Current issue

• 2016 Vol.32 No.23 Published:10 August 2016

  PRRSV-FJ04A Distribution and Histopathology in Infected Piglets 周伦江 2016, 32 (23):  1-5.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16050005 Abstract + ( 1034 )   PDF ( 5335KB )   ( 362 ) The experiment was conducted to study the histopathological changes of piglets infected by PRRSV-FJ04A and its distribution in the infected piglets. PRRSV-FJ04A strain was used to infect the 30-day-old healthy piglets. The pathological changes and distribution of virus in the organs including airtube, digestive canal, urinary tract, immune organs were analyzed by histopathology observation and real-time RT-PCR assay. The results showed that the piglets were killed 10 days after infected，that there were a lot of metamorphic and necrotic alveolar cells, hyperplastic macrophages in the lung. It also caused necrotic lymphocyte of lymphaden and neuron degeneration even neorobiosis of brain. And a lot of cell debris in acinus lienalis, granular degeneration of liver and exuviation of cryptae tonsillares were found. There were a large amount of virus in the lung, followed by lymph gland, brain, amygdala and blood. And kidney was found to have the least virus.

  Canonical Correlation Analysis among the Egg Quality Traits of Xuhai chicken 2016, 32 (23):  6-9.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16020071 Abstract + ( 1024 )   PDF ( 484KB )   ( 397 ) In order to study the internal relationship among the Egg Quality Traits of Xuhai chicken,eggs of Xuhai chickens were selected and measured randomly.12 variables of theSinsideSqualitySofSegg traits and the egg shell quality traits of Xuhai chicken were analyzed using canonical correlation analysis.The results showed that: Egg weight, Yolk weight and Albumen height had highly significant or significant correlation with most traits.Other egg shell quality traits except Egg shape index also had highly significant or significant correlations with most traits.The results of canonical correlation analysis showed that the 1st canonical correlation coefficients between theSinsideSqualitySofSegg traits and the egg shell quality traits of Xuhai chicken were 0.8552(P<0.01),accounting for 79.67% of the total correlation. And the main traits for canonical correlation coefficients were Albumen height and eggshell thickness. The research results had certain guiding significance for the breeding of Xuhai chicken.

  Determination of Taurine Content in Feeds by HPLC After Derivatization with Dansyl Chloride 2016, 32 (23):  10-15.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16050091 Abstract + ( 1155 )   PDF ( 511KB )   ( 473 ) This study aimed to test whether the taurine determination method in GB 5413.26—2010 could be applied in determination of taurine in feeds. After derivatization with dansyl chloride, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was conducted for taurine determination in chicken, swine and aquatic formula feed, concentrated feed and premixed feed. The reclamation test and matrix effect analysis showed that the proper sampling amount was 2-4 g for chicken and swine formula feeds, and 1 g for other feeds. Then the performance index of this method was tested. The results showed that when the concentration of taurine was 1-100 mg/L, the working curve had a good linear relation with the correlation coefficient being 0.9990. The limit of detection was 30 mg/kg, and the limit of quantitation was 100 mg/kg. The average recovery rate and relative standard deviation were 78%-110% and 1.98%-5.35%, respectively. The established method was sensitive, simple for operation, wide for application and convenient for fast taurine determination in different feeds.

  Acceleration of the herbage degradation process inoculated external fungi 张祥辉,, and 陈晓明 2016, 32 (23):  16-21.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16010110 Abstract + ( 1008 )   PDF ( 708KB )   ( 457 ) In order to accelerate the process of herbage degradation, three fungi strains with herbage degradation ability including white rot fungi, Trichoderma ressei and QD-1, and perennial ryegrass with good phytoremediation characteristic were selected for this study. The orthogonal experiment was conducted to optimize the herbage degradation condition. The results showed that inoculating white rot fungi, Trichoderma ressei and QD-1 strain in 5%, 5%, 5% respectively, applying 1.6 g/kg urea and keeping moisture content at 60% could get the optimum degradation rate which were 45.6% after fermenting for 30 days. The QD-1 strain was Pterula sp. identified by using 18SrDNA-26SrDNA ITS method. In the degradation process, QD-1 strain was not susceptible to natural microorganisms and was easy to be the dominant strain, indicated that using this strain was beneficial to realize the standardized operation of the herbage degradation. This study provided a foundational theory for using external fungi in the process of herbage and straw degradation.

