Current issue

• 2016 Vol.32 No.25 Published:29 August 2016

  Effects of Cultivation Pattern on Biomass and Allocation Pattern of Taxus chinensis var. mairei. Plantation 2016, 32 (25):  1-4.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16010128 Abstract + ( 1253 )   PDF ( 475KB )   ( 459 ) In this paper, the cultivation pattern response mechanism on the growth, stem-shape, biomass and its allocation pattern of Taxus chinensis var. mairei plantation were explored, which provided theoretical basis for the Taxus chinensis var. mairei plantation cultivation in forest system and then the 12 year old T. chinensis var. mairei stands growth, stem-shape, biomass accumulation and biomass allocation of the interplantation in forest and the pure forest cultivation patterns were investigated in Mingxi County of Fujian Province. There were significant influence on the tree height and DBH, crown width, volume, the ratio of height to diameter and biomass of T.chinensis var. mairei plantation with different cultivation Patterns. The interplantation in forest can significantly promote the growth, improve the stem form quality, which was conducive to the accumulation of component biomass and total biomass; The order of biomass allocation of T. chinensis var. mairei plantation were stem > branch > leaf with different cultivation patterns; There were significant influence on biomass allocation ratio and component biomass ratio with different cultivation patterns, the interplantation in forest can significantly promote biomass allocation ratio of branches, leaves and stem, reduced root biomass allocation ratio; More biomass was allocated to aboveground part, stem, and leaves in the interplantation in forest pattern. The interplantation in forest pattern can promote T. chinensis var. mairei plantation biomass accumulation and effective allocation than that of pure forest cultivation pattern.

  Soil nutrient characteristics of poplar plantation in different ageof the forest in Dongting Lake area 汤玉喜,杨 艳,李永进 and 吴 敏 2016, 32 (25):  5-9.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16060042 Abstract + ( 808 )   PDF ( 478KB )   ( 425 ) In order to research the soil fertility characteristics of Populus plantation in the Dongting Lake, the soil nutrient of different age forest of Populus plantation were tested. The results showed that there is no significant difference of pH value in different age plantation soil, and showed alkaline. Exception of the high content of organic matter, the others of total N, total P, total K, available N, available P of 4 year old Populus plantation is the lowest, and it has significant difference with 2 year old and 8 year old plantation. The available P content is generally low in different growth stage of soil of Populus plantation. The content of Ca, Mg and S is highest of soil in 2 year old Populus plantation. The soil fertility from high to low in order is 2 year old plantation > 8 year old plantation > 4 year old plantation , and the focus of fertilization should be placed in the middle age Populus plantation.

  Seasonal Change Analysis of Leaf Area Index and Light Transmittance in Evacuation Layered Shape Canopy of‘Xinwen185’ 2016, 32 (25):  10-15.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15120096 Abstract + ( 1002 )   PDF ( 863KB )   ( 319 ) By Research of ‘Xinwen185’ Evacuation layered shape Trees Crown inner layer Light distribution, Aimed at depth and comprehensive understanding of the relationship between leaf area index and light transmittance within walnut Crown inner layer. Using the US LI-COR company"s LAI-2000 canopy analyzer before sunrise and after sunset, determination leaf area index (LAI) and light transmittance (Tr) in the divided small cubes at the tree crown. Experiments Sample tree Crown layer inner light transmittance follow Seasonal changes in vertical distribution of is Middle> upper> lower, And between Layer Change range also relatively close; horizontal distribution is external> central> bore, further is bore and middle difference is small. The extinction coefficient of Crown layer inner follow Seasonal changes showing it has maintained an increasing trend from no leaf stage to the lipidated stage. From Leaf expansion period to Rapidly growth period and from Rapidly growth stage to the lipidated stage,Them extinction coefficient appeared the growth rate a great changes. By determine the leaf area index can be drawn about the crown inner layer walnut light transmittance, and thus obtain the extinction coefficient, in addition extinction coefficient the largest stages is in the from leaf expansion period to the lipidated stage.

