Current issue

• 2016 Vol.32 No.24 Published:29 August 2016

  Research Progress of Cadmium Accumulation and Regulation in Rice 黎用朝,闵军 and 黄海明 2016, 32 (24):  1-5.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15110029 Abstract + ( 1077 )   PDF ( 510KB )   ( 709 ) Cadmium absorbed by rice plants and enter the food chain ,then harm to human and animal health, the research of low Cadmium accumulation in rice has become a key research program in the field of ecological environment, rice cultivation and breeding. In this review , the authors attempt to show the characteristics of Cadmium accumulation and transformation in rice plants ,the cadmium control method and breeding rice cultivars with low Cadmium accumulation . The Cadmium accumulative rules between different rice varieties, different childbearing period and different organs of rice, the transport process of cadmium from soil to grain, the effect of the main Cadmium control technique, and the breeding technique on low Cadmium accumulation were discussed. And the future research of rice low cadmium accumulation was explored basing on Cadmium metabolism rules and genetic improvement, soil remediation , excellent varieties and scientific cultivation techniques.

  Effects of Different Nitrogen Levels on Yield Traits of Hybrid Rice Wei Yena,Zhang Jie,Yang Guotao,Li Yanan,Fan Yongyi,Jiang Fen,Chen Jing and Hu Yungao 2016, 32 (24):  6-10.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16050152 Abstract + ( 1041 )   PDF ( 489KB )   ( 751 ) In order to study the yield traits of hybrid rice under different nitrogen levels, four high-yield hybrid rice varieties (‘Yixiangyou 2115’, ‘Gangyou 188’, ‘Yixiangyou 1577’, ‘Gangyou 1577’) which were widely applied were used as materials in the nitrogen level experiments. The results showed that yield traits were regulated by rice varieties and nitrogen levels. The yields of ‘Yixiangyou 2115’ were not significantly different under different nitrogen levels. With the increase of nitrogen level, the yield of ‘Gangyou 188’ increased significantly. ‘Yixiangyou 1577’ and ‘Gangyou 1577’ exhibited the highest yield under normal nitrogen level. The order of the effects of the yield traits on yield under different nitrogen levels was grain number of per spike＞ panicle length＞ seed set percentage＞ effective panicle, and the effect of grain number of per spike was very remarkable. Therefore, there were significant differences in the sensitivity of different hybrid rice varieties to nitrogen. In production, the optimal hybrid rice variety needs to be selected according to the field fertility level.

  Effects of Carbon-based Compound Fertilizer on Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium Absorption and Yield of Oryza sativa L. Fan Xinglu,Yi Zili,Liu Fulai,Xing Jiayun,Li Jiao and Wang Huiqun 2016, 32 (24):  11-17.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16030005 Abstract + ( 1066 )   PDF ( 1103KB )   ( 739 ) In order to study the effect of carbon-based compound fertilizer (carbon-based fertilizer) on nitrogen(N), phosphorus(P) and potassium(K) absorption and yield, taking hybrid rice ‘Zhuliangyou 819’ as the experimental material, we set up field experiments using randomized block design in 2014 and 2015. The results showed that the utilization ratio of nitrogen fertilizer, phosphate fertilizer and potassium fertilizer under carbon-based fertilizer treatments increased by 5.6%, 4.3% and 7.6%, respectively, compared with that under ordinary fertilizer treatment in 2014. The utilization ratio of nitrogen fertilizer, phosphate fertilizer and potassium fertilizer under carbon-based fertilizer treatments increased by 6.3%, 6% and 8.5% respectively, compared with that under ordinary fertilizer treatment in 2015. Carbon-based fertilizer treatments increased the rice yield by 1.75% in 2014 and 1.41% in 2015, respectively, in comparing with ordinary fertilizer treatment. The improved fertilizer utilization order of carbon-based compound fertilizer was P fertilizer>K fertilizer>N fertilizer. In conclusion, carbon-based compound fertilizer can improve bioavailability of N, P and K, and rice fertilizer utilization, thus to enhance rice yield.

  Effect of Temperature on Early Rice Yield at Different Growth Stages He Yang,Liu Yang,Fang Baohua,He Xiaoe,Yang Jian,Teng Zhenning and Zhang Yuzhu 2016, 32 (24):  18-24.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16030024 Abstract + ( 1163 )   PDF ( 1345KB )   ( 576 ) In order to provide a scientific basis for the study on responses of rice to temperature stress, the effect of temperature on rice yield at different growth stages was investigated. A 7-day temperature control experiment was conducted in artificial intelligence climatic chamber by the method of pot culture, the effect of temperature on rice yield and its components were observed in tillering stage, booting stage and the filling stage. The results showed that the biomass followed the order of low temperature＞ middle temperature＞ high temperature and filling stage＞ booting stage＞ tillering stage; the change of temperature had great effect on productive panicle in tillering stage and booting stage, and had little effect on productive panicle in filling stage; temperature control had the most obvious effect on grain forming in booting stage, and high temperature caused the reduction of grain forming percentage; high temperature reduced thousand seed weight in booting stage, and the difference was not significant in other stages; yield of per plant followed the order of low temperature＞ middle temperature＞ high temperature and filling stage＞ tillering stage＞ booting stage, high temperature treatment had the lowest yield in booting stage, which was reduced by 26.80% to 42.46% and 21.16% to 36.22% in comparing with that of low temperature treatment and middle temperature treatment in the same stage respectively. The results indicated that high temperature had the greatest effect on early rice yield and yield components, and the booting stage was the most sensitive stage.