  Inoculating Sinorhizobium meliloti SD101 Improving Nodule Number and Yield of Native Alfalfa 2016, 32 (23):  22-26.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16030068 Abstract + ( 1184 )   PDF ( 498KB )   ( 486 ) In order to improve the number of nodules and yield of native alfalfa, and establish a high efficient symbiosis between alfalfa and Sinorhizobium meliloti, the obtained SD101 was identified as a strain of Sinorhizobium meliloti by using 16S rDNA sequencing method. Pot experiments were conducted to study the nodule numbers and heights of‘Aohan’and‘Longmu 801’in different medium treatments after inoculating SD101 and protective agent. Field trials were conducted to study the nodule numbers and yields of‘Aohan’ and‘Longmu801’after inoculating SD101 and protective agent. It was found that‘Aohan’and‘Longmu801’ had high numbers of nodules and yields by inoculating SD101 and protective agent, and were significantly different compared with the treatments without inoculating SD101. The results showed that implementing urea could inhibit the growth of nodules and the symbiosis of alfalfa and SD101 to a certain extent. Soil samples could be completely sterilized by γ ray. In the field trials, native rhizobium played an important role in the growth of alfalfa, but the seed dressing with Sinorhizobium meliloti SD101 and protective agent was more competitive.

  Expression and Bioactivity of Nucleoprotein from Peste des Petits Ruminants Virus 2016, 32 (23):  27-31.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16010125 Abstract + ( 694 )   PDF ( 566KB )   ( 390 ) To get the specific antigen nucleoprotein (N) and prepare a method for the rapid detection of antibody level of peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) in serum, nucleoprotein (N) gene of PPRV was amplified. Based on the published sequence of the N gene of PPRV in GenBank, two pairs of primer were designed for amplifying the N gene. The amplified fragment was inserted into pCold Ⅰ plasmid via two unique restriction sites of NdeⅠ and Hind Ⅲ. The complete gene encoding the protein of PRRV(N) was subcloned into the expression vector pCold Ⅰ. After transformed into E.coli BL21(DE3), a 58 kD fusion protein was expressed. The expressed product was analyzed by SDS-PAGE and Western Blotting, the results revealed that the expressed fusion protein could specifically react with anti-serum against PRRV. The fusion protein was further purified and used as the coating antigen to establish an indirect ELISA method for detecting PRRV in serum. Compared with the imported standard ELISA, the coincidence rate of the two methods was 98.3%. The expressed nucleoprotein could be used for the preparation of a rapid detection of antibody level of PPRV.

  Bmlipase-1 Gene: Expression in Different Genetic Materials Against Nucleopolyhedrovirus and Application in Breeding 2016, 32 (23):  32-36.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16010075 Abstract + ( 710 )   PDF ( 636KB )   ( 494 ) In order to study the relation-ship between expression level of Bmlipase-1 and resistance level of silkworm to BmNPV,we took the resistance varieties KNC and sensitive varieties HYB and the hybrid strains of two varieties as materials.Detected the resistance to BmNPV and its corresponding lipase (Bmlipase-1) gene expression level by virus( BmNPV) attack test and fluorescent quantitative PCR(qRT-PCR)technology.The results showed that is consistent with the level of expression of Bmlipase-1 and the strength of resistance. The expression level was higher in silkworm varieties with stronger viral resistance, otherwise it is lower. The expression level of Bmlipase-1 had significant differences between KNC and HYB; After infection by BmNPV ,the expression of Bmlipase-1 in silkworm strains KNC, KNC × HYB and HYB ×KNC was significantly higher than that of non-infection by BmNPV, However, HYB only had trace amounts of regulated changes. It’s as one of bases in select anti-BmNPV material in the process of the silkworm breeding.

  Stocking Density Affecting Growth Performance of Yellow Catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco) and Water Quality 2016, 32 (23):  37-42.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16030025 Abstract + ( 858 )   PDF ( 813KB )   ( 448 ) This study was designed to determine the effects of stocking density (0(D0), 40 ind/m3 (D1), 50 ind/m3 (D2), 60 ind/m3 (D3), 70 ind/m3 (D4)) on growth performance of yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco) and water quality in surrounding water of the enclosure ecosystem.The rearing trial lasted 24 days and the water quality was monitored every 3 days. At the end of the experiment, the growth performance of yellow catfish in each treatment were assessed to determine the optimum stocking density. The results showed that the final body weight,weight gain and specific growth rate of yellow catfish decreased with the increasing of stocking density, and the significant difference were found among group D1, D2 and D3 (P＜0.05). The condition factor in D1 and D2 was significantly bigger than it in D3 and D4 (P＜0.05). The nitrite nitrogen in surrounding water (p＜0.05) was significantly affected by the stocking density, and the levels of nitrite nitrogen increased with the increasing of stocking density. While the total nitrogen and nitrateSnitrogen were not affected by the stocking density (P＞0.05). During the first 18 days, the contents of ammonia nitrogen in all groups were stable at a low level and then increased significantly until the end of the experiment. Total phosphorus and phosphate showed were also not affected by the stocking density and their levels fluctuated within a certain range during the experiment period. Increase in stocking density would reduce the growth rate of yellow catfish and increase the harmful substances in surrounding water which could accelerate the deterioration of water quality.