  Biomass of Kernel-apricot Plantation 2016, 32 (25):  16-21.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16030011 Abstract + ( 1139 )   PDF ( 483KB )   ( 438 ) In order to explore the value of carbon storage of returning farmland to forest tree species, the biomass and its allocation of Kernel-apricot plantations at different forest ages were studied .The sample trees (tree layer) and sample plots (herb and litter layer)harvest method were adopted to get the biomass at different ages (6a, 12a, 18a)of Kernel-apricot plantations in Xiaowutai region of zhangjiankou The results showed that: (1) The stand biomass was 15.81t.hm-2、31.43t.hm-2、50.53t.hm-2at 6a, 12a and 18a, respectively; (2)Most biomass(83.72%~96.11%) of Kernel-apricot plantation were concentrated in the tree layer, and increased with ages; the next was the herb layer made up 1.46% to 10.82% ; litter biomass contributed smallest,just made up 2.43% to5.46%; (3) The organic biomass allocation was difference between young and middle as well as old plantations, and differ from other tree spices. The organic biomass allocation were stem>branch>root>leaf>fruit at 6a, and branch>root>stem>fruit>leaf at 12a and 18a, respectively.

  Effects of Different Substrates on Cutting Propagation of Three Lonicera Cultivars 2016, 32 (25):  22-26.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15120168 Abstract + ( 1206 )   PDF ( 632KB )   ( 697 ) In order to analyze the effects of different substrates on cutting propagation of three Lonicera cultivars, river sand, floral foam, peat and treatment with or without rooting powder were applied for cutting contrast tests. The results showed that, different substrates and rooting powder treatments had different effects on the growth and root development. (1)‘Jinhuoyan’and‘Dropmore Scarlet’had high cutting survival rate in river sand (up to 89.6% and 81%), but for cultivar‘Geleimu’, the cutting survival rate in river sand was as low as 14.4%, while it could reach 74% in floral foam. (2) Compared with peat, river sand was more suitable for the root development of the three Lonicera cultivars. (3) With the treatment of rooting powder, the cutting survival rate of the three Lonicera cultivars increased by 16.6%, significantly higher than those in control group and the root quantity increased by 25.4%. (4)‘Jinhuoyan’had higher cutting survival rate and higher root quantity than the other two cultivars in different substrates, while‘Geleimu’had the lowest survival rate. Therefore, ‘Jinhuoyan’was the most suitable cultivar for cutting growth, the cutting survival rate could reach 96.4% in river sand with the treatment of rooting powder.

  Continuous Cropping Obstacles of Facilities Vegetables in Henan: Investigation and Analysis 李贞霞,,孙涌栋 and 2016, 32 (25):  27-33.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16060130 Abstract + ( 778 )   PDF ( 572KB )   ( 717 ) 96 cooperatives (agricultural garden, village) of 93 townships of 17 cities in Henan were investigated to understand the occurrence and prevention and control of continuous cropping obstacles of facility vegetables. The results showed that: crops in the arrangements and vegetable species of facility vegetables in Henan were diversified, vegetables’continuous cropping years were more than 5 a, the longest continuous cropping years were 30 a; when the continuous cropping of facility vegetables were more than 3 a, vegetables showed continuous cropping obstacle, and the proportion of shed and greenhouse with continuous cropping obstacle and the severity increased with the extension of continuous cropping years; soil borne diseases of facility vegetables occurred most seriously, in which the incidence rate of root knot nematode disease was 84.6%, and that in greenhouse was 56.9%; except for soil borne disease, the imbalance of soil nutrients and soil secondary salinization also commonly occurred, the soil-self toxicity, soil crust, acidification occurred relatively light. The main measures of prevention and control of continuous cropping obstacles for protecting facility vegetables in Henan were summarized, and several important problems found in the survey were analyzed, and some suggestions were put forward.

