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中国农学通报

中国农学通报 ›› 2011, Vol. 27 ›› Issue (1): 36-41.

所属专题： 小麦

• 农学 农业基础科学 • 上一篇    下一篇

不同耕作方式对农田环境及冬小麦生产的影响

高宗军 李美 高兴祥 郭晓 刘可平   

  • 收稿日期:2010-09-03 修回日期:2010-09-26 出版日期:2011-01-07 发布日期:2011-01-07
  • 基金资助:

    农田恶性杂草防控新技术;山东省保护性耕作小麦田杂草发生消长规律研究

Effects of different tillage on farmland environment and yield of winter wheat

  • Received:2010-09-03 Revised:2010-09-26 Online:2011-01-07 Published:2011-01-07

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摘要：

为明确不同耕作方式对农田环境及小麦生产的影响，通过田间定位试验，研究了5种耕作方式对冬小麦田土壤物理特性、杂草、小麦产量及其构成因素的影响。结果表明，小麦拔节期以前，免耕及覆盖秸秆可显著提高表层土壤含水量，覆盖秸秆处理可显著降低土壤温度；小麦拔节后，作物覆盖度增加，处理间土壤含水量、温度差异减小。与旋耕（RT）相比，小麦收获后，免耕及覆盖秸秆可显著增加0~5 cm表土层容重、降低15~20 cm土层容重，可显著降低麦家公、播娘蒿的发生密度、株高及鲜重，显著增加荠菜的发生密度、株高及鲜重，旋耕秸秆还田（RTS）对荠菜的影响不显著，可降低麦家公、播娘蒿的发生密度，但有使其单株平均株高、鲜重增加的趋势。与RT相比，免耕覆盖秸秆3000 kg/hm2（NTS3000）、免耕不覆盖秸秆（NT）区小麦产量分别增加13.0%、8.3%，RTS、免耕覆盖秸秆6000 kg/hm2（NTS6000）区小麦产量分别降低9.1%和17.4%。NTS3000处理区农田环境有利于作物的生长发育，是较适合黄淮海地区的冬小麦保护性耕作方式。

关键词: 土地整理, 土地整理, 物理性状, 容重, 紧实度, 渗水速率

Abstract:

Field experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of different tillage on soil physical properties, weeds, yield of winter wheat and its components. Before jointing stage, NT, NTS3000 and NTS6000 could significantly increase the topsoil water content, NTS3000 and NTS6000 could significantly decrease soil temperature. After jointing stage, the difference of soil water content and temperature between different treatments decreased. Compared with RT, NT, NTS3000 and NTS6000 could significantly increase 0~5 cm soil bulk density, weed density, height and fresh weight of Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medic., and decrease 15~20 cm soil bulk density, weed density, height and fresh weight of Lithospermum ravense L. and Descurainia Sophia (L.) webb, RTS could also decrease the density of Lithospermum arvense L. and Descurainia sophia (L.) webb, but increased their average height and fresh weight. The grain yield of NTS3000 and NT was 13.0% and 8.3% higher than that of RT, whereas, RTS and NTS6000 was 9.1% and 17.4% lower than that of RT. In view of the beneficial effects of farmland environment on wheat production in NTS3000 plot, NTS3000 was the more suitable conservation tillage for North China Plain.