有机肥替代部分化学氮对马铃薯产量及品质的影响

doi:10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2025-0676

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

本研究旨在优化马铃薯种植中的施肥方案，探究有机肥替代部分化学氮对马铃薯产量及品质的影响，以期为江苏省马铃薯高产栽培提供科学依据。试验以‘中薯3号’为供试品种，设置5个施肥处理，总施氮量为180 kg/hm²：全量复合肥(N100)、以及不同比例有机肥替代复合肥的处理(T10、T20、T30、T100)。结果表明：（1）有机肥替代显著促进马铃薯株高发育，较N100处理增幅达6.12%~15.82%，其中T30和T100两处理差异达到显著水平。各个处理间出苗率、主茎数与茎粗，无显著差异，但T10处理的出苗率最高，T30处理的主茎数和茎粗均最高。（2）马铃薯产量和单株重随有机肥替代比例的增加呈先升后降的趋势，与N100相比，增幅分别为37.17%~72.80%和14.00%~28.27%，其中，T30处理的产量和单株重均最高，与N100处理达到显著差异，单株结薯数随着有机肥替代量的增加而线性上升，增幅达10.57%~40.17% (P<0.05)，而商品薯率无显著差异。（3）有机肥替代显著提升了粗蛋白含量(4.09%~18.57%)和还原糖含量(3.75%~14.71%)，但干物质含量有所减少，各处理间淀粉和维生素C含量无显著差异，其中，T30处理的淀粉含量和T100处理的维生素C含量最高。本研究结果表明，70%复合肥与30%有机肥配施能够协同提升马铃薯的生长、产量及品质，可作为江苏省马铃薯绿色生产的优化施肥方案。

关键词: 有机肥替代, 马铃薯, 产量, 品质, 配施

Abstract:

To investigate the optimization effect of organic fertilizer substitution for chemical fertilizers on yield and quality of potato, and to explore the optimum organic fertilizer substitution ratio for chemical fertilizer in potato production, which can provide the scientific basis for high-quality cultivation of potato in Jiangsu Province. The experiment used ‘Zhongshu 3’ as the test variety and set up five fertilization treatments under the condition of a total nitrogen application rate of 180 kg/hm², including 100% compound fertilizer (N100), 90% compound fertilizer + 10% organic fertilizer (T10), 80% compound fertilizer + 20% organic fertilizer (T20), 70% compound fertilizer + 30% organic fertilizer (T30), and 100% organic fertilizer treatment (T100). The results showed that: (1) the substitution of organic fertilizer significantly promoted the growth of potato plant height, with an increase of 6.12% to 15.82% compared to the N100 treatment, and the differences between the T30 and T100 treatments reached a significant level. Among all treatments, there were no significant differences in the emergence rate, the number of main stems and stem diameter. However, the T10 treatment exhibited the highest emergence rate, while the T30 treatment had the largest number of main stems and the thickest stem diameter. (2) Both the potato yield and weight per plant increased first and then decreased with the increasing substitution ratio of organic fertilizer. Compared to the N100 treatment, the yield increase ranged from 37.17% to 72.80%, and the increase in the weight per plant ranged from 14.00% to 28.27%. Specifically, the T30 treatment had the highest yield and weight per plant, reaching a significant difference compared to the N100 treatment. The number of tubers per plant increased linearly with the increase in the amount of organic fertilizer substitution, with an increase of 10.57% to 40.17% (P<0.05), while there was no significant difference in the rate of commodity potato. (3) The substitution of organic fertilizer significantly enhanced the crude protein content (4.09% to 18.57%) and reduced sugar content (3.75% to 14.71%), but the dry matter content decreased. There were no significant differences in starch and vitamin C content among the treatments, with the T30 treatment having the highest starch content and the T100 treatment having the highest vitamin C content. The results of this study indicated that the combined application of 70% compound fertilizer and 30% organic fertilizer can synergistically enhance the growth, yield and quality of potato, achieving a synergistic improvement of yield and quality. It can be used as an optimized fertilization strategy for green potato production in Jiangsu Province.

Key words: organic fertilizer substitution, potato, yield, quality, combined application

赵明明, 李可, 杜付荣, 张梅, 胡新燕, 陈晓光. 有机肥替代部分化学氮对马铃薯产量及品质的影响[J]. 中国农学通报, 2026, 42(5): 128-134.

ZHAO Mingming, LI Ke, DU Furong, ZHANG Mei, HU Xinyan, CHEN Xiaoguang. Effect of Partial Chemical Nitrogen Substitution by Organic Fertilizer on Potato Yield and Quality[J]. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin, 2026, 42(5): 128-134.

图/表 6

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土层/cm	容重/(g/cm³)	pH	有效磷/(mg/kg)	速效钾/(mg/kg)	有机质/(g/kg)	全氮/(g/kg)	碱解氮/(mg/kg)
0~20	1.56	8.38	16.24	146.84	17.17	0.89	25.5
20~40	1.67	8.48	12.54	120.73	13.91	0.87	29.63

土层/cm	容重/(g/cm³)	pH	有效磷/(mg/kg)	速效钾/(mg/kg)	有机质/(g/kg)	全氮/(g/kg)	碱解氮/(mg/kg)
0~20	1.56	8.38	16.24	146.84	17.17	0.89	25.5
20~40	1.67	8.48	12.54	120.73	13.91	0.87	29.63

处理	复合肥施用量	有机肥施用量	养分含量
处理	复合肥施用量	有机肥施用量	N	P₂O₅	K₂O
N100	1200	0	180	180	180
T10	1080	2279	180	179	176
T20	960	4557	180	178	172
T30	840	6835	180	177	168
T100	0	22785	180	171	141

处理	复合肥施用量	有机肥施用量	养分含量
处理	复合肥施用量	有机肥施用量	N	P₂O₅	K₂O
N100	1200	0	180	180	180
T10	1080	2279	180	179	176
T20	960	4557	180	178	172
T30	840	6835	180	177	168
T100	0	22785	180	171	141

处理	出苗率/%	株高/cm	主茎数	茎粗/cm
N100	94.98±1.49a	46.77±3.28c	3.03±0.32a	11.43±0.71a
T10	96.01±0.37a	49.63±1.86bc	2.80±0.34a	11.65±0.48a
T20	93.66±1.79a	50.67±1.04abc	3.13±0.25a	11.33±0.63a
T30	95.63±1.29a	51.17±1.61ab	3.20±0.30a	12.34±0.60a
T100	95.71±0.97a	54.17±2.36a	3.07±0.32a	11.42±1.12a