  Nitrogen Use Efficiencies of Main Vegetables in South China 王荣萍,,,,廖新荣、 and 2016, 32 (25):  34-39.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16010127 Abstract + ( 1047 )   PDF ( 532KB )   ( 451 ) To explore efficient vegetable production in south China, experiments were conducted to investigate the nitrogen fertilizer utilization rate of major vegetables in south China using the“3414”experimental method. We conducted field experiments in vegetable production areas in south China, and analyzed the partial factor productivity (PEPN), agronomic efficiency (NAE), apparent recovery efficiency (AREN), physiological efficiency (NPE), fertilizer contribution rate (FCR) and soil contribution rate (SCR) of nitrogen fertilizers in vegetables under the experimental conditions. The average values of PEPN, NAE, AREN, NPE, FCR and SCR were as follows: in leafy vegetables: 173.1 kg/kg, 38.3 kg/kg, 18.4% , 291.5 kg/kg, 38.6% and 61.4% , respectively; in gourd vegetables: 145.5 kg/kg, 55.6 kg/kg, 19.7% , 315.3 kg/kg, 36.6% and 63.4% , respectively; and in leguminous vegetables: 204.5 kg/kg, 42.4 kg/kg, 19.6%, 228.4 kg/kg, 20.6%, 79.5%, respectively. Different vegetables showed a different distribution in nutrient use efficiency percentage. In leafy vegetables, 40 samples (34%) had AREN＜10%, 43 samples (36%) had AREN of 10%-20%, 19 samples (16%) showed 20%-30% AREN, 16 samples (14%) had AREN ＞ 30%. In gourd vegetables, 48 samples (31%) had AREN＜10%, 51 samples (33%) had 10%-20% AREN, 32 samples (21%) showed 20%-30% AREN, and 25 samples (15%) had AREN＞30%. In leguminous vegetables, 54 samples (39%) had AREN ＜ 10%, 36 samples (26%) had 10%-20% AREN, 23 samples (17%) had 20%-30% AREN, and 26 samples (18%) had AREN＞30% . More than 80% of samples showed less than 30% AREN, suggesting that under current conditions, the nitrogen use efficiency of each type of vegetable was low. Issues such as high yield and improvements in nutrient use efficiency need to be addressed simultaneously during vegetable production.

  Comparison and Analysis of Summer Stubble Lettuce Varieties: Based on Subordinate Function Values Analysis 2016, 32 (25):  40-43.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15120165 Abstract + ( 848 )   PDF ( 535KB )   ( 409 ) In order to select more suitable lettuce varieties for high temperature season in the northern mountainous area of Beijing, a cultivated product ratio experiment is carried out on 5 new varieties and one main cultivar. The experiment is carried out to determine the yield, shape and resistance of 5 varieties of lettuce on the sixtieth day after planting, and the data are overall evaluated by membership function method. Among the 5 varieties, the yield of the “shooter 101” is the best, the plant type of “Beisheng No. 1” is the most compact, so it is suitable for intensive planting, the leaf of “iron man" is the biggest with the best commodity form. What’s more, the resistance ability of bolting of “Beisheng No.1” is the best, and its resistance to high temperature is also the best; the resistance ability of heartburn of “Beisheng No.1” is also the best, so its commodity appearance is the best. The comprehensive performance of the 4 new varieties of lettuce is better than that of the control cultivar “shooter 101”, and these 4 new varieties are suitable for the promotion of the high temperature cultivation season in the northern mountainous area of Beijing. Among them, the comprehensive performance of "Iron Man" is the best.

  Water Consumption and Crop Coefficient of Pepper by Alternative Irrigation in Desert Oasis 马乐元,张勤虎 and 2016, 32 (25):  44-51.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16050123 Abstract + ( 748 )   PDF ( 770KB )   ( 410 ) The objective of this study is to assess the crop coefficient of pepper and the soil moisture variations under alternative irrigation. Intensive study of water use efficiency and water balance of crops in desert oasis were contributed to the water-saving irrigation of agricultural ecosystem and sustainable utilization of water resources. Pepper was widely planted in desert oasis of northwestern regions. It was studied in this paper about water consumption characteristics and crop coefficient of irrigated pepper among different growth stages, quantified the inner relationships between water consumption and soil water dynamics based on water balance method, and analyzed regression relationships between pepper crop coefficient and leaf area index of growth period. Results showed that mild water deficit during planting-fruit setting stage and alternative irrigation during late fruiting stage had no significant effects on crop total water consumption. Water consumption is the largest in middle fruiting stage. Crop coefficient of pepper was significantly influenced by alternative irrigation. Crop coefficient of ‘Longjiao No.2’ was higher than that of the ‘Meiguohong’. There was a significant positive linear correlation between crop coefficient and pepper leaf area index.