  Difference of Flag Leaf Photosynthetic Rate, Yield and Quality Among Different Panicle-type Rice Varieties 2016, 32 (24):  25-30.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16040066 Abstract + ( 1305 )   PDF ( 972KB )   ( 613 ) The objective was to investigate the influence of panicle type on yield and quality of rice. The semi erect panicle-type ‘Xindao 22’ and curved panicle-type ‘Huang Jinqing’ was used as materials. The differences of photosynthetic, yield and quality were studied under different nitrogen treatments. The results showed that the change trend of the flag leaf photosynthetic rate decreased at first, then rose and then decreased under different nitrogen fertilizer treatments during rice growing process. At the early grain-filling stage, the photosynthetic rate of the two spike type cultivars all decreased significantly, and the decline range of curved panicle type was significantly higher than that of the semi erect panicle type, the average decline range was 54.93% and 19.37%, respectively. The maximum photosynthetic rate of the semi erect panicle type was averagely 7.46% higher than that of the curved panicle type. The yield of semi erect panicle was higher than that of curved panicle. The nitrogen levels reached the highest yield productivity in the two rice types were different. ‘Xindao 22’ and ‘Huang jinqing’ reached the maximum yield under 225 kg/hm2 and 262.5 kg/hm2 nitrogen level, respectively. Semi erect panicle type was higher than that of the curved panicle type in brown rice rate and milled rice rate, and the difference among different nitrogen treatments in the same type was less. The percentage of chalk grain and the degree of chalk of the curved panicle type was higher than that of the semi erect panicle type, and lower than the semi erect panicle type in the taste value. It was illustrated that the appearance and taste quality of the curved panicle type rice were inferior to semi erect panicle type. Based on the above results, the semi erect panicle type had low nitrogen requirement, and better yield and quality in comparing with the curved panicle type, which indicated that the semi erect panicle type could be the main morphological index of rice in plant type-breeding, at the same time, the cultivation with decreasing nitrogen could improve the yield and quality in synergy.

  Agronomic Characters of Strong Tillering Two-line Sterile Lines ‘Ming S’ Sun Jiali and Peng Jiming 2016, 32 (24):  31-35.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16050007 Abstract + ( 708 )   PDF ( 562KB )   ( 553 ) The aims were to further research the characteristics of two-line nuclear sterile line ‘Ming S’, and obtain high-yielding combinations and get extensive application in the production. ‘Pei’ai 64S’ was used as the control, the botany characteristics and biological characteristics of ‘Ming S’ and ‘Pei’ai 64S’ were analyzed under the same cultivation and management conditions. Results showed that ‘Ming S’ had a good plant type, strong tillering ability, high effective panicles rate, strong resistance to blast, etc. The effective panicle number per plant was 17. Microscopic examination suggested that the pollen sterility had non-pollen type and a few typical failure plants. Its fertility rate and sterile degree were both 100%, selfing seed setting rate was 0. ‘Ming S’ had high stigma exsertion rate of 84.7% and allogamous seed setting rate was more than 70%. It had better rice quality which brown rice rate, head rice rate, gel consistency and alkali spreading value reached the standard level 1. It had resistance to rice blast, bacterial leaf blight and lower rates of sheath blight disease. Consequently, two-line nuclear sterile lines ‘Ming S’ possessed strong tillering characteristics, and it was thermo sensitive genic male sterile line with resistance to rice blast.

  Effects of Soil Water Content After Field Drying on Rice Effective Tillers Yang Jun,Huang Shue,Zhang Jinen,Zhang Chonghua and Wang Shangming 2016, 32 (24):  36-42.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16050037 Abstract + ( 990 )   PDF ( 4087KB )   ( 407 ) In order to investigate the relationship between effective tillers of rice and soil water content, experiments were carried out with early rice ‘Ganxin 203’ and late rice ‘Wufengyou T025’, the treatment without field drying was used as CK, four field drying treatments were conducted, which were field drying for 5 days (W1) and 10 days (W1) when tillers came to 70% expected panicles, field drying for 5 days (W3) and 10 days (W4) when tillers came to 80% expected panicles, soil volumetric water content in 5, 10 and 20 cm depth was monitored by soil moisture recorder, the effect of soil water content under different field drying treatments was investigated. The results showed that treatment W1, W3, and W4 of early rice and W2 and W3 of late rice could reduce ineffective tillers and increase earbearing tiller percentage in late tillering stage. The treatment effect of early rice was W4> W1> W3> CK> W2, and that of late rice was W2> W3> W1> CK> W4. The relationship between effective tillers of per plant, earbearing tiller percentage and soil volumetric water content in 5, 10 and 20 cm depth could be fitted by the quadratic curve. Effective tiller number and earbearing tiller percentage reached the highest when 0-20 cm soil volumetric water content reached 47%-55% at late tillering stage after field drainage and drying.

  Effects of Different Substrate Fertilization Methods on Physiology and Yield of Machine-transplanted Rice Huang Niansheng,Zhang Xiaoxiang,Jiang Min,Wu Zheng,Yuan Jing,Wu Shiqing,Li Aihong and Dai Zhengyuan 2016, 32 (24):  43-48.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15110127 Abstract + ( 942 )   PDF ( 738KB )   ( 377 ) In order to improve the seedling quality and the effect of seedling substrate on machine-transplanted rice, the conventional seedling substrate Chaimihe was used as the material, added with the special seedling fertilizer Yumiaobanlv in different ways, to study the influence of substrates on seedling quality. The results showed that the seedling quality was improved significantly along with the fertilization containing Yumiaobanlv, including the plant height, the leaf age, the base stem width, the leaf area per plant, the value of SPAD, the root volume, the dry weight per hundred seedlings, the strong seedling index and so on. The contents of the available nitrogen and the rapidly available phosphorus increased significantly in the substrates, and the content of soluble protein in the seedling body was improved, and the enzyme activities of GS, GPT, GOT and SOD were also increased. The yield of machine-transplanted rice increased significantly after transplanting to field. The effects of mixing Yumiaobanlv with the substrates and sowing Yumiaobanlv between plate and seedbed were much better than that of other fertilization methods. Yumiaobanlv mixed with the substrates was an effective measure to solve the problems such as the deficiency of nitrogen and the instability of seedling quality. The sooner Yumiaobanlv was used, the better the effect was.

