凡纳滨对虾常见细菌性疾病及其生物防治措施

doi:10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0673

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

凡纳滨对虾是一种重要的经济虾类，在集约化养殖过程中，细菌性疾病尤其是弧菌病（包括副溶血弧菌、溶藻弧菌、哈维氏弧菌、霍乱弧菌等）频繁发生，严重威胁着凡纳滨对虾养殖业的可持续发展。随着抗生素的滥用，耐药性细菌在水生环境中广泛存在并传播，给弧菌病的防治带来了新的挑战。因此，重视养殖环境维护和水质监测就显得极为重要。本文对凡纳滨对虾细菌性疾病及其生物防治措施开展了综述，包括生物絮团技术、微生态制剂、抗菌肽、群体感应抑制剂，以及蛭弧菌和噬菌体的应用。生物絮团技术与微生态制剂结合可改善水质，增强免疫，但受环境影响大，有益菌团稳定性难以控制。抗菌肽广谱抗菌安全不易耐药，但难保存且成本高。群体感应抑制剂能够精准防治，对环境的影响小，但机制研究少。蛭弧菌可以强效裂解革兰氏阴性菌，对阳性菌效果差且生长慢。噬菌体高度专一，但宿主范围窄。这些生物防治措施效果虽弱于抗生素，但对环境友好，不易耐药，能够减少对化学药的依赖，保护生态环境，提高养殖效益。未来可以创新并可持续发展生物防控技术，以应对病原菌耐药性和环保挑战。

关键词: 细菌性疾病, 弧菌, 微生态制剂, 生物防治, 凡纳滨对虾

Abstract:

As an important economic shrimp species, the Litopenaeus vannamei is frequently affected by bacterial diseases, especially Vibriosis (including Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Vibrio alginolyticus, Vibrio harveyi, Vibrio cholerae, etc.) during intensive aquaculture. This represents a significant risk to the long-term sustainability of aquaculture. With the widespread use of antibiotics, resistance genes of pathogenic bacteria are prevalent and widespread in the aquatic environment, posing new challenges to the prevention and treatment of Vibriosis. Therefore, it is extremely important to emphasize the maintenance of aquaculture environment and water quality monitoring. This review describes a series of biological control measures, including the use of biofloc technology, probiotics, antimicrobial peptides, quorum sensing inhibitors, and the use of biological control methods such as Bdellovibrio and like organisms and bacteriophage. The combination of biofloc technology and probiotics can improve water quality and enhance immunity. However, it is greatly affected by the environment, making it difficult to control the stability of bacteria flora. Antimicrobial peptides exhibit a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and they are safe and not easily resistant to drugs. However, they are difficult to preserve and have a high cost. Quorum-sensing inhibitors provide precise prevention and treatment with minimal environmental impact, but the mechanism research on them is limited. Bdellovibrio are effective at lysing Gram-negative bacteria but have a poor effect on Gram-positive bacteria and grow slowly. Bacteriophages are highly specific but have a narrow host range. Although these biological control measures are less effective than antibiotics, they are environmentally friendly, less prone to drug resistance, and aim to reduce chemical drug dependency, protect the ecosystem, and improve aquaculture efficiency. In the future, innovative and sustainable biological control technologies should be developed to address the challenges posed by pathogenic bacterial resistance and environmental protection.

Key words: bacterial diseases, Vibrio, probiotics, biological control, Litopenaeus vannamei

黄菊, 邓桦, 侯月娥, 巴娟, 杨鸿. 凡纳滨对虾常见细菌性疾病及其生物防治措施[J]. 中国农学通报, 2025, 41(12): 158-164.

HUANG Ju, DENG Hua, HOU Yuee, BA Juan, YANG Hong. Common Bacterial Diseases of Litopenaeus vannamei and Biological Control Measures[J]. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin, 2025, 41(12): 158-164.

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