  Diversity of Benthic Macroinvertebrates and Water Physical and Chemical Indexes in Upstream of Huangshui River 2016, 32 (23):  43-48.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16050046 Abstract + ( 791 )   PDF ( 648KB )   ( 412 ) To study the relationship between aquatic organisms and environmental indexes in the interlaced areas of agriculture and animal husbandry in Qinghai, diversity of benthic macroinvertebrates and physical and chemical indexes were investigated at 47 sampling sites in the upstream of Huangshui River in April (dry season) and August (rainy season) of 2015. In the sampling sites, water physical indexes of Huangshui River were determined by multiparameter water quality tester and FP311 bar-type flow meter. And water chemical indexes were tested in the laboratory. The contents of total nitrogen and total phosphorus were determined by ultraviolet spectrophotometry of potassium persulfate oxidation, the content of NH4 -N were determined by Nessler’s reagent spectrophotometry, and benthic macroinvertebrates were collected by Sauber’s net and D-shaped net. The results showed that the physical and chemical indexes in the branch stream of Huangshui River were better than that of the trunk stream, especially the turbidity, proportion of fine sand, contents of NH4 -N, TN and TP. There were a total of 59 species of the macro-invertebrates in 57 genera, 28 families. Among them, 4444 individuals of 54 species were belonged to 7 orders of Insecta, accounting for 91.5% of all species and 76.4% of the total individuals. Individuals in Crustacean, Mollusca and Oligochaeta occupied 23.6% of the total individuals. The average number of total taxa of benthic macroinvertebrates in the branch stream of Huangshui River was 6.76, which was not far from that in the trunk stream (8.14); the average number of total taxa of EPT in the branch stream of Huangshui River was 3.36, which had not obvious difference compared with that of the trunk stream (2.48). However, the species number of the pollution-tolerant macroinvertebrates in the trunk stream was larger than that in the branch stream, and the species number of the pollution-sensitive macroinvertebrates in the branch stream was larger than that in the trunk stream. The results indicated that water quality in the branch stream of was better than that of the trunk stream, and the difference was caused by the heavier pollution in the trunk stream.

  Prediction of Potential Distribution of Japanese Brome (Bromus japonicus) Based on MaxEnt 2016, 32 (23):  49-54.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16010083 Abstract + ( 719 )   PDF ( 990KB )   ( 507 ) Japanese Brome is a serious weed in farmland, which damages the growth and development of crops. In order to control the spread of Japanese Brome, MaxEnt maximum entropy model and ArcGIS were used to analyze and predict its potential geographical distribution in China and the rest of the world according to its distribution records and the meteorological data. The results showed that areas of western Africa, south central Europe, western and eastern and parts of middle Asia, mid-western and parts of eastern North America had high invasion risk of Japanese Brome. In China, areas of Huang-huai-hai plain, plain in the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River, Chengdu plain, south central Shaanxi, southern Shanxi, southern Ningxia and Gansu, north central Guizhou, parts of southwest Xinjiang, southwest Tibet and central Qinghai had high invasion risk of Japanese Brome. The scope of secondary risky areas was expanded further on the basis of the high-risky area. The important environmental factors influencing the occurrence of Japanese Brome were mean temperature of the coldest quarter, the annual average temperature, temperature seasonal variation standard deviation, the lowest temperature in the coldest month and the mean temperature of the driest quarter. In this study, the AUC value was 0.943, which indicated that the accuracy of the simulation forecast was good, and the simulation results could be used for the prediction research of the suitable distribution areas of Japanese Brome.

  Insecticidal Activity of Pyrethrin in Hairy Roots and Callus Induced from Pyrethrum cinerariifolium Trev. 2016, 32 (23):  55-58.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16050095 Abstract + ( 732 )   PDF ( 533KB )   ( 367 ) Pyrethrum cinerariifolium Trev. was used as the material to detect insecticidal activity of pyrethrin from hairy roots and callus so as to supply certain theoretical basis for producing pyrethrin by cell engineering. The stems and leaves of Pyrethrum cinerariifolium were taken as explants to induce the callus and hairy roots. Acetone was used to extract pyrethrin and armyworm was selected to test the insecticidal activity by armyworm dipping and leaf dipping method. The results showed that pyrethrin extracted from the callus and hairy roots had insecticidal activity. Its antifeedant activity was better than contact toxicity. The insecticidal activity of pyrethrin from hairy roots was better than that from callus. And the insecticidal activity tested by armyworm dipping method was better than that of leaf dipping method. This study provides a new way for the future industrial production of pyrethrin by cell engineering.

  New Arable Land Quality of Xinyuan in Ili River Valley 2016, 32 (23):  59-64.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16010081 Abstract + ( 1002 )   PDF ( 587KB )   ( 398 ) To provide a reference for quality assessment of new arable land in River Valley and developing new high quality arable land, quality of new arable land of ten projects in Xinyuan was assessed using comprehensive evaluation method. Results showed that compared with the average level of Ili River Valley, natural quality and use quality of new arable land in Xinyuan was better, and economic quality was low. For new arable land in Ili River Valley, the major obstacles for its utilization was the low level of water resources utilization, shelterbelts network, artificial fertilization and management and the high level of soil salinization. Considering the quality influencing factors, countermeasures including strengthening management, improving fertilization skills and farm infrastructure construction and reasonably adjusting agricultural structure should be applied in the development of new arable land in Ili River Valley to ensure the quality improvement and rational utilization of the new arable land.

