Abstract: The paper aims to understand current situation of winter wheat production in Shanxi in recent years, and provide scientific guidance for water and fertilizer management of winter wheat in Shanxi. The authors investigated the water and fertilizer management of winter wheat in Wenxi which was the largest wheat planting area in Shanxi for 3 consecutive years from 2011 to 2014. The results showed that: the winter wheat yield in Wenxi fluctuated because of annual precipitation. The fertilizer analysis showed that: winter wheat in irrigated land had the application of nitrogen (base fertilizer and top dressing) as 324 kg/hm² on average, and 72% of farmers utilized high amount of nitrogen fertilizer, the average P₂O₅ (base fertilizer and top dressing) application rate was 141 kg/hm², and 18% of farmers did not apply phosphorus fertilizer and 49% of farmers applied high amount of phosphorus. The average partial productivity of nitrogen and phosphorus of winter wheat in irrigated land was 16.83 kg/kg and 49.63 kg/kg, respectively. The average amount of nitrogen (base fertilizer) applied in winter wheat in dryland was 152 kg/hm², 59% of farmers utilized low amount of nitrogen. The average P₂O₅ (base fertilizer) was applied at the rate of 120 kg/hm² in dry land. The average partial productivity of nitrogen and phosphorus of winter wheat in dryland was 15.71 kg/kg and 23.29 kg/kg, respectively. Based on irrigation analysis, winter wheat yield in irrigated land increased with the average irrigation frequency. By input-output analysis, it was found that fertilization and irrigation of winter wheat occupied 27% and 32%, respectively, of the total investment amount. Besides, the net income was 4285 yuan/hm². The winter wheat fertilization in dryland accounted for 39% of the total investment and the net income was 1150 yuan/hm². In short, the yield and income were unstable mainly due to large differences of the annual precipitation, the application of phosphorus fertilizer was highlighted, but nitrogen input was unreasonable. The nitrogen input of irrigated land was too high, however that of dryland was too low, which restricted yield increase. Fertilization and irrigation input of winter wheat in irrigated land and fertilizer input of winter wheat in dryland occupied higher proportion of the total investment, which also had a greater impact on farmers’ income.