地膜覆盖对甘薯生长及生理指标的影响

doi:10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2025-0416

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

针对北方春旱区甘薯前期生长受水分胁迫、地膜覆盖效应与颜色优选机制不明确的问题，为明确不同颜色地膜对甘薯生长、光合生理及抗旱性的调控效应，以‘泰薯15’ ‘泰紫薯1号’为材料，设置不覆膜(CK)、白色地膜(WM)、黑色地膜(BM) 3个处理，测定土壤含水量、生长指标、渗透调节物质、光合特性、叶绿素荧光及抗氧化酶活性。结果表明：与CK相比，覆膜处理能显著提高栽插后10~30 d的土壤含水量，其中BM处理效果最佳，增幅达28.1%~77.9%；BM处理显著促进甘薯蔓长、分枝数、茎粗和叶面积的增长；在生理指标方面，BM处理显著提高叶片脯氨酸与叶绿素b含量，并显著降低丙二醛含量；光合特性上，BM处理的气孔导度与蒸腾速率显著提高，WM与BM处理的净光合速率及胞间CO₂浓度均显著高于CK，但二者间无显著差异；叶绿素荧光参数显示，覆膜处理显著提高PSⅡ最大光化学效率、实际光化学效率和光化学猝灭系数，降低非光化学猝灭系数，且BM处理的改善效果更突出；抗氧化酶方面，BM处理还显著提高了超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性。综上，黑色地膜覆盖可通过提高土壤水分含量、增强叶片光合能力、改善光系统性能及提升抗氧化能力，从而促进甘薯植株生长，其效果优于白色地膜。本研究为北方旱作区甘薯绿色高效栽培提供理论依据与技术支撑，未来可结合产量形成与长期田间验证优化覆膜配套技术。

关键词: 甘薯, 地膜覆盖, 土壤含水量, 光合特性, 抗氧化酶

Abstract:

To clarify the effects of film mulching on sweet potato growth under water stress during early establishment in the spring drought prone areas of northern China, and to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the differential responses to mulch color, a field experiment was conducted using cultivars ‘Taishu 15’ and ‘Taizishu 1’ as test materials. Three treatments were established: no mulching (CK), white film mulching (WM), and black film mulching (BM). Soil water content, growth parameters, osmotic adjustment substances, photosynthetic characteristics, chlorophyll fluorescence, and antioxidant enzyme activities were measured. The results showed that compared with CK, film mulching treatments significantly increased soil moisture content at 10-30 days after transplanting, with the BM treatment showing the best effect, achieving an increase of 28.1% to 77.9%. The BM treatment significantly promoted the growth of vine length, branch number, stem diameter, and leaf area. Regarding physiological indicators, the BM treatment significantly increased leaf proline and chlorophyll b content while significantly reducing malondialdehyde content. In terms of photosynthetic characteristics, stomatal conductance and transpiration rate were significantly increased under the BM treatment. The net photosynthetic rate and intercellular CO₂ concentration of both WM and BM treatments were significantly higher than those of CK, but there was no significant difference between the two film treatments. Chlorophyll fluorescence parameters indicated that film mulching treatments significantly increased the maximum photochemical efficiency of PSII, actual photochemical efficiency, and photochemical quenching coefficient, while decreasing the non-photochemical quenching coefficient, with the BM treatment showing more prominent improvement effects. Regarding antioxidant enzymes, the BM treatment also significantly increased the activities of superoxide dismutase and peroxidase. In conclusion, black plastic film mulching promotes sweet potato plant growth by increasing soil moisture content, enhancing leaf photosynthetic capacity, improving photosystem performance, and boosting antioxidant capacity, with its effects being superior to those of white plastic film. This study provides a theoretical basis and technical support for green and efficient sweet potato cultivation in the dry farming regions of northern China, and future research should integrate yield formation and long-term field validation to further optimize the mulching system.

Key words: sweet potato, plastic film mulching, soil water content, photosynthetic characteristics, antioxidant enzymes

中图分类号:

S531甘薯(红薯)

秦华伟, 陈路路, 田昌庚, 刘尚刚, 孙哲. 地膜覆盖对甘薯生长及生理指标的影响[J]. 中国农学通报, 2026, 42(15): 20-26.

QIN Huawei, CHEN Lulu, TIAN Changgeng, LIU Shanggang, SUN Zhe. Effects of Plastic Film Mulching on Growth and Physiological Indicators of Sweet Potato[J]. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin, 2026, 42(15): 20-26.