  Effect of Salt Stress Concentration on Germination and Seedling Growth of Wheat Liu Dan,Wang Jianhe,Wang Conglei,Liang Dan,Shi Xiaowei,Zheng Jingjing and Feng Gang 2016, 32 (24):  49-54.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16040089 Abstract + ( 1471 )   PDF ( 4705KB )   ( 755 ) Increasing the yield of medium and low yield fields represented by salinization has become the main way to improve the production of wheat, which is of great significance for the food security in China. According to the germination rate under 300 mmol/L NaCl stress and the height, root length, root number under 200 mmol/L and 400 mmol/L salt stress, salt tolerance of 21 winter wheat germplasm and hydroponic seedlings selected from different ecological zones were identified, salt tolerance ability was evaluated according to germination rate and plant change in seedling stage of experimental material. The results showed that three first-grade salt-tolerant varieties, three second-grade salt-tolerant varieties and 5 third-grade salt-tolerant varieties were screened out, which enriched the salt tolerance germplasm resource of wheat. Compared with the method of salt pool, the method in this paper had the advantages of small workload and fast speed, and the results were consistent to field performance. The results could provide theoretical and technical support for wheat salt resistance breeding, and increasing wheat yield in saline soil.

  Water and Fertilizer Management of Winter Wheat: A Case Study of Wenxi in Shanxi Zhang Weibin,Sun Min,Gao Zhiqiang,Ren Aixia,Wang Shuai,Zhang Mian and Chen Mengnan 2016, 32 (24):  55-62.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16040103 Abstract + ( 564 )   PDF ( 1041KB )   ( 420 ) The paper aims to understand current situation of winter wheat production in Shanxi in recent years, and provide scientific guidance for water and fertilizer management of winter wheat in Shanxi. The authors investigated the water and fertilizer management of winter wheat in Wenxi which was the largest wheat planting area in Shanxi for 3 consecutive years from 2011 to 2014. The results showed that: the winter wheat yield in Wenxi fluctuated because of annual precipitation. The fertilizer analysis showed that: winter wheat in irrigated land had the application of nitrogen (base fertilizer and top dressing) as 324 kg/hm2 on average, and 72% of farmers utilized high amount of nitrogen fertilizer, the average P2O5 (base fertilizer and top dressing) application rate was 141 kg/hm2, and 18% of farmers did not apply phosphorus fertilizer and 49% of farmers applied high amount of phosphorus. The average partial productivity of nitrogen and phosphorus of winter wheat in irrigated land was 16.83 kg/kg and 49.63 kg/kg, respectively. The average amount of nitrogen (base fertilizer) applied in winter wheat in dryland was 152 kg/hm2, 59% of farmers utilized low amount of nitrogen. The average P2O5 (base fertilizer) was applied at the rate of 120 kg/hm2 in dry land. The average partial productivity of nitrogen and phosphorus of winter wheat in dryland was 15.71 kg/kg and 23.29 kg/kg, respectively. Based on irrigation analysis, winter wheat yield in irrigated land increased with the average irrigation frequency. By input-output analysis, it was found that fertilization and irrigation of winter wheat occupied 27% and 32%, respectively, of the total investment amount. Besides, the net income was 4285 yuan/hm2. The winter wheat fertilization in dryland accounted for 39% of the total investment and the net income was 1150 yuan/hm2. In short, the yield and income were unstable mainly due to large differences of the annual precipitation, the application of phosphorus fertilizer was highlighted, but nitrogen input was unreasonable. The nitrogen input of irrigated land was too high, however that of dryland was too low, which restricted yield increase. Fertilization and irrigation input of winter wheat in irrigated land and fertilizer input of winter wheat in dryland occupied higher proportion of the total investment, which also had a greater impact on farmers’ income.

  Effect of Nitrogen Fertilizer Reduction on Soil Nutrient and Corn Yield of Northeast Slope Land Han Ruiyun,Liu Zhifa,Yang Shiqi,Chen Zhe and Yang Zhengli 2016, 32 (24):  63-68.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16050061 Abstract + ( 621 )   PDF ( 2349KB )   ( 491 ) The paper aims to explore rational fertilization method for corn production in northeast black earth region, reduce nitrogen loss caused by excessive application of fertilizer, and provide basis for rational application of nitrogen fertilizer. The authors set up five treatments in Fangzheng County, Heilongjiang Province, to study the effect of different fertilizer application amounts on soil nutrient and maize yield in black earth region. The results showed that the treatment of 25% fertilizer reduction had the highest corn yield. The nitrate nitrogen residual quantity increased with the increase of nitrogen fertilizer application amount, nitrate nitrogen content showed significant differences among different maize growth periods and soil layers. Fertilizer reduction had little effect on available nitrogen content. Nitrate nitrogen and available nitrogen content all showed decrease trend with the increase of soil layer. The reduction of nitrogen fertilizer application amount had no significant effect on soil organic matter. The reduction of fertilizer had little effect on soil available phosphorus in surface soil, soil available phosphorus in 10-30 cm soil layer and fertilizer application amount had no obvious regularity. Considering maize yield and ecological environmental benefits, the treatment of 25% fertilizer reduction was the best.