  Interaction Effects of Soil Microbial Carbon and Nitrogen: A Review 2016, 32 (23):  65-71.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16010056 Abstract + ( 918 )   PDF ( 582KB )   ( 645 ) Soil microorganism plays an important role in nutrient cycling, which can provide power for terrestrial ecosystems energy flow. Carbon(C) and nitrogen(N) element constitute the basic biology skeleton and biological energy metabolism, and the circulation of these two elements are related to the biological growth and stability of ecosystem. In terrestrial ecosystems, soil microbial C and N element have obvious interaction, and C and N concentration change in environment would lead to the change of the two elements in the soil, and resulting in the change of microbial community structure and biological function. This article, from the research points of elevated CO2 concentration, the adding of black carbon and N deposition increase, summed up the influence of changing environmental conditions on microbial C and N, analyzed the interaction of soil microbial C and N under the background of the realistic environment, discussed the inherent relation of microbial C and N, and provided some references for the microbial C and N coupling and the ecosystem C and N coupling. In addition, the authors put forward that in future study of the influence of climate change on soil microorganisms, multiple research models should be established according to the difference of region and space-time, and further relationship between microbial C, N and environmental C, N should be emphasized. The research on ecosystem C and N coupling, as well as the C and N coupling between microorganisms and other organisms, especially the plants, should be highlighted.

  A Review of In Situ Passivation Repairing Technology of Heavy Metals in Soil 2016, 32 (23):  72-80.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16010119 Abstract + ( 1911 )   PDF ( 581KB )   ( 986 ) With the rapid development of modern industry and agriculture, soil heavy metal pollution has become an important environmental problem, which needs to be solved urgently. Metal ions can be retained in the soil by sorption, precipitation, and complexation reactions. In situ stabilization technique was not to alter the total concentrations of heavy metals in soil, but to reduce the available fractions, mobility and bioavailability of heavy metals by addition of amendments with the reactions of dissolution/precipitation, exchange/adsorption, oxidation/reduction and organic complex. This method has been considered as a cost-effective and operation-easy measure, which is suitable for soil remediation at a large scale. Numerous amendments including inorganic materials such as liming materials, silicon rich materials, phosphate compounds, organic matter, metal oxides, clayey mineral, biochar, and other materials. This paper summarized the remediation effects and mechanisms of amendments on heavy metals polluted soils and chemical and biological evaluation methods of amending efficient. Last, the paper present the main problems and prospects of this technique on account of environmental risks, evaluation system, new products, and research methods. We proposed that future work should focus on the potential risks of immobilization amendments applied to the soil-crop system and its long-term effect on field and new products with high and multi efficiency.

  Spatial Interpolation Precision Analysis of Heavy Metal at Vegetable Soil 2016, 32 (23):  81-86.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16010085 Abstract + ( 798 )   PDF ( 1495KB )   ( 470 ) The content of heavy metal in vegetable soil influences environmental safety and human health.According to crosscheck index and relative error parameters,the article applies GIS and geostatistical analysis to analyze the spatial interpolation and precision analysis of siscadmium,mercury,chromium,arsenic,lead in research areas to compare the spatial prediction of ordinary Kriging and co-Kriging. The results show that heavy metals in the research areas have moderate strength variability.In the condition of significant correlation between heavy metal, ordinary Kriging can more accurately predict the content of mercury,cadmium,and arsenic; and Cokriging can predict chromium and lead content more accurately than ordinary Kriging. Appropriate spatial interpolation method should be adopted according to the degree of soil heavy metal spatial variation.

  Effects of Maize Straw Turnover on Soil Physicochemical Property 2016, 32 (23):  87-92.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15120097 Abstract + ( 731 )   PDF ( 546KB )   ( 389 ) Maize straw was returned to field 6 times continuously and 3 times discontinuously, the turnover amounts were 15000 and 7500 kg/hm2. The differences of soil nutrient contents and physicochemical properties between maize straw turnover and non-straw turnover, continuous and discontinuous turnover, and different straw turnover amounts were investigated to promote the effect of maize straw turnover. The results showed that: (1) compared with CK (non-straw turnover), straw turnover could increase the content of soil organic matter, available N, available P and available K, especially the available N and available K content increased obviously, while soil bulk density decreased; (2) continuous turnover treatment increased soil organic matter, available N, available P and available K by 38.26% , 18.7 3% , 51.73% and 18.74% respectively compared with that of discontinuous turnover treatment, and soil bulk density decreased by 3.87% ; the improving effect of continuous straw turnover on soil nutrient content and physicochemical properties was better than that of discontinuous straw turnover; (3) the content of soil organic matter, available N, available P, available K and total porosity of large turnover amount (15000 kg/hm2) increased by 18.25%, 37.40%, 35.45%, 19.65% and 8.44% compared with that of small turnover amount (7500 kg/hm2), while the soil bulk density decreased by 76.11%. The increase of turnover amount had more obvious effect on the improvement of soil nutrient and physicochemical properties.

