栽培与施肥措施耦合对石漠化地区酸化土壤玉米产能提升的影响

doi:10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0784

中国农学通报 ›› 2025, Vol. 41 ›› Issue (15): 78-87.doi: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0784

• 资源·环境·生态·土壤 • 上一篇下一篇

栽培与施肥措施耦合对石漠化地区酸化土壤玉米产能提升的影响

徐晓健¹(), 何道文², 范博³, 赵宝义³, 黄鼐², 雷宝坤³(), 毛妍婷³()

¹ 昆明学院，昆明 650214
² 西畴县农业农村和科学技术局，云南文山 663599
³ 云南省农业科学院农业环境资源研究所，昆明 650205

收稿日期:2024-12-16 修回日期:2025-03-26 出版日期:2025-05-25 发布日期:2025-05-29
通讯作者:
毛妍婷，女，1982年出生，云南昆明人，研究员，博士，主要从事植物营养和农业环境保护研究。通信地址：650205 云南省昆明市盘龙区北京路延长线2238号，Tel：0871-65894459，E-mail：ytmaokm@163.com。
雷宝坤，男，1976年出生，云南曲靖人，研究员，博士，主要从事植物营养和农业环境保护研究。通信地址：650205 云南省昆明市盘龙区北京路延长线2238号，Tel：0871-65894459，E-mail：bklei@163.com。
作者简介:
徐晓健，男，1995年出生，河北沧州人，在读硕士研究生，主要从事农业环境保护研究。通信地址：650214 云南省昆明市经济技术开发区浦新路2号，Tel：0871-65098689，E-mail：1557431160@qq.com。
基金资助:
国家重点研发计划“滇南中低产田酸化阻控与产能提升技术示范及推广应用”(2022YFD1901504-06); 科技人才与平台计划 “中青年学术和技术带头人后备人才项目”(202405AC350095); 高层次科技人才及创新团队选拔专项“云南省农田面源污染防控创新团队”(202405AS350023); 云南省农业基础研究联合专项“长期施用有机肥对蔬菜不同耕层磷的转化及超累积机制”(202301BD070001-046)

Effect of Cultivation and Fertilization Coupling on Maize Productivity Improvement of Acidified Soil in Rocky Desertification Areas

XU Xiaojian¹(), HE Daowen², FAN Bo³, ZHAO Baoyi³, HUANG Nai², LEI Baokun³(), MAO Yanting³()

¹ Kunming University, Kunming 650214
² Xichou County Bureau of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Science and Technology, Wenshan, Yunnan 663599
³ Institute of Agricultural Environment and Resources, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming 650205

Received:2024-12-16 Revised:2025-03-26 Published:2025-05-25 Online:2025-05-29

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 探究不同栽培与施肥措施耦合对石漠化地区酸化土壤产能的影响，为石漠化地区酸化土壤改良，作物增产提供依据。于2023年在云南省文山壮族苗族自治州西畴县木者村开展土壤酸化改良试验，供试作物玉米品种为‘大天2416’、大豆品种为‘奎鲜5号’，设置不施肥(NK)、施化肥(CK)、玉米与大豆间作栽培(INT)、栽培与施肥措施耦合技术集成(TI)共4种处理，研究栽培与施肥措施耦合对土壤改良、玉米产量、玉米氮素、干物质积累与分配以及环境因子对玉米产量的影响。结果表明：TI、INT、NK和CK处理在收获期的土壤pH分别为pH 6.12、6.03、6.02、5.97；TI、INT、CK和NK的玉米籽粒产量分别为10321.44、9760.92、8116.14、5732.18 kg/hm²，TI和INT显著(P<0.05)提高玉米单位面积产量，NK显著(P<0.05)降低玉米产量；INT、TI和CK的籽粒氮素占地上部氮素比例分别为50.25%、50.91%和57.39%；INT、TI和CK的籽粒干物质占地上部干物质比例分别为49.19%、51.40%与54.13%；INT、TI和CK的氮素分配比例与干物质分配比例趋势相同。作物不同阶段影响作物产量因素不同，玉米苗期影响产量的因子为硝态氮含量、土壤pH、铵态氮含量，其解释度分别为76.4%、7.8%和6.6%，玉米营养生长旺盛阶段影响产量的因子为有效磷含量、速效钾含量，其解释度分别为76.9%和12.4%，玉米生殖生长阶段影响产量因子速效钾含量解释度为59.6%。研究发现在石漠化地区：（1）玉米大豆间作可以提高单位面积玉米产量，栽培与施肥措施耦合通过提高干物质向籽粒分配比例进一步提升产量并且明显提升土壤pH；（2）间作会使玉米植株地上部营养器官氮转移比例降低，对籽粒氮积累的贡献率减弱，与间作相比，栽培与施肥措施耦合可以提高玉米植株地上部营养器官氮转移比例及对籽粒氮积累的贡献率；（3）作物不同时期对肥料需求不同，玉米苗期对土壤pH、铵态氮及硝态氮含量敏感，玉米营养生长旺盛阶段对土壤有效磷、速效钾含量敏感，玉米生殖生长阶段对土壤速效钾含量敏感。

