rotation pattern had a significant effect on the yield and quality of farmland spring wheat. Therefore, it could be used as a new cropping pattern to improve the yield and quality of farmland wheat in the northwest oasis irrigation area.

Key words: spring wheat, nitrogen application level, cropping pattern, dry matter, seed quality