  Physical and Chemical Properties and Bacterial Communities of Agaricus bisporus Compost with Different Formulations at Cultivation Stage 2016, 32 (25):  52-58.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16010104 Abstract + ( 820 )   PDF ( 910KB )   ( 355 ) In order to take recycling use of straw resources in Beijing area, which were applied in the field of Agaricus bisporus cultivation as productive resources. Based on traditional wheat straw formulation, corn stalks and mushroom residue were respectively added to instead of part of the wheat straw. Physical and chemical properties of the Agaricus bisporus compost in three different formulations during cultivation stage were determined by dry weighing method, kjeldahl method，burning weight method and so on, and bacterial communities characteristics were determined by DGGE analysis. After adding corn stalks and mushroom residue, the moisture content and carbon content of compost increased. The higher nitrogen content compost consists of, the higher yield would be. Different formulations yield followed the traditional wheat straw recipe, corn stalks recipe and mushroom recipe from higher to lower. Thermomonospora sp., Bacillus sp. and Microvirga sp. were the dominant microflora of the different formulations during cultivation stage. An uncultured bacterium (b13) which was an absolutely dominant microflora in the pinning phase may be relative to the formations of fungus-bud. The traditional wheat straw formulation had good physical and chemical properties and stability of bacteria communities, and the other two formulations which use corn stalks and mushroom residue to instead of part of the wheat straw respectively still need to be further optimized.

  Variation Differences of Phenolic Acids During in Vitro Rooting of Paeonia suffruticosa Plantlets 2016, 32 (25):  59-64.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16010079 Abstract + ( 766 )   PDF ( 733KB )   ( 562 ) The dynamic changes of six phenolic acids contents were evaluated by using high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry during vitro rooting process of three cultivars (‘Wu Long Peng Sheng’, ‘Tai Ping Hong’, ‘Feng Dan Bai’ ) in order to research the relationship between phenolic acids and the occurrence of adventitious roots in tree peony (Paeonia suffruticosa Andr.). Results showed that six phenolic acids contents varied with time in different amplitude during the vitro rooting process. However, they were difference in the dynamic changes among the three tree peony cultivars. Paeoniflorin, benzoic acid and 4-hydroxy benzoic acid contents were higher in easy-to-root ‘Tai Ping Hong’ cultivar than in difficult-to-root ‘Feng Dan Bai’ and ‘Wu Long Peng Sheng’ cultivars, while methyl gallate and shikimic acid contents were lower in ‘Tai Ping Hong’ than in ‘Feng Dan Bai’ and ‘Wu Long Peng Sheng’. However, no clear conclusions could be drawn for gallic acid content in correlation to the rooting ability of the three tree peony cultivars. The results held that paeoniflorin, benzoic acid, 4-hydroxy benzoic acid, methyl gallate and shikimic acid were closely related to the rooting of tree peony, the influence of gallic acid in rooting was little.

  Components of Yellow Petal Pigments in Strelitzia reginae 2016, 32 (25):  65-68.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16020061 Abstract + ( 682 )   PDF ( 511KB )   ( 399 ) The study on components of flower pigments is significant in exploring the mechanism of flower coloration. In this study, the yellow sepals were measured by the color phenotype determination, UV-visible spectra of flower pigments and UPLC. The results indicated that the yellow sepals consisted of carotenoids and flavonoids. In carotenoids, β-carotenoids content was the highest, up to 825.80 μg/(g·FW), the second was β-cryptoxanthin content [322.28 μg/(g·FW)], lutein content was the lowest [3.87 μg/(g·FW)]. This paper provides a reference for the identification of molecular structure of flower pigments and the breeding of flower color in Strelitzia reginae.