  Temporal and Spatial Distribution of Soil Moisture in Tibet 2016, 32 (23):  93-99.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16010073 Abstract + ( 738 )   PDF ( 1458KB )   ( 492 ) The paper aims to investigate the seasonal variation and regional characteristics of soil moisture in Tibet, and their relationship with meteorological factors. The temporal and spatial distribution characteristics and their relationship with air temperature and precipitation were analyzed on the basis of soil moisture data and mean air temperature and precipitation data of 38 meteorological stations in Tibet during 1980-2009. Results showed that: the annual and seasonal soil moisture increased from the northwest part to the southeast part of Tibet, and the minimum and maximum values were located in Ngari and the southern Motuo of Nyingchi Region, respectively. The maximum value of soil moisture appeared in autumn, followed by that in summer, the minimum value appeared in spring. The annual and seasonal soil moisture decreased from 1980s to 1990s, then increased. Both the annual and seasonal soil moisture had an increasing mutation point in late 1990s. The soil moisture in spring had a positive correlation with precipitation in most parts of Tibet in spring and summer, and the soil moisture in summer had a positive correlation with the precipitation along the Yarlung Zangbo River and the eastern Tibet.

  Applicability of FY-3B/MWRI Soil Moisture Products in Northern Tibet 2016, 32 (23):  100-105.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16010103 Abstract + ( 824 )   PDF ( 1000KB )   ( 671 ) Northern Tibet grassland is a sparsely-populated area, remote sensing monitoring soil moisture has broad prospects in this region. This paper utilized filed experiment data to verify FY-3B/MWRI soil moisture product in northern Tibet grassland. The results showed that the average soil moisture and MWRI inversion mean were the closest in autumn, there was only a difference of 0.002 cm3/cm3. The RMSE of measured soil moisture and soil moisture retried from MWRI was 0.067 in spring, the correlation was the best in spring and autumn, with the R2 of 0.4337 and 0.3444. FY-3B/MWRI soil moisture product could be used to monitor soil moisture in northern Tibetan Plateau in spring and autumn.

  Variation Characteristics of Precipitation, Rain Days and Rainfall Intensity in Shouguang During Recent 56 Years 2016, 32 (23):  106-112.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16010032 Abstract + ( 1121 )   PDF ( 710KB )   ( 617 ) The study aims to master evolution law of precipitation in Shouguang, make full use of precipitation resources, and provide decision-making basis for meteorological disaster prevention. Linear fitting, Mann- Kendall, sliding t and other methods were utilized for analyzing the variation characteristics of precipitation, rain days and rainfall intensity in Shouguang during recent 56 years based on daily precipitation data of Shouguang from 1959 to 2014. The results showed that: the annual precipitation decreased by 12.50 mm on average per decade in Shouguang without significant mutation. Days with daily precipitation ≥0.1 mm and duration≥1.0 mm reduced significantly by 2.61 days and 7.83 days respectively on average per decade. The rain days with daily precipitation of less than 50.0 mm were decreasing, while the rain days with daily precipitation of more than 50.0 mm showed an insignificantly increasing trend. Rain days at all levels were significantly and positively correlated with annual precipitation, days with daily precipitation ≥10.0 mm was most significantly correlated with annual precipitation. The longest continuous rain days in Shouguang averagely decreased by 0.33- day per decade, while the longest continuous days without rain averagely increased by 1.07- day per decade. 1- day maximum precipitation and arbitrary 15 hours precipitation in Shouguang had an insignificantly and slightly increasing trend. 1 hour, 24 hours and 1 day maximum precipitation respectively increased according to the trend of 3.80 mm/10 a, 9.13 mm/10 a and 3.71 mm/10 a.