关键词: 土壤酸化, 石漠化, 栽培措施, 施肥措施, 玉米, 氮素利用率, 玉米大豆间作

Abstract:

The study aimed to explore the impact of the coupling of different cultivation and fertilization measures on the corn productivity of acidified soil in rocky desertification areas, providing a basis for the improvement of acidified soil and crop yield increase in rocky desertification areas. In 2023, a soil acidification improvement experiment was carried out in Muzhe Village, Xichou County, Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan Province. The experiment included the following treatments: (1) fertilization measures: no fertilization (NK), chemical fertilizer (CK); (2) cultivation measures: intercropping of maize and soybean (INT); (3) coupling of cultivation and fertilization measures: technology integration (TI). There were 3 categories with 4 treatment measures in total to study the impact of the coupling of cultivation and fertilization measures on soil improvement, maize yield, maize nitrogen, dry matter accumulation and distribution, as well as the impact of environmental factors on maize yield. The results showed that at the harvest stage, the soil pH of TI, INT, NK and CK treatments were pH 6.12, 6.03, 6.02 and 5.97, respectively. The maize grain yields of TI, INT, CK and NK treatments were 10321.44, 9760.92, 8116.14 and 5732.18 kg/hm², respectively. The TI and INT significantly (P<0.05) increased the maize yield per unit area, while no fertilization significantly (P<0.05) decreased the maize yield. The proportion of grain nitrogen in above-ground nitrogen for INT, TI, and CK treatments was 50.25%, 50.91% and 57.39%, respectively. The proportion of grain dry matter in above-ground dry matter for INT, TI, and CK treatments was 49.19%, 51.40% and 54.13%, respectively. The trends of nitrogen distribution ratio and dry matter distribution ratio were the same for INT, TI, and CK treatments. The factors affecting crop yield were different at different growth stages of the crop. At the maize seedling stage, the factors affecting yield were nitrate nitrogen content, soil pH and ammonium nitrogen content, with explanatory degrees of 76.4%, 7.8% and 6.6%, respectively. At the vigorous vegetative growth stage of maize, the factors affecting yield were available phosphorus content and available potassium content, with explanatory degrees of 76.9% and 12.4%, respectively. At the reproductive growth stage of maize, the available potassium content, as a factor affecting yield, had an explanatory degree of 59.6%. The following conclusions could be drawn: (1) maize-soybean intercropping could increase the maize yield per unit area. The coupling of cultivation and fertilization measures could further increase the yield by increasing the proportion of dry matter distributed to grains, and could significantly increase the soil pH. (2) Intercropping would reduce the nitrogen transfer ratio of the above-ground vegetative organs of maize plants and weaken the contribution rate to grain nitrogen accumulation. Compared with intercropping, the coupling of cultivation and fertilization measures could increase the nitrogen transfer ratio of the above-ground vegetative organs of maize plants and the contribution rate to grain nitrogen accumulation. (3) Crops had different fertilizer requirements at different growth stages. Maize was sensitive to soil pH, ammonium nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen content at the seedling stage; it was sensitive to soil available phosphorus and available potassium content at the vigorous vegetative growth stage, and it was sensitive to soil available potassium content at the reproductive growth stage.