  Fertilizer Supply and Planting Density on Protein Content of Maize He Jinming,Gao Junling,Song Chaoyu,Wang Shengjian,Li Zhenqing and Gong Mingbo 2016, 32 (24):  69-75.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15110074 Abstract + ( 770 )   PDF ( 1083KB )   ( 397 ) Under conventional tillage, we studied the effects of fertilization and planting density on maize protein content, in order to find out the cultivation theory basis that enhances the maize protein content. Quadratic orthogonal regressive rotation design with five factors was applied to studying the relationship between protein content of maize in 2013 and fertilization and density through wheat-maize rotation, thus to put forward the control measures. The results showed that if other factors were in medium level, protein content firstly increased and then decreased with the increase of nitrogen fertilizer or organic manure, but firstly decreased and then increased with phosphorus fertilizer increase, and showed a gradual linear rise with the increase of potassium fertilizer and planting density. The effect of nitrogen fertilizer on protein content of maize reached a very significant level, the effect of organic manure reached a significant level, but the other factors did not influence significantly. Certain significant interactions occurred between the rate of organic manure and planting density, and between the amount of nitrogen fertilizer and the amount of potassium fertilizer, but no significant interaction was found between the other experimental factors. It indicated that overusing nitrogen fertilizer and organic manure could not benefit the protein content of maize, but rational supply of P and K fertilizer and increasing planting density could get a higher protein content of maize.

  Resistance of Soybean Lines with Different Protein Contents in Jinf Population to SCN4 Shi Hong 2016, 32 (24):  76-84.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16020053 Abstract + ( 586 )   PDF ( 4184KB )   ( 316 ) In order to study the resistance of soybean lines with different protein contents in RIL Jinf population to SCN4, the resistance of different lines was studied. The protein content was determined by Grain Analyzer, and the cyst volume of root system of high resistant lines and interval of protein content level were obtained. The result showed that the resistance to SCN4 race was not uniform among lines with different protein content in Jinf population, and cyst reaction was from 1.1 to 106.5, with an average of 68.6. High protein lines and low protein lines had low resistance to SCN4. Lines with prominent resistance had the protein content of 42% to 45%, cyst reaction was from 0.4 to 7, and the average was 3.14.

  Effects of Root-cutting and Earth-up on Senescence Characteristics and Yield of Peanut Guo Qing,Cui Xiaoming,Zhang Xiaojun,Zhao Changxing,Wang Minglun and Wang Yuefu 2016, 32 (24):  85-89.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16020076 Abstract + ( 849 )   PDF ( 466KB )   ( 391 ) A field experiment under mulching was conducted to study the effects of three treatments (root-cutting, earth-up, root-cutting and earth-up) on the senescence characteristics and yield of peanut and enrich the theoretical and technical basis for peanut cultivation. The results showed that earth-up treatment increased SOD and POD activities and the content of soluble protein in functional leaf, decreased MDA content and sometimes to a significant level. Root-cutting treatment decreased first and then increased the activities of SOD and POD and soluble protein content and decreased MDA content by compensation effect, which showed the effect of first inhibition and then improvement. Root-cutting and earth-up treatment had the advantages of both root-cutting treatment and earth-up treatment, which showed superimposed effect. The treatment of root-cutting, earth-up and root-cutting and earth-up all significantly increased pod yield, 100-kernel weight, 100-pod weight and valid pods. Root-cutting and earth-up treatment had the greatest increasing range among the treatments. This study clarified suitable cultivation techniques for high yield, and provided theoretical support and technical guidance for peanut cultivation.

  Cultural Factors Regulating Anthocyanin Biosynthesis in Potato, Sweet Potato and Other Crops Wu Cuiping,Shen Xueshan,Qu Huijuan,Huang Gang,Wang Xiyao and Wang Ping 2016, 32 (24):  90-96.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15110055 Abstract + ( 968 )   PDF ( 582KB )   ( 593 ) Purple potato, purple sweet potato and other purple crops are rich in anthocyanin, which is regard as a natural antioxidant, thus are favored by more and more consumers. In order to promote the production of purple potato and purple sweet potato, the data related to the regulating effect of cultural factors, such as fertilization (nitrogen, phosphate, potassium, selenium, organic and compound fertilizer), planting technique (density, harvest period, cover pattern, shading, altitude) and exogenous substances (sugar, hormones, rooting powder), on anthocyanin biosynthesis mechanism in potato tuber and sweet potato root were analyzed. The research direction and application prospects of anthocyanin biosynthesis in purple potato and purple sweet potato were also discussed. This paper would provide reference for further research on anthocyanin biosynthesis.

  Influence of Biodegradable Mulch on Water Use Efficiency and Growth of Dryland Potato Wang Jianwu,Zhang Xiong and Duan Yizhong 2016, 32 (24):  97-102.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16040136 Abstract + ( 885 )   PDF ( 2359KB )   ( 552 ) To study the influence of biodegradable mulch on potato growth and water use efficiency under dry conditions, ‘Zihuabai’ was used as experimental material, five covering including the bare land (CK), polyethylene plastic film covering, biodegradable A film, corn straw and biodegradable B film were set to study the effects of ecological film on soil temperature, soil water use efficiency and the yield of potato. The results showed that: compared with that of traditional bare land (CK), the average temperature of top soil (0-25 cm) of polyethylene plastic film, biodegradable A film, corn straw, biodegradable B film increased by 2.02, 1.67, 1.40 and 1.47℃, respectively; all the mulching materials could improve soil moisture content, under polyethylene plastic film, biodegradable A film, corn straw, biodegradable B film, the water moisture content increased by 3.12%, 2.00%, 1.92% and 2.48%, respectively. Compared with that of bare land, the tuber yield of polyethylene plastic film, biodegradable A film, corn straw and biodegradable B film increased by 6.25%, 21.18%, 17.07%, 31.71%. These results suggested that the biodegradable membrane mulching could improve soil temperature, soil moisture content and the yield of potato, biodegradable B film performed the best among different ways of mulching.