  5 Typical Strong Convective Weather Processes in Shanxi in 2013 2016, 32 (23):  113-121.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16010058 Abstract + ( 787 )   PDF ( 4211KB )   ( 421 ) In order to provide effective weather forecast service for the agricultural production to prevent hail and reduce disaster losses and do the hail weather forecast well. Five typical strong convective weather processes in 2013 had been comparison and analysis in this paper by using various meteorological observation data. The results show that: (1) The hail occurred under advantageous synoptic background such as high volatile energy, big humidity and strong lifting condition. The large-scale forced uplift, lower meso-scale dew point front, and the ground convergence line were provided the trigger conditions for the strong convection weather. (2) The hail easily happened in the case of SI having decreased obviously, Ki (K index), the temperature difference between 850 hPa and 500 hPa and CAPE increased obviously in the afternoon, meanwhile having the large vertical wind shear, and also the height of 0℃ and -20℃ layer at about 600 hPa and 400 hPa respectively. In addition, bigger humidity was accompanied by short-time strong rainfall weather and strong airflow was often accompanied by thunderstorm and wind. (3) The hail usually occurred when the convective clouds reached maturity, in the southeast of the maximum gradient of TBB (Black Body Temperature) contour, and in the convective cells of the maximum radar reflectivity factor was bigger than 55 dBZ. (4) If the temperature in the ground occurred abnormal changes, at the same time, there were bigger pressure gradient, clockwise rotation of wind direction, and wind speed extreme, it can be considered as a signal before the strong convective weather happened.

  Diagnostic Analysis of a Hail Process in Shanxi and Henan 赵丹 2016, 32 (23):  122-127.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16010148 Abstract + ( 593 )   PDF ( 2558KB )   ( 252 ) From the weather background, combined with Doppler radar data, the author analyzed the weather situation in May 6, 2015. The results showed that: (1) The process mainly for the northeast cold vortex type, with the lower shear dry wet unstable stratification, resulting in from the northwest to the convective clouds above Shanxi and Henan Province will continue to strengthen the development, and ultimately the formation of the squall line storm. (2) atmospheric stratification instability in the index K, Cape value, index (SI), strong vertical wind shear, near surface inversion layer exhibited significant, 0 and - 20 ℃ layer height also has benefit to hail. At the same time, the vertical structure of the cold and warm advection made the atmosphere more unstable. (3) >60 dBz strong echo center successively evolved in the form of “bow echo-squall line-cross the ‘people’-shaped echo-squall line”, the convection development in the top position of “people” was the most exuberant. (4) The process was storm group with squall line. Along the radar direction there was a very obvious “V” type gap and three body scattering, the three body scattering sustained about 2 hours, the echo characteristics was the strong echo hang in low layer weak echo area. (5) Echo top height was 11 km and had wide range. The process was a number of storm group composed by super monomer storms, which had big intensity, wide area, long duration, it was rare in history.

  Comparison of Some Observation Data Assimilation in a Rainstorm of Huaihe River Basin 2016, 32 (23):  128-134.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15120160 Abstract + ( 637 )   PDF ( 2752KB )   ( 479 ) In order to study the impact of different observation data assimilation in numerical models, we use the WRF model to simulate a rainstorm of huaihe river basin by assimilating the microwave radiometer data AMSUA and AMSUB of NOAA satellite, conventional sounding data. Results show that the assimilation of AMSUA and AMSUB data can affect the precipitation forecast, its results of heavy rain was obviously better than control test in TS and ETS. The result of sounding data assimilaton test was the best in the heavy rain simulation , can improve the false and missing rate of heavy rain significantly.

  Risk Zonation of Rainstorm Disaster Based on AHP and PCA: Taking Example for Weihui City in Henan Province 李香颜 and 2016, 32 (23):  135-141.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16020014 Abstract + ( 782 )   PDF ( 1056KB )   ( 536 ) The paper aims to reveal the temporal and spatial characteristics and the occurrence regularity of rainstorm disaster in Weihui City, so as to reduce the loss caused by disasters.According to the theory of meteorological disaster system and the international evaluation model, the writer used the historical rainstorm disasters from 1961 to 2014、daily precipitation、DEM、GDP and per capita income of peasants.The assessment model of rainstorm disaster was constructed by means of AHP and PCA, and the zoning map with resolution of 30 m * 30 m meters was drawn by ArcGIS.The results showed that, the disaster risk in Weihui City showed a decreasing trend from the central to the surrounding. The disaster risk in Sunxing town, Jishui town, Dunfangdian village and Shangle town was higher, so heavy rainstorm disasters were prone to take place; while the disaster risk in Taigongquan town, Houhe town, Liyuantun town and Shibaotou village was lower, so the harm of rainstorm disasters to agricultural production was not serious.[CONCLUSION]The study is of great significance for the government and related departments to formulate the prevention of meteorological disasters，and to adjust the agricultural structure.

  Refined Risk Zoning of Storm and Flood Disaster in Hebei: Based on Grid Data 2016, 32 (23):  142-147.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16050155 Abstract + ( 900 )   PDF ( 3312KB )   ( 371 ) Based on the latest model of risk assessment by IPCC, the data including high- resolution geographic data, normalized meteorological data with long series and socioeconomic data in 2010 were analyzed by using statistical method and modeling approach. The meteorological hazard, exposure degree and fragility were used for refined risk zoning of storm and flood disaster in Hebei. Some defensive measures were proposed according to the risk zoning consequence. The results showed that: the risk in the lower reaches of Luanhe river basin and coastal river basin was the highest; the risk in plain area was higher than that of mountain regions generally, and the lower reaches’risk was higher, so was risk in regions near river side.