  Fritillaria unibracteata in Barkam: The Effect of Cultivation Methods on Growth 汪清平,杨华,,, and 2016, 32 (25):  69-74.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16030100 Abstract + ( 684 )   PDF ( 484KB )   ( 457 ) To provide the basis for the cultivation of Fritillaria unibracteata in Barkam, the authors studied the influence of weeding, fertilizing and soil preparation, planting density and thickness of overburden soil on growth height and survival rate of Fritillaria unibracteata. The results showed that: the thickness of the overburden soil had no significant effect on the growth and survival rate of Fritillaria unibracteata, however, soil preparation and planting density had a significant influence on that, weeding and fertilizing affected the growth and survival rate of Fritillaria unibracteata at a certain period of time. In general, the cultivation of Fritillaria unibracteata need a low planting density (60000 plants/hm2), fertilizing and weeding were inappropriate in the first month after sowing seeds; proper fertilization was conducive to the growth of Fritillaria unibracteata in the second month; weeding and fertilizing had no significant effect on growth in the third month.

  Reproducing Technology of Alstromeria aurantiaca 2016, 32 (25):  75-78.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16030027 Abstract + ( 637 )   PDF ( 495KB )   ( 338 ) In order to improve the propagation efficiency of Alstromeria aurantiaca, the shoot apex and leaf as explant materials were used to compare the explant induction medium and rooting medium in different experiment time, experiments on seed germination and plant division propagation were carried out, and a plant rapid propagation propagation system was established. The results showed that the optimal one is MS 6 - BA 5.0 mg/L 1.0 mg/L NAA for shoot apex original culture medium; Rooting culture is 3/4 ms 0.2 mg/L NAA IBA 0.5 mg/L; The best seed germination matrix is peat: sand: vermiculite = 1:1:1, The ideal growing environment is (22±2) ℃ around 3 weeks, and then the refrigerator around 5 ℃ about 3 weeks; the most appropriate matrix is peat soil: perlite: vermiculite = 3:2:1. Division propagation Plant should select those strong, colorful, no diseases and insect pests, and the temperature should be controlled in (22±2) ℃.

  SRAP Analysis of Cultivated Dendrobium officinale and Similar Species 2016, 32 (25):  79-83.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16010087 Abstract + ( 816 )   PDF ( 800KB )   ( 487 ) The genetic diversity and relationship of 35 germplasm resources (24 cultivated Dendrobium officinale, 9 Dendrobium species and 2 adulterants) were analyzed by SRAP markers. Ten SRAP primers were screened for the SRAP-PCR reaction, and 91 polymorphic bands were detected, and the polymorphic percentage was 98.9%. The SRAP results indicated the genetic diversity of cultivated D. officinale from different areas was rich. UPGMA analysis showed the 35 germplasm resources divided into 8 groups, 24 cultivated D. officinale were in one group, and separated from other Dendrobium species and adulterants. It also showed that unknown hybrid was a cross between D. officinale and D. guangxiense.

  Advances in Protoplast Fusion Technology 2016, 32 (25):  84-90.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16010076 Abstract + ( 855 )   PDF ( 557KB )   ( 565 ) In the present research, advances in protoplast fusion technology were reviewed. Starting from the steps of protoplast fusion that included protoplast isolation, culture and fusion, detailed descriptions about research progress in protoplast isolation, culture and fusion were respectively expounded, and relevant factors affecting the protoplast fusion were analyzed. Then, the method and mode of protoplast fusion as well as the screening and identification of hybrid cell obtained from protoplast fusion were summarized. Based on the analysis of the relevant literature, the methods widely used in screening and identification of hybrid cell were summed up. Finally, the problems of protoplast fusion in breeding practice were analyzed, and prospects of this technology in breeding were also outlined, which could lay a foundation for the development of protoplast fusion technology.