  Effects of Water and Nitrogen Coupling on Cotton Growth Characteristics and Yield in Arid Area Yang Shoule,Deng Zhong,Zhai Guoliang,Li Ying,Song Zhiwei and Jing Ming 2016, 32 (24):  103-108.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16030060 Abstract + ( 1105 )   PDF ( 506KB )   ( 394 ) The objective is to analyze the growth mechanism of water and nitrogen coupling on mulched-cotton by drip irrigation. A completely random design of irrigation and nitrogen application was conducted for studying the coupling effects of water and nitrogen on cotton growth characteristics and yield. Results showed that the seedling to budding duration days were prolonged when the irrigation quota was 3300 m3/hm2, the flowering to boll opening duration days were shortened, and had lower above-ground dry matter accumulation. Cotton plant height, above-ground dry matter accumulation increased when the irrigation quota was 4500 m3/hm2, but the yield firstly increased then decreased with the nitrogen application rate increase. The duration days from the bud to full-boll stage was the shortest and the boll shedding rate was higher under different kinds of irrigation quota with the nitrogen application rate of 150 kg/hm2. The plant height and above-ground dry matter were highest when the nitrogen application rate increased to 375 kg/hm2, but the leaf area index, available bolls per plant and single boll weight were declined. The duration days of the bud to full-boll stage increased when the irrigation quota was 3900 m3/hm2 and the nitrogen application rate was 300 kg/hm2, which led to a lower boll shedding rate and optimized yield components, so the yield came to 6992.33 kg/hm2.

  Influence of Different Processing Methods on 9 Species of Allium Seed Germination Mao Zhuxin,Zhang Ying,Han Guijun,Yang Qunli,Dong Changgen and Zhang Ruibo 2016, 32 (24):  109-112.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16050127 Abstract + ( 645 )   PDF ( 1171KB )   ( 427 ) Abstracts: Allium plants have high nutritive and economic value. In order to protect and develop allium plants and screen out the optimum germination treatment, through the international seed communication channel of Xi’an botanical garden, 8 allium plants were collected from other botanical gardens in the world, and the influence of different processing methods (concentrated H2SO4, PEG and cold stratification treatment) on 9 species of allium seed germination was studied. The results showed that different treatments had different influences on seed germination. Both concentrated H2SO4 treatment for 5 min and 15% PEG treatment for 6 h could promote seed germination, the germination rate of 4 species was above 80% under concentrated H2SO4 treatment, but there was only one species under PEG treatment. Only 6 species could germinate under cold stratification treatment, and the germination rate was 7%-64%. Only 4 species could germinate under CK treatment, and the germination rate was 12%-57%. Concentrated H2SO4 treatment was the best among these three treatments, it could promote allium seed germination rate efficiently. Allium seed in this study had weak responses to concentrated H2SO4 and PEG, which might be related to dormancy mechanism and it needed further study.

  The Optimal Irrigation System of Alfalfa Based on WIN ISAREG Model Tong Changfu,Li Heping,Bai Bater,Zheng Hexiang,Wang Jun and Zhang Ye 2016, 32 (24):  113-118.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16030219 Abstract + ( 741 )   PDF ( 1914KB )   ( 310 ) In order to research the efficient water-saving irrigation system of alfalfa in Xilin River Basin, based on field irrigation experiments, the irrigation system of alfalfa under drip irrigation in Xilin River Basin was studied. WIN ISAREG model was used to appraise the actual irrigation system. On this basis, multiple irrigation schemes design and simulation were conducted according to the water demand characteristics of alfalfa. The results showed that in the squaring stage, which was the critical period of water requirement of alfalfa, the soil water consumption rate was the lowest, and crop coefficient, yield response coefficient and evapotranspiration were the highest. Alfalfa field was irrigated ten times during the plant growth period, and the irrigation quantity was 250 mm, the rate of yield decline was 6.0%. The results can provide a reference for irrigation forecast of alfalfa and the irrigated artificial pasture construction in Xilin River Basin.

  Fertilization Techniques for Winter Flax in Dongting Lake Area Ma Yushen,Deng Piao and Jie Yucheng 2016, 32 (24):  119-125.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15120024 Abstract + ( 741 )   PDF ( 1970KB )   ( 510 ) In order to promote the industry of fiber combination oil flax in winter in south China, 14 fertilizer treatments were set by using different fertilizer application ratios of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, two cultivars were tested under different fertilization treatments in different test points, so as to select the best implementation plan which could fit the growth of flax in Dongting Lake. Fiber combination oil flax obtained high-yield through reasonable fertilization regulation in low-lying and dry land pilot, the best performance was cultivar ‘Lunxuan-2’. In low-lying pilot, the stem yield was 7000.30 kg/hm2, the seed yield was 538.90 kg/hm2. In dry land pilot, the stem yield was 5520.30 kg/hm2, and the seed yield was 424.96 kg/hm2. For fertilization techniques, the optimal fertilization for ‘Zhongya No.2’ in the low-lying paddy field was N2P0K2 (N 400 kg/hm2, P2O5 15 kg/hm2, K2O 125 kg/hm2), and for ‘Lunxuan-2’ was N2P2K0 (N 350 kg/hm2, P2O5 25 kg/hm2, K2O 0). In dry land pilot, the optimal fertilization for ‘Zhongya No.2’ was N2P2K0 (N 375 kg/hm2, P2O5 52.5 kg/hm2, K2O 0), and for ‘Lunxuan-2’ was N2P0K2 (N 400 kg/hm2, P2O5 10 kg/hm2, K2O 150 kg/hm2).