  Comparative Analysis of Observation Data of DZZ6 and CAWS600 Automatic Meteorological Stations 2016, 32 (23):  147-153.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15120152 Abstract + ( 759 )   PDF ( 639KB )   ( 437 ) The paper aims to study the difference between the observation data of DZZ6 type and CAWS600 type automatic meteorological stations. The authors used the valid data of Xifeng National Basic Meteorological Station, Huan County National Basic Meteorological Station and Heshui County Meteorological Bureau in 2014, to statistically analyze the observation data of air pressure, temperature, humidity, etc. from automatic meteorological stations with DZZ6 ISOS software operation and CAWS600 2004 software OSSMO operation. The results showed that: the two sets of automatic meteorological station data were relatively complete, the rate of measurement lack was low. Through the difference analysis, the consistent rate of the two sets of data was high and the difference of elements was small, meeting the code requirements. The study got the conclusions which were suitable for actual operation, the two sets of the observation data of automatic stations could merge statistically and replace each other without sequence correction; the reason of the difference might be associated with the manufacturer, model and the performance of the instrument, and there was no systematic error.

  Diagnostic Analysis of a Heavy Snow Process in Northwest Shandong 纪凡华,韩风军,, and 2016, 32 (23):  148-152.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16010117 Abstract + ( 766 )   PDF ( 3028KB )   ( 324 ) The paper aims to reveal the causes of heavy snow weather, and provide reference for forecasting and early warning of agricultural disastrous weather. Based on conventional observation data and NCEP reanalysis data, the authors diagnosed and analyzed synoptic situation and physical conditions of a heavy snow process from November 23 to 24, 2015 in northwestern Shandong. The results showed that: the main effect system of the heavy snow included the westerly trough, the low-level jet and the cold high pressure on ground, and the heavy snow had characteristics of the backflow of snow; the main feature was warm moist air above boundary layer climbing along the cold air layer; the main reason for the snowfall distribution was that specific humidity under the boundary layer in the south was more than that in the north; during the heavy snow process, there were strong updraft and warm advection above 925 hPa, and weak downdraft and cold advection in boundary layer.

  Visibility in Weihui: Variation Characteristics and Its Correlation with Meteorological Factors 2016, 32 (23):  160-164.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16030090 Abstract + ( 750 )   PDF ( 589KB )   ( 477 ) The paper aims to improve the forecast level of visibility and reduce the harm caused by low visibility. The authors used the mathematical statistics and correlation coefficient method to analyze the variation characteristics of visibility and the correlation between the variation of visibility and the meteorological factors by using the horizontal visibility and surface meteorological data from 1991 to 2015 of Weihui. The results showed that: the inter-annual variation trend first decreased and then increased in the 25 years, the low-value area appeared in the early 21st century; the seasonal variation value was best in spring, worst in winter; the lowest value appeared in December and the highest in May; the daily variation value was poor in the morning and after 17:00, and was best between 13:00 to 15:00; the frequency of atmospheric visibility and low atmospheric visibility had an upward trend before 2000, and a fluctuated downward trend after 2009; and the highest frequency appeared in December, the lowest frequency appeared in July and May; the visibility and relative humidity had significantly negative correlation, on the other hand, it had significantly positive correlation with wind speed, and it had no significant correlation with temperature and air pressure.

  Forecast of Maximum Temperature in Guizhou 2016, 32 (23):  165-170.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16030108 Abstract + ( 788 )   PDF ( 1476KB )   ( 409 ) It is a tough issue to forecast the maximum temperature forecast in Guizhou, and the forecast quality was not satisfied in recent years. Based on the conventional temperature forecast data and ground observation data from forecasting centers, the author carried out the multi- model ensemble forecast for the maximum temperature. The results showed that: the multi-model ensemble forecast could effectively improve forecast accuracy, and obviously reduce the forecast RMSE of hourly forecast in 120 hours from 1 January, 2013 to 30 April, 2014. This technique had a considerable advantage over the best single model forecast (ECMWF) and the ensemble mean (EMN). The study could improve the maximum temperature forecast in Guizhou and provide more effective guidance for local meteorological forecast and decision-making.

  Variation Characteristics of the Minimum Temperature During Winter Half Year in Qingyang 2016, 32 (23):  171-175.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16010067 Abstract + ( 659 )   PDF ( 679KB )   ( 664 ) In order to study the variation characteristics of the minimum temperature during winter half year in Qingyang, and analyze the impact of climate change on agricultural production, based on the average minimum temperature data of 3 stations, the spatial and temporal variation of the minimum temperature from 1960 and the mutation of the minimum temperature were analyzed by using statistical test method. The results showed that: in the 55 years, the minimum temperature during winter half year in Qingyang was rising in volatility, and the variation was the most significant in the southern plateau region. In the analysis period, the minimum temperature had significant mutations and entered into abnormal warming period. Therefore, the minimum temperature gradually increased during the winter half year in Qingyang. The extension of farming period and the increase of heat resources brought new development opportunities for local agriculture as well as the high risk of the spread of pests and diseases.