  Ultrastructure of Antennal Sensilla of Leaf-Roller Moths Rhyacionia pinicolana (Doubleday) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) 2016, 32 (25):  91-95.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15120144 Abstract + ( 862 )   PDF ( 1951KB )   ( 433 ) The aim was to expound the ultrastructure of antennal sensilla of Rhyacionia pinicolana (Doubleday). The shoots of scotch pine, Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica, damaged by moths were collected from forest fields, and then the moths were raised to adults in the indoor. The external morphology of antenna and sensilla were observed by scanning electron microscopy. Results showed that the adult antennae shape was filamentous, gradually tapering from the base to the end, with a total length of about 3.73-5.46 mm. And the scape was short, a long cylindrical shape. The pedicel was inflated like a round ball, which was covered with a lot of squama on its surface. The flagella consisted of 40-44 subsegments. Also five types of sensilla on surface of R. pinicolana were observed including sensilla trichodea, sensilla auricillica, sensilla coeloconica, sensilla chaetica and b?hm bristles. Furthermore, the antenna length and types of male and female showed dimorphism, though the distribution characteristic of sensilla between different genders was very similar. On this foundation, the functions of each type of sensilla were speculated. All these results were of great value to in- depth understanding of the chemosensory system and helpful to revealing the host selection behavior mechanism.

  Quarantine and inspection techniques of the Asian longhorned beetle Anoplophora glabripennis (Motschulsky) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) 2016, 32 (25):  96-101.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16010100 Abstract + ( 841 )   PDF ( 604KB )   ( 638 ) Anoplophora glabripennis (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) is one of the most destructive insect borers of poplar tree in China on the list of national forestry risk pests. The aim of this study is to know the occurrence and development of A. glabripennisso and the latest progresses of its inspection and quarantine techniques, so as to take targeted measures and provide references for its quarantine and inspection. The conventional quarantine techniques, molecular biological diagnostic tec niques and plant quarantine treatments of A.glabripennisso were reviewed in this paper. The main quarantine treatments were methyl bromide fumigation and heat treatment at present. However, a combination of a variety of plant quarantine treatments could achieve better results, thus a safe and effective quarantine and inspection technique system of A. glabripennisso should depend on multi-disciplinary research in the future.

  Control Effect of Bacillus Against Banana Fusarium Wilt 2016, 32 (25):  102-109.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16020058 Abstract + ( 902 )   PDF ( 1349KB )   ( 389 ) To effectively evaluate the effect of biocontrol bacterium against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense, which causes banana fusarium wilt, 3 antagonistic strains A5-6, D7-16 and CL7 were selected from 249 testing isolates. The antibacterial ability of the 3 strains was observed, and resistant spectrum tests and acteriostatic ability monitoring in soil and potted seedlings were conducted. Then morphological characteristics of the 3 strains were observed and identification of the 3 strains was conducted using 16S rDNA sequence. Microscopic observation showed that the pathogen hyphae growth and spores germination were inhibited by A5-6, D7-16 and CL7. Resistance spectrum tests showed that the 3 strains had relatively high resistant rate to FOC4 (60%) and relatively low resistant rate to other specializations of Fusarium oxysporum (40%-50%). The population of FOC4 in the soil of potted seedlings was smaller than that in the soil without potted seedlings under the control of the 3 strains. Pot experiment showed that A5-6 had better disease control ability (72.3%) than that of D7-16 (45.4%) and CL7 (50.0%). The morphological characteristics and 16S rDNA sequence analysis showed that the 3 strains were all Bacillus sp., and D7-16 was Brevibacillus brevis. All the 3 strains should be used as bio-control bacterium to control banana fusarium wilt and further developmental research should be conducted.

  Molecular Mechanism of Galium aparine Resistance to Tribenuron-Methyl 2016, 32 (25):  110-113.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16020069 Abstract + ( 846 )   PDF ( 512KB )   ( 428 ) In recent years, the tribenuron-methylin resistant Galium aparine was serious throughout Henan Province, and common dose of tribenuron-methyl cannot control Galium aparine any more. The objective of this study is to understand the molecular mechanism of the Galium aparine resistance to tribenuron-methyl. Through total DNA extraction, ALS clone and sequencing, the authors found the specific mutation sites in amino acid sequence of acetolactate synthase (ALS) in the resistant biotype of Galium aparine. Compared with the susceptible biotype, there were three types of amino acid substitutions in the resistant biotypes, of which, the amino acid substitution of Pro197 (CCC) to Thr (ACC) and Pro197 (CCC) to Leu (CTC) were located in the highly conserved region Domain A, Thr 457 (ACC) to Ser (TCC) in the non- conservative region. The substitution of Pro197 might be the reason for the resistance in the R-biotype of Galium aparine to tribenuronmethyl.