  Extraction of Monocrotaline from Crotalaria pallida Seed Zhang Xuyuan,Luo Haixi,Yu Yuling and Pei Donggui 2016, 32 (24):  126-129.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16030160 Abstract + ( 1091 )   PDF ( 807KB )   ( 606 ) In order to improve the extraction yield of monocrotaline and provide wide resources for monocrotaline medicine, monocrotaline was extracted from Crotalaria pallida seeds in Hainan Province. Constant temperature extraction was combined with ultrasonic treatment process, and hydrochloric acid, ethanol, chloroform were used as extraction solvent for the extraction. The crude extract was purified using the dissolution characteristic of the alkaloids. The results showed that the optimal extraction process was using ethanol as extraction solvent with material liquid ratio being 1:4, leaching under 75℃ for 4 hours first, and then using ultrasonic cell crushing apparatus for 30 minutes. Under the above conditions, the average content of monocrotaline from Crotalaria pallida seed was 34.736 mg/g.

  The Clone and Sequence Analysis of BiCDPK Conserved Sequence from Bothriochloa ischaemum Wang Yunqi,Fang Zhihong,Ren Binlin,Li Lianfen and Dong Kuanhu 2016, 32 (24):  130-135.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16040171 Abstract + ( 693 )   PDF ( 4917KB )   ( 349 ) In order to study the structure and function of CDPK gene, BiCDPK was cloned from Bothriochloa ischaemum by using RT-PCR method, and analyzed by bioinformatics. The results showed that the length of cDNA for BiCDPK was 1048 bp, which contained a 387 bp complete open reading frame encoding 128 amino acids. The corresponding protein was mildly acidic, stable and hydrophilic, with random coil and α-helix as main components in secondary structure. Subcellular localization indicated that the protein was located in cytoplasmic without transmembrane region and signal peptide. The sequence of protein included one serine phosphorylation sites and three threonine phosphorylation sites. Further phylogenic analysis displayed that BiCDPK in Zea mays, Triticum aestivum and Oryza sativa shared 97%, 86% and 86% identity. It laid a foundation to further study the BiCDPK function in Bothriochloa ischaemum.

  Effect of Two Microbial Agents on Nitrogen Dynamic Change in High-Temperature Flower and Vegetable Straw Compost Xu Chunyu,Zhang Shiying,Xia Yunsheng,Pan Liyuan,Duan Hongping and Zhang Naiming 2016, 32 (24):  136-140.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16030152 Abstract + ( 808 )   PDF ( 1188KB )   ( 451 ) The aims were to find the simple and effective utilizing methods of flower and vegetable straw, and reduce the non-point source pollution in Dianchi Valley. Through the compost experiment, after inoculation of microbial agents Nongguan and Weiyuan, the change rules of temperature, total-N, water-soluble NH4 -N, water-soluble NO3--N followed with time in high temperature compost were studied with two ways of turning and non-turning. The results showed that the three treatments of non-turning were anaerobic fermentation, the low fermentation rate was harder to maturity in the short time because of the anaerobic fermentation condition. In the process of turning, the control samples had a slow temperature rise process, the pyrolysis stage was short, the T-N took a toll and the quality of compost was poor. Compared with the control samples, after adding the microbial agents Nongguan, the test samples entered the pyrolysis stage 3 days in advance and the high temperature decomposing duration extended 4 days, the content of T-N decreased by 10.9%, water-soluble NH4 -N decreased by 24.7%, water-soluble NO3--N increased by 14.0%. Compared with the control samples, after adding the microbial agents Weiyuan, the test samples entered the pyrolysis stage 5 days in advance and the high temperature decomposing duration extended 6 days, the content of T-N decreased by 24.1%, water-soluble NH4 -N decreased by 29.3%, water-soluble NO3--N increased by 24.2%. The inoculation of microbial agents could promote the transformation of water-soluble NH4 -N to water-soluble NO3--N, reduce the density of the compost. Comparing the two microbial agents, Weiyuan had higher quality organic fertilizer than Nongguan. The inoculation of microbial agents in the process of turning could accelerate the vegetable and flower straw composting process, improve the quality of composting products, the method was simple and easy, and suitable to be popularized in Dianchi Valley.

  Optimization of Two-step Compost of Kitchen Wastes and Fertilization Technique Xu Wenjiang,Zhang Mingqing,Zheng Xiaoqian and Zhang Zhenmin 2016, 32 (24):  141-145.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16050136 Abstract + ( 810 )   PDF ( 508KB )   ( 754 ) In order to study the rapid composting of kitchen wastes and pollution reduction technology, the compost technology of adding rotten microbial twice and two-step compost at 52.5 and 57.5℃ was adopted, the suitable application amount and the effect of leaching loss reduction of nitrogen and phosphorus were studied by luffa field experiment. The results showed that the activity of protease and sucrose increased by 24% and 56% under two-step compost compared with that under CK, the compost time decreased by 40%. At the end of compost, the germination rate of luffa seeds reached 83% and the quality fraction of water was 29%, which met the level of compost. Combined application of chemical fertilizer and kitchen organic fertilizer could increase the yield of luffa by 2409 kg/hm2, the growth rate of was 11.3%. The total N and total P concentration in leaching water of earth pillar decreased by 6.5% and 7.8%, respectively, compared with that of CK. The results showed that two-step compost could reduce the compost time obviously, and the combined application of kitchen waste could increase luffa yield and decrease the leaching loss of nitrogen and phosphorus.