  Response of Planting Structure in Jinta County to Climate Warming 2016, 32 (23):  176-180.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15120145 Abstract + ( 673 )   PDF ( 636KB )   ( 439 ) The paper aims to study the response of planting structure in Jinta County, which located in extreme arid area fragile climatic zones in Gansu Province of northwest China, to climate warming. The authors used the surface meteorological data of 1971-2012 from Jinta Weather Station, and the temperature anomaly time series and the linear trend fitting method, to analyze the variation trend of annual mean temperature, the mean maximum temperature, the mean minimum temperature and ≥10℃ accumulated temperature. The results showed that: the annual mean temperature, the mean maximum temperature, the mean minimum temperature showed an upward trend with fluctuation for nearly 42 years in Jinta County, ≥10℃ accumulated temperature had a significant increasing trend. The response of planting structure in Jinta County to climate warming was significant, from the mid of 1970s to the mid of 1990s, local main crops were food crops; in 1998, the planting structure of grain, cotton and other cash crops had fundamental changes; in the 21st century, the layout order of crops’planting area was cotton and grain. Thus, global warming had a significant impact on the structure change of crop production.

  A GPSR Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks Based on Distance and Angle 2016, 32 (23):  181-184.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16020095 Abstract + ( 765 )   The energy of sensor node is one of the key factors affecting the lifetime of wireless sensor network. Greedy algorithm in GPSR protocol ignored the influence of angle in the next hop selection. When there is a forwarding failure, only a peripheral edge forwarding algorithm could be used to solve the problem, with the loss of node energy as the price. In order to save energy of the sensor nodes and prolong the network life cycle, the algorithm, the problem of void in the route was solved from the distance and the angle in this study. Simulation results showed that the improved protocol greatly reduced node energy, and the network lifetime was 300 s, which was longer than before. The protocol can shorten the length of path, save node energy, reduce the consumption of energy and prolong the network lifetime.

  Developmental Difference and Spatial Agglomeration of Modern Agriculture in Chengdu-Chongqing Economic Zone 2016, 32 (23):  185-192.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16020065 Abstract + ( 799 )   PDF ( 1312KB )   ( 420 ) In order to measure the level of modern agriculture development in Chengdu-Chongqing Economic Zone, the principal component analysis method was used to comprehensively evaluate the level of development of modern agriculture in counties and the global Moran index and the local index were used to verify that whether the geographically adjacent regions were spatial correlated. The results showed that the difference in the level modern agriculture in Chengdu-Chongqing Economic Zone was significant, and the level of development of core area around Chengdu and Chongqing city was high while the intermediate zone and the peripheral zone was very low. Then based on the global Moran index and the local index, it is possible to locate the high concentration and low agglomeration region types to help to more accurately identify key breakthrough point in the weak agglomeration and cultivate agricultural industry clusters to drive regional development.

  Coupling and Correlation of Economy and Environment in Henan Province 2016, 32 (23):  193-198.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16010050 Abstract + ( 664 )   PDF ( 698KB )   ( 474 ) Abstract: In order to provide a reference for the regional policy and realize the harmonious development of economy and environment in Henan Province, the interaction between economic and environmental factors of the cities in Henan Province was explored to comprehensively identify the cities’ coupling status of economy and environment. Based on the data of 18 cities in Henan Province from 2008 to 2012, the correlation degree model and coupling degree model between economy and environment were built by using gray correlation analysis. Quantitatively analysis was conducted to analyze the main influencing factors and the correlation of the economy and environment system from the aspects of both time and space. The results showed that both the stress effect of economic development, especially economic structure and strength, on the ecological environment and the binding force of ecological environment, especially environmental construction and management, on economic development were larger in Henan Province. Spatial variation of economy and environment coupling degree of cities in Henan Province was significant with 4 types which were coordination, less coordination, antagonism and low-level coupling, among which less coordination and antagonistic were two main types. Coupling degree of economy and environment of Henan Province was increasing overall from 2008 to 2012 with a relative large fluctuation.

  Influence Factor on Farmers’Behavior of Using Environment Friendly Pesticide——An Empirical Analysis of Vegetable Producing Areas in Shandong 2016, 32 (23):  199-204.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16010141 Abstract + ( 613 )   PDF ( 553KB )   ( 440 ) Based on farmers’microcosmic field survey in main vegetable producing areas in Shandong, the authors used simultaneous bivariate Probit Model to study the influence factors on farmers’ use of environmental friendly pesticides. The results showed that complementary effect existed between high efficiency low toxicity pesticides and biological pesticides, the main factors that affected the use of environment friendly pesticides were the farmers’education level, agricultural technology training experience, agricultural product certification, pre-sale pesticide residue detection and the cognition of pesticides’impact on the environment.