图/表 7

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处理	土壤含水量/%
处理	10 d	20 d	30 d
CK	47.22 ± 2.89 c	33.33 ± 1.41 b	24.53 ± 2.46 c
WM	55.38 ± 3.32 b	44.81 ± 2.77 a	38.10 ± 3.12 b
BM	60.47 ± 1.11 a	47.59 ± 2.19 a	43.64 ± 1.96 a

处理	土壤含水量/%
处理	10 d	20 d	30 d
CK	47.22 ± 2.89 c	33.33 ± 1.41 b	24.53 ± 2.46 c
WM	55.38 ± 3.32 b	44.81 ± 2.77 a	38.10 ± 3.12 b
BM	60.47 ± 1.11 a	47.59 ± 2.19 a	43.64 ± 1.96 a

测定指标	品种	处理
测定指标	品种	CK	WM	BM
蔓长/cm	泰薯15	38.2 ± 4.3 c	42.8 ± 6.7 b	44.2 ± 3.3 a
蔓长/cm	泰紫薯1号	40.3 ± 5.3 b	45.7 ± 6.3 a	47.3 ± 6.7 a
分枝数/个	泰薯15	5.0 ± 0.6 c	5.3 ± 0.5 b	5.9 ± 0.6 a
分枝数/个	泰紫薯1号	6.1 ± 0.4 b	6.7 ± 1.1 a	7.0 ± 0.8 a
茎粗/cm	泰薯15	0.47 ± 0.06 b	0.51 ± 0.06 a	0.53 ± 0.05 a
茎粗/cm	泰紫薯1号	0.53 ± 0.03 b	0.57 ± 0.08 a	0.59 ± 0.04 a
叶面积/m²	泰薯15	0.23 ±0.01 c	0.39 ± 0.01 b	0.42 ± 0.02 a
叶面积/m²	泰紫薯1号	0.27 ±0.03 c	0.43 ± 0.01 b	0.46 ± 0.01 a

测定指标	品种	处理
测定指标	品种	CK	WM	BM
蔓长/cm	泰薯15	38.2 ± 4.3 c	42.8 ± 6.7 b	44.2 ± 3.3 a
蔓长/cm	泰紫薯1号	40.3 ± 5.3 b	45.7 ± 6.3 a	47.3 ± 6.7 a
分枝数/个	泰薯15	5.0 ± 0.6 c	5.3 ± 0.5 b	5.9 ± 0.6 a
分枝数/个	泰紫薯1号	6.1 ± 0.4 b	6.7 ± 1.1 a	7.0 ± 0.8 a
茎粗/cm	泰薯15	0.47 ± 0.06 b	0.51 ± 0.06 a	0.53 ± 0.05 a
茎粗/cm	泰紫薯1号	0.53 ± 0.03 b	0.57 ± 0.08 a	0.59 ± 0.04 a
叶面积/m²	泰薯15	0.23 ±0.01 c	0.39 ± 0.01 b	0.42 ± 0.02 a
叶面积/m²	泰紫薯1号	0.27 ±0.03 c	0.43 ± 0.01 b	0.46 ± 0.01 a

测定指标	品种	处理
测定指标	品种	CK	WM	BM
净光合速率/[μmol/(m²·s)]	泰薯15	13.22 ± 0.41 b	17.38 ± 0.72 a	18.79 ± 1.13 a
净光合速率/[μmol/(m²·s)]	泰紫薯1号	14.56 ± 0.68 b	19.26 ± 1.04 a	20.87 ± 1.38 a
胞间CO₂浓度/(μmol/mol)	泰薯15	175.07 ± 10.60 b	215.33 ± 16.25 a	228.9 ± 19.12 a
胞间CO₂浓度/(μmol/mol)	泰紫薯1号	186.13 ± 14.42 b	226.70 ± 21.17 a	240.09 ± 22.18 a
气孔导度/[mmol/(m²·s)]	泰薯15	0.33 ± 0.018 b	0.36 ± 0.021 b	0.44 ± 0.026 a
气孔导度/[mmol/(m²·s)]	泰紫薯1号	0.39 ± 0.021 b	0.41 ± 0.023 b	0.53 ± 0.026 a
蒸腾速率/[mmol/(m²·s)]	泰薯15	2.53 ± 0.22 b	2.61 ± 0.19 b	3.25 ± 0.22 a
蒸腾速率/[mmol/(m²·s)]	泰紫薯1号	2.83 ± 0.25 b	3.02 ± 0.23 b	4.02 ±0.34 a
水分利用效率/(mmol/mol)	泰薯15	4.78 ± 0.37 b	5.96 ± 0.44 ab	6.24 ± 0.53 a
水分利用效率/(mmol/mol)	泰紫薯1号	5.25 ± 0.21 b	6.11 ± 0.29 a	6.23 ± 0.26 a