Key words: soil acidification, rocky desertification, cultivation measures, fertilization measures, maize, nitrogen utilization efficiency, intercropping of maize and soybean

徐晓健, 何道文, 范博, 赵宝义, 黄鼐, 雷宝坤, 毛妍婷. 栽培与施肥措施耦合对石漠化地区酸化土壤玉米产能提升的影响[J]. 中国农学通报, 2025, 41(15): 78-87.

XU Xiaojian, HE Daowen, FAN Bo, ZHAO Baoyi, HUANG Nai, LEI Baokun, MAO Yanting. Effect of Cultivation and Fertilization Coupling on Maize Productivity Improvement of Acidified Soil in Rocky Desertification Areas[J]. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin, 2025, 41(15): 78-87.

图/表 9

处理	有机肥			生物炭			化肥施用量			N总量	P₂O₅总量	K₂O总量
处理	N	P₂O₅	K₂O	N	P₂O₅	K₂O	N	P₂O₅	K₂O	N总量	P₂O₅总量	K₂O总量
NK	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
CK	0	0	0	0	0	0	285.0	90.0	90.0	285.0	90.0	90.0
INT	0	0	0	0	0	0	285.0	90.0	90.0	285.0	90.0	90.0
TI	74.0	31.1	45.0	0.7	0.7	2.9	210.3	90.0	90.0	285.0	121.8	137.9

表1. 各处理养分含量施用情况 kg/hm2

处理	籽粒产量	玉米轴产量	秸秆产量	地上生物量
NK	5732.18 ±14.44 c	2006.67 ±36.56 d	3830.27 ±471.06 c	11569.12 ±426.55 c
CK	8116.14 ±265.54 b	2719.34 ±101.35 c	4157.17 ±266.54 c	14992.65 ±547.04 b
INT	9760.92 ±532.02 a	3359.40 ±69.8 b	6721.40 ±152.87 a	19841.71 ±730.6 a
TI	10321.44 ±710.79 a	3573.39 ±29.63 a	6185.90 ±82.89 b	20080.73 ±760.03 a

表2. 玉米地上生物量 kg/hm2

图1. 玉米田耕作层土壤pH变化

图2. 耕作层土壤养分含量变化

图3. 不同处理产量指标与环境因子的RDA分析（6月份）土壤硝态氮含量对玉米产量解释度：76.4%，P=0.002；土壤酸碱度(pH)对玉米产量解释度：7.8%，P =0.026；土壤铵态氮含量对玉米产量解释度：6.6%，P =0.008。标号1、2、3分别代表的处理的3次重复

图4. 不同处理产量指标与环境因子的RDA分析（7月份）土壤有效磷含量对玉米产量解释度：76.9%，P=0.002；土壤速效钾含量对玉米产量解释度：12.4%，P=0.002。标号1、2、3分别代表的处理的3次重复

图5. 不同处理产量指标与环境因子的RDA分析（9月份）土壤速效钾含量对玉米产量解释度：59.6%，P ==0.002。标号1、2、3分别代表的处理的3次重复

图6. 玉米氮素分配情况 A：氮素积累图；B：玉米成熟期各部分氮积累百分比；C：玉米各部分氮浓度

处理	氮肥偏生产力/(kg/kg)	氮素收获指数/%	氮肥表观回收率/%	氮肥农学利用率/(kg/kg)
NK	—	53.60 ±2.08 b	—	—
CK	28.48 ±0.93 b	57.39 ±2.71 a	21.46 ±1.81 b	8.36 ±0.88 b
INT	34.25 ±1.87 a	50.25 ±1.91 b	50.10 ±2.46 a	14.14 ±1.82 a
TI	36.22 ±2.49 a	50.91 ±0.76 b	51.71 ±3.7 a	16.10 ±2.47 a

表3. 不同处理对玉米氮素吸收利用的影响

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栽培与施肥措施耦合对石漠化地区酸化土壤玉米产能提升的影响

Effect of Cultivation and Fertilization Coupling on Maize Productivity Improvement of Acidified Soil in Rocky Desertification Areas

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