  Investigation on the Distribution and Prevention measures of Pomacea Canaliculata in Jiaoling County 2016, 32 (25):  114-118.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16060127 Abstract + ( 767 )   PDF ( 703KB )   ( 338 ) The aims of the study are to obtain the basic data of Pomacea canaliculata distribution and harm condition in Jiaoling County, Guangdong Province, and provide foundation for popularizing environment friendly molluscicide oil- tea meal. The data were collected by questionnaire investigation, agricultural department survey and field survey from June 2015 to April 2016. The results showed that there was serious harm by Pomacea canaliculata in Jiaoling County, the quantity and weight density of Pomacea canaliculata was 20 ind./m2 and 767.05 kg/hm2, respectively, and the largest weight density was up to 1227.28 kg/hm2. Large and medium Pomacea canaliculata exceeded 50% in early tillering stage of rice. The cost for controlling Pomacea canaliculata only occupied 5% of the loss caused by it. 67.09% farmers used pesticides to control Pomacea canaliculata. Thus, in the early tillering stage of rice, the mixed application of plant source molluscicide oil- tea meal and fertilizer might have a high economic and ecological value for controlling Pomacea canaliculata.

  Ecological Function Value Change of Grassland in Sunitezuo Banner 刘欣超,邱晓,王慧敏,常虹,孙海莲 and 翟琇 2016, 32 (25):  119-126.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16010129 Abstract + ( 857 )   PDF ( 5748KB )   ( 348 ) The paper aims to study the ecological function value change of grassland in Sunitezuo Banner, Inn er Mongolia during 2000- 2010. The ecological functions of carbon fixation and oxygen release, air purification, water conservation and wind erosion resistance of grassland in Sunitezuo Banner in 2000, 2005 and 2010 were studied and valued, and the ecological function values were calculated. The results showed that: the total value of ecological function of grassland in Sunitezuo Banner was 3.34×109 yuan, 1.82×109 yuan and 3.49×109 yuan in 2000, 2005 and 2010 respectively, which meant the ecological function of grassland in Sunitezuo Banner decreased by 41% from 2000 to 2005, and increased by 5% from 2000 to 2010, and it clarified that the ecological environment was the worst in 2005, which was caused by lower precipitation in 2005 compared with other years, and there was a positive correlation between the ecological function value and precipitation. The grassland is a complex ecosystem, since there are many shortages in the theory and methods of ecological function value study, so the ecological function values of grassland in Sunitezuo Banner calculated based on current technology are conservative and underestimated.

  Effects of Environmental Factors on Evaporation and Permeation Change Under Three Example Weather Years in Shiyang River Basin 2016, 32 (25):  127-131.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16010094 Abstract + ( 606 )   PDF ( 546KB )   ( 388 ) To reveal the change rule of evaporation and permeation in Shiyang River Basin, based on the LG-I weighing lysimeter, the authors studied the effects of different environmental factors on the change of evaporation and permeation under three example weather years and different seasonal background. Through the correlation comparison between each environmental factor and the evaporation and permeation, the results showed that: the effective extent order of the environmental factors was: precipitation＞temperature＞relative humidity＞wind speed. The precipitation influenced most directly and had a high correlation with the precipitation and permeation. The other factors indirectly affected the evaporation and permeation. The correlation between each environmental factor and the evaporation and permeation in the year with the most precipitation was higher than that in other years, and the above mentioned correlation in summer was higher than that in other seasons.

  Effect of Representative Forests on Snow Water Equivalence in Harbin 2016, 32 (25):  132-137.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16010088 Abstract + ( 700 )   PDF ( 652KB )   ( 366 ) Revealing the regulation mechanism of forest on snow and water resources is of great significance. However, the effect of forest on snow hydrological process is poorly understood in the area of northeast China so far. From 2012 to 2013, three forests were selected as the research areas among the experimental wood farms of Harbin. Through regular observation of the snow depth, snow density and snow equivalence of the interior and exterior forests, the influence of different forests on snow water equivalence component was studied. The results showed that the peak snow accumulation period was March 9, 2013. The snow depth of Pinus sylvestris and Larix gmelinii was