银黑双色地膜的小气候效应及其在草莓栽培上的应用研究

doi:10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0372

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

本研究基于2012—2021年慈溪市大棚草莓花果期（11月—次年4月）降水量、雨日、日照时数等逐日气象资料，分析了浙北地区连阴雨寡照发生频次和发生强度，同时，开展了大棚草莓双色地膜（上层为银灰色，下层为黑色）与黑色地膜覆盖应用效果对比试验。结果表明，2012—2020年慈溪市大棚草莓开花坐果期连阴雨发生概率为17.7%，发生次数呈微下降趋势，线性趋势系数为-0.005，连阴雨强度平均为6.3，发生强度呈增强趋势，线性趋势系数为0.0264。连阴雨发生次数最多为11月，最少为4月。7 d以上的连阴雨出现最多的是11月，其次是1月。在气温较低的冬春季，两种地膜覆盖模式均能有效提升和保持浅层土温至10℃以上，银黑双色膜处理组浅层地温整体低于黑膜覆盖处理组，平均气温低0.4℃；银黑双色膜处理组太阳总辐射整体高于黑膜覆盖组，平均值高9.1 W/m²。在生产早期（12月—次年2月），银黑双色膜处理草莓平均产量3629.4 kg/hm²，黑膜覆盖处理草莓平均产量2951.1 kg/hm²，增产可达20%。银黑双色膜处理对草莓叶片SPAD值、可溶性固形物和果实横径的增长有一定的促进作用。因此在生产上，可以采用覆盖银黑双色地膜，来改善大棚内小气候环境，达到草莓增产增收的作用。

关键词: 浙北地区, 草莓, 连阴雨寡照, 银黑双色地膜, 覆盖效果, 花果期, 产量

Abstract:

Based on the daily meteorological data, such as precipitation, rain days and sunshine duration during the flowering and fruiting stages (from November to April) of strawberry in greenhouse of Cixi City from 2012 to 2021, both occurrence frequency and intensity of continuous cloudy and rainy days in Northern Zhejiang Province were analyzed. Meanwhile, a comparative experiment was conducted regarding the application effects between silver-black mulch films (the upper layer adopts a silver mulch film while the lower layer adopts a black one) and black mulch film onto strawberry greenhouse. According to the findings, the probability of continuous cloudy and rainy days was 17.7% during the flowering and fruiting stages of greenhouse strawberry in Cixi City from 2012 to 2020, with their occurrence frequency of a slightly declining trend, and their linear trend coefficient was -0.005; the average intensity of continuous cloudy and rainy days was 6.3, with their occurrence intensity of an increasing trend, and their linear trend coefficient was 0.0264. The most frequent continuous cloudy and rainy days took place in November while the least took place in April. November saw the most frequent continuous cloudy and rainy days that lasted for over 7 days, followed by January. In the low-temperature winter and spring, both kinds of mulching modes could effectively raise and maintain the shallow soil temperature at or above 10℃; the shallow soil temperature of the silver-black-film-treated group was lower than that of the black-film-treated group, and the average temperature of the former group was 0.4℃ lower than that of the latter group; the total solar radiation of the silver-black-film-treated group was 9.1 w/m² higher in average than that of the black-film-treated group. In the early producing stage (from December to February), the average yield of strawberries treated with silver and black films was 3629.4 kg/hm² while the average yield of strawberries treated with black film was 2951.1 kg/hm², thus realizing an increase of 20%. Silver-black-film treatment exerted certain promoting effect on the SPAD value of strawberry leaf, the soluble solid and the transverse fruit diameter. Therefore, in the production, covering silver-black mulch films can improve the micro-climatic environment in the greenhouse and achieve the role of increasing production and income of strawberries.

Key words: Northern Zhejiang Province, strawberry, continuous cloudy and rainy days, silver-black mulch films, covering effect, flowering and fruiting season, yield

魏莎莎, 李清斌, 林宏伟, 范凯锋, 秦奔奔, 唐一宁, 陈磊. 银黑双色地膜的小气候效应及其在草莓栽培上的应用研究[J]. 中国农学通报, 2024, 40(32): 116-122.

WEI Shasha, LI Qingbin, LIN Hongwei, FAN Kaifeng, QIN Benben, TANG Yining, CHEN Lei. Micro-Climatic Effect of Silver-Black Mulch Films and Their Application in Strawberry Cultivation[J]. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin, 2024, 40(32): 116-122.

图/表 9

图1. 2012—2020年11月—次年4月逐月连阴雨发生次数

图2. 2012—2020年11月—次年4月逐月累计降水量和连阴雨强度

图3. 不同地膜覆盖平均浅层地温随日期的变化

图4. 不同地膜覆盖棚内太阳总辐射随日期的变化

处理	始花期		采收末期		株高增长量	冠幅增长量
处理	株高	冠幅	株高	冠幅	株高增长量	冠幅增长量
黑膜(CK)	20.8	40.9	35.1	46.4	14.3	5.5
银黑双色膜	19.6	39.9	28.3	46.5	8.7	6.6

表1. 不同地膜覆盖对大棚草莓植株农艺性状的影响 cm

图5. 不同地膜覆盖对大棚草莓叶片SPAD值的影响

图6. 不同地膜覆盖对大棚草莓小区产量的影响

图7. 不同地膜覆盖对大棚草莓果实横、纵径的影响

处理	早期				后期
处理	可溶性固形物 SSC%	酸度	糖酸比	硬度	可溶性固形物 SSC%	酸度	糖酸比	硬度
黑膜(CK)	11.4	0.9	12.6	2.94	9.6	0.8	11.7	1.84
银黑双色膜	12.5*	0.9	13.7*	3.25	9.8	0.7*	14.8*	2.07*

表2. 不同地膜覆盖对大棚草莓品质的影响

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