氨氧化菌及其在中国池塘养殖水质调控过程中的应用

doi:10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0687

中国农学通报 ›› 2022, Vol. 38 ›› Issue (33): 145-151.doi: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2022-0687

所属专题：生物技术

氨氧化菌及其在中国池塘养殖水质调控过程中的应用

陆诗敏¹^,²(), 李雅媛¹^,²^,³, 刘翀¹^,², 刘兴国¹^,², 鲍旭腾¹^,², 田昌凤¹^,², 顾兆俊¹^,², 周亮¹^,², 吴凡¹^,²()

¹中国水产科学研究院渔业机械仪器研究所，上海 200092
²农业农村部水产养殖设施工程重点实验室，上海 200092
³上海海洋大学水产与生命学院，上海 201306

收稿日期:2022-08-22 修回日期:2022-09-30 出版日期:2022-11-25 发布日期:2022-11-22
通讯作者: 吴凡
作者简介:陆诗敏，男，1982年出生，山东聊城人，副研究员，博士，研究方向：池塘生态工程与养殖废水处理技术。通信地址：200092 上海市杨浦区赤峰路63号中国水产科学研究院渔业机械仪器研究所生态工程研究室，E-mail：lushimin@fmiri.ac.cn。
基金资助:
国家现代农业产业技术体系资助项目“国家大宗淡水鱼产业技术体系”(CARS-45);中国水产科学研究院基本科研业务费资助项目“节地实用型淡水池塘尾水处理关键技术研发与系统集成”(2022XT0502);国家重点研发计划资助项目“典型养殖系统对自然水域生态系统的影响机理”(2018YFD0900701)

Ammonia-oxidizing Microorganisms and Their Application in Water Quality Control of Pond Aquaculture in China

LU Shimin¹^,²(), LI Yayuan¹^,²^,³, LIU Chong¹^,², LIU Xingguo¹^,², BAO Xuteng¹^,², TIAN Changfeng¹^,², GU Zhaojun¹^,², ZHOU Liang¹^,², WU Fan¹^,²()

¹Fishery Machinery and Instrument Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai 200092
²Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Facilities Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai 200092
³College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306

Received:2022-08-22 Revised:2022-09-30 Online:2022-11-25 Published:2022-11-22
Contact: WU Fan

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

氨氮是池塘养殖尾水治理过程中需着重考虑的一种污染物，池塘养殖环境氨氮氧化去除主要依赖氨氧化细菌、氨氧化古菌和厌氧氨氧化菌。本研究介绍了在自然界中已发现的几种氨氧化菌的氮素代谢机理，并结合池塘生态系统特征，着重从温度、pH、溶解氧、附着基质和光照角度，阐释氨氧化菌对池塘养殖水体的生态调控机制。基于氨氧化菌附着生活习性，现已研发出多种异位池塘养殖水质净化技术，在一定程度上，这些技术能发挥净水效果，但普遍存在占地面积大，造价高、效率低等问题。目前，中国池塘养殖水体处理领域，在氨氧化微生物菌剂和高效微生物反应器应用及研发方面比较薄弱。建议未来强化池塘低温高效氨氧化菌株筛选和富集培养研究，促进结构紧凑型水处理微生物反应器研发，丰富淡水池塘养殖尾水氨氮去除手段。

关键词: 氨氮, 氨氧化细菌, 氨氧化古菌, 附着载体, 光照

Abstract:

Ammonia is a pollutant that needs to be considered in the treatment of pond aquaculture discharge. The oxidation of ammonia in pond aquaculture mainly depends on ammonia-oxidizing bacteria, ammonia-oxidizing archaea and anaerobic ammonia-oxidizing bacteria. This study briefly introduces the nitrogen metabolic mechanism of several ammonia-oxidizing microorganisms found in nature, and explains the ecological regulation mechanism of these microorganisms in pond aquaculture water from perspectives of temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, attached substrate and light, in combination with the characteristics of pond aquaculture ecosystem. Based on attached growth habits of ammonia-oxidizing microorganisms, kinds of pond aquaculture water purification technologies have been developed, which play a role in water purification to a certain extent. However, there are common problems such as large floor area required, high cost and low efficiency. At present, the application and research of ammonia-oxidizing probiotics and high-efficiency microbial reactors in pond aquaculture water treatment in China are still relatively underdeveloped. It is suggested to strengthen the screening and enrichment of low-temperature and high-efficiency ammonia oxidation strains in the future, and to promote research on compact microbial reactors for water treatment, as well as to enrich the means of ammonia removal from freshwater pond aquaculture water.

Key words: ammonia, ammonia-oxidizing bacteria, ammonia-oxidizing archaea, attached substrate, light

中图分类号:

陆诗敏, 李雅媛, 刘翀, 刘兴国, 鲍旭腾, 田昌凤, 顾兆俊, 周亮, 吴凡. 氨氧化菌及其在中国池塘养殖水质调控过程中的应用[J]. 中国农学通报, 2022, 38(33): 145-151.

LU Shimin, LI Yayuan, LIU Chong, LIU Xingguo, BAO Xuteng, TIAN Changfeng, GU Zhaojun, ZHOU Liang, WU Fan. Ammonia-oxidizing Microorganisms and Their Application in Water Quality Control of Pond Aquaculture in China[J]. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin, 2022, 38(33): 145-151.

图/表 2

图1. 池塘养殖环境中可能存在的氮素流通途径在池塘水体或表层沉积物中，部分鱼虾粪便和残饵在异养微生物氨化作用下，将蛋白质分解成氨氮(NH4+)，在好氧硝化作用下，将其氧化成亚硝氮(NO2-)和硝氮(NO3-)，然后在厌氧条件下，被进一步还原成氮气(N2)，完成整个氮素流通过程。实线箭头：代表微生物介导的氨化、硝化和反硝化作用；虚线箭头：代表扩散作用；空心箭头：代表沉降作用

图2. 不同氨氧化微生物介导的氨氧化过程图中箭头代表氮素流通途径。AOA、AOB含有AMO和HAO，首先，AMO将NH4+或CO(NH2)2氧化成NH2OH，然后在HAO介导作用下，NH2OH被进一步氧化成胞外NO2-。Comammox不仅含有AMO、HAO，还含有NXR，利用这些酶，Comammox可将NH4+氧化成NO3-。AnAOB同时含有HZS、NIR和HDH，在厌氧条件下，其以NH4+和NO2-为底物，生成N2

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氨氧化菌及其在中国池塘养殖水质调控过程中的应用

Ammonia-oxidizing Microorganisms and Their Application in Water Quality Control of Pond Aquaculture in China

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