  Effects of Biodegradable Mulch Film on Soil Temperature and Moisture andYield and Quality of Flue-cured Tobacco Wang Xichun,Jin Zhili,Zhou Xiangping,Yuan Fang,Zhu Linbo,Lei Minjuan,Zhang Fang,Wang Huimin and Liu Wenping 2016, 32 (24):  146-152.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16010049 Abstract + ( 1051 )   PDF ( 1294KB )   ( 588 ) To reduce the “white pollution” and the labor cost for removing membrane caused by plastic film mulching in tobacco fields, a field contrast experiment was conducted to study the effect of biodegradable mulch film and PE film on soil temperature and humidity and tobacco production and quality. The results showed that the biodegradable mulch film and PE film had the same effect on heat preservation and warming in tobacco ridge, which could improve flue-cured tobacco growth and quality of tobacco leaf, especially the biodegradable film could preserve humidity in the middle-later period of tobacco field growth, which was benefit to the full maturity of upper leaves. The appearance quality and economic characters of the baking tobacco under biodegradable film treatment were better than that of control. Compared with control, the biodegradable film treatment saved 60 labor/hm2, and the income increased by 5732.25-7431.75 yuan/hm2. Comprehensively considering the three types of biodegradable mulch films, the treatment of T3 (started to degradation after 90 d) had the best economic characters such as tobacco yield, production value, average price, net income, and the appearance quality was better than that of control. The biodegradable mulch film of T3 is suitable for Yongzhou tobacco growing areas.

  Intercropping Patterns Affecting Soil Enzyme Activities in Saline Land and Chernozem Zhang Tingting,Li Lijun,A Lei,Wang Tian and Li Xiaoting 2016, 32 (24):  153-161.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16030004 Abstract + ( 1399 )   PDF ( 4323KB )   ( 361 ) In recent years, soil degradation was becoming seriously in the farming-pastoral zone in Inner Mongolia, and grain-forage production structure was becoming imbalanced. In order to promote the coordinated development of grain-forage industry and improve the soil properties, oat was intercropped with common vetch and alfalfa in saline land and chernozem. The width of oat was 1.2, 2.4 and 3.6 m, and the width of common vetch and alfalfa was 1.2 m, in other words, the intercropping patterns were 1:1, 2:1 and 3:1. The forage yield and quality, and activities of soil catalase, sucrase, urease enzyme were measured. The results showed that forage yield of 2:1 pattern increased by 7.95%-30.78% and 10.05%-38.09% in saline land and chernozem, respectively, and the forage quality of 2:1 pattern was significantly higher than that of other patterns. Soil catalase activity of 2:1 pattern in saline land and chernozem was 5.30%-38.40% and 0.62%-24.89% higher than that of other patterns, and sucrase activity of 2:1 pattern in saline land and chernozem was 0.15%-43.66% and 0.23%-22.84% higher than that of other patterns. The urease activity of 2:1 pattern in oat land was the highest due to the higher using efficiency of nitrogen. In one word, the intercropping pattern of 2:1 is an ideal practice pattern both in saline land and chernozem.

  Analysis and Evaluation of Vegetable Soil Nutrient Status in Tonghai Wang Tai,Wang Huijiao,Bao Li,Liu Yuan,Yang Muqing,Niu Jing and Zhang Naiming 2016, 32 (24):  162-167.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16050108 Abstract + ( 904 )   PDF ( 1489KB )   ( 488 ) This paper analyzed and evaluated pH conditions and main fertility indexes of vegetable soil in Xiushan town of Tonghai County, Yunnan Province by determining 80 soil samples from seven villages, in order to guide local vegetable production. The results showed that: soil pH of the vegetable producing areas was averagely 7.52, most was weak alkaline to alkaline, the alkalization was serious. The content of soil organic matters was abundant, total nitrogen and alkali solution nitrogen were of high content standard, and available P and available K content reached higher standard. Suggestions are put forward including improving soil acidity- alkalinity, reducing the application of nitrogen fertilizer, proper application of organic fertilizer, controlled application of phosphate fertilizer, and stable application of potassium fertilizer.

  Meteorological Conditions Affecting Rice Production: A Case Study of Nanling, Anhui Province Hu Yanqing,Yan Xiaojing,Wang Daling and Liu Shigao 2016, 32 (24):  168-173.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16040156 Abstract + ( 1347 )   PDF ( 2969KB )   ( 387 ) In order to study the influence of meteorological conditions on rice production and provide reference for rice planting in Nanling, Anhui Province, the main meteorological factors in the whole growth period of early season rice, middle-season rice and late season rice, double cropping late rice from 2005 to 2014 were analyzed. Then the correlation coefficients between meteorological factors and the meteorological yield of rice were calculated. The results showed that there was obvious inter-annual variability of rice meteorological yield with an increase trend of early season rice and double cropping late rice and a slight decrease trend of middle-season rice and late season rice. Comparative analysis and correlation coefficients suggested that meteorological yield of early season rice had negative and positive correlation with precipitation and evaporation, respectively, and the correlation was strong. Meteorological yield of middle-season rice and late season rice was affected by temperature, evaporation and precipitation obviously, and evaporation had the strongest effect. Meteorological yield of middle-season rice and late season rice had positive correlation with precipitation while had negative correlation with temperature, evaporation and sunshine duration. The correlation between meteorological yield of double cropping late rice and meteorological factors was relatively small. It was concluded that different meteorological factors impacted on rice growth in Nanling, and the results would lay a foundation for avoiding the meteorological disasters in rice planting.

  Causation Analysis of a Regional Heavy Rainstorm: Eastern Jiangxi, May 27, 2013 Zheng Jinguang,Liu Jie and Dong Ling 2016, 32 (24):  174-179.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15090090 Abstract + ( 697 )   PDF ( 7411KB )   ( 376 ) Based on conventional meteorological data and NCEP 1°×1° reanalysis data, a regional heavy rainstorm in Fuzhou, eastern Jingxi on May 27, 2013 was analyzed with the theory of vertical helicity from the aspects of weather situation, influence system, water vapor, dynamic and thermal instability. The results showed that: (1) the regional heavy rainstorm occurred in the warm sector while the Jiang-Huai cyclone moving eastward, it was a short diachronic strong convection rainstorm, Jiang-Huai cyclone, 500 hPa trough, low vortex and the southwesterly jet were the main influencing systems of the rainstorm; (2) the heavy rainfall region was corresponding with the strong ascending region of vertical speed, and accompanied with the high energy and high wet regions, the area of rainstorm was located at the large water vapor flux value center and the greater value side of 850 hPa temperature-moisture energy, the water vapor flux divergence negative center had good corresponding relationships with strong precipitation area; (3) the rainstorm drop area was almost located in the vicinity of positive center of 700 hPa vertical helicity, the time of the absence of strong precipitation was consistent with the time when positive vertical helicity quickly increased at low and middle level, and negative vertical helicity quickly decreased at high level. The analysis result has directive significance for the forecast of heavy rainstorm in the future.

  Re-epidemic Causes and Control Measures for Rice Bacterial Leaf Blight Shen Ying,Wang Huadi,Li Zhongxing,Ye Jianren and Zhao Min 2016, 32 (24):  180-185.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16020017 Abstract + ( 1414 )   PDF ( 2947KB )   ( 502 ) To analyze the historical development and causes of rice bacterial leaf blight (BLB) and discuss the corresponding integrated control measures, occurrence conditions of BLB in China from 1960 to 2014 and Wenzhou from 1971 to 2015 were investigated. The results showed that BLB was serious from 1970s to early 1990s, then occurred intermittently in mid and late 1990s. After entering the 21st century, the occurrence of BLB showed a decreasing trend. However, in 2014 and 2015, the extensive and serious occurrence of BLB in east-south coast and river regions caused great rice yield losses in Zhejiang Province. The occurrence dynamics and influencing factor analysis indicated that the increase of BLB could be mainly attributed to the cultivation of susceptible varieties, degeneration of resistance, frequent typhoon storms, accumulation of the pathogen and improper cultivation and management practices. The control countermeasures including improving disease monitoring and warning, choosing resistant variety, controlling the primary infection origins, and the integrated management techniques such as seedling control, reasonable fertilizer and water management, scientific bactericide application in fields were suggested to effectively control the occurrence and prevalence of BLB.

  Pheromone Trap Board Trapping Aleurocanthus spiniferus on Tea Leaves Chen Liping 2016, 32 (24):  186-189.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16020044 Abstract + ( 598 )   PDF ( 517KB )   ( 387 ) In order to study the control effect of pheromone trap board on Aleurocanthus spiniferus, 20 pieces of trap boards were installed on tea plants per 667 m2. Then insect population was investigated every 2 days, and the correct control effect was calculated. The field experiment results showed that pheromone trap board had good control effect on Aleurocanthus spiniferus, the control effect gradually increased and the mean population density of Aleurocanthus spiniferus dropped from 923 to 190 individuals every 50 leaves after the trap boards installed for 20 days. The correct control effect was 78.9%, and still remained high after the trap boards installed for 20-30 days. The effect of using pheromone trap board to control Aleurocanthus spiniferus could last for a month.

  Increasing Law and Frequency Comparison of Poplar Batocera lineolata (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) Population in Different Developmental Stages Mei Zengxia,Li Jianqing and Zhang Zhitao 2016, 32 (24):  190-193.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16010146 Abstract + ( 891 )   PDF ( 588KB )   ( 568 ) In order to control Batocera lineolata on polar, increasing law and frequency of B. lineolata egg, larva and adult (including pupa) population were studied by investigating oviposition incision, frass hole and emergence hole on the poplars in the region of Dongting Lake. The results showed that the increasing law of B. lineolata egg, larva, adult (including pupa) population was like an upward pyramid. The B. lineolata egg population was large, and the mortality was high in the egg stage, therefore the population increasing survival curve was concave type. The egg, larva and adult population number per tree had negative correlations with the corresponding tree numbers, indicating that with the increasing population number of Batocera lineolata, the number of damaged trees with the same population frequency decreased. B. lineolata egg, larva, adult (including pupa) all presented an aggregated distribution as the frequency of B. lineolata in different developmental stages were all in accordance with negative binomial distribution.

  Driving Force of Cultivated Land Change in China Based on Different Scales Yu Tian,Cao Yingui and Xu Jingxue 2016, 32 (24):  194-198.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16040139 Abstract + ( 787 )   PDF ( 499KB )   ( 669 ) The research on current situation of driving force of cultivated land change in China was summarized based on the scales of nation, region, province and county, and the existing problems were proposed. The methods of documentation and comparative analysis were adopted in the research. The results showed that both qualitative and quantitative method were used in studying the driving force of cultivated land change in China, and the establishment of driving force model was mainly based on land utilization dynamic change model. The research focused on national and regional scale was less, while the study on small-scale such as province and county was relatively more. The existing problems included uneven distribution of achievements, poor data consistency, simplex research methodology (especially in small-scale research), strong subjectivity in the selection of driving factor and poor compatibility of different research achievements. This research provided reference for cultivated land change driving force selection in different scales and further study on cultivated land utilization change.

  Development Potential of Rural Commercial Pension Insurance in Heilongjiang Province Wang Xingzhu and Wang Jitian 2016, 32 (24):  199-204.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16020088 Abstract + ( 916 )   PDF ( 1152KB )   ( 534 ) In order to accurately evaluate the development potential of rural commercial pension insurance in Heilongjiang Province, 12 provincial administrative regions including Heilongjiang Province, as well as 13 cities in Heilongjiang Province were selected as the research objects. Based on the data of China Statistical Yearbook 2014 and Heilongjiang Statistical Yearbook 2014, an index system was constructed by factor analysis, and the development potential of rural commercial pension insurance was divided into different levels through cluster analysis. The results showed that main factors affecting the development of commercial pension insurance in rural areas could be summarized to be the degree of rural community construction, the economic and cultural development and living standard of rural residents. There was relatively large development potential of rural commercial pension insurance in Daqing, Harbin and Qiqihar in Heilongjiang Province. However, the development potential in other areas was very poor, meaning that there were serious pension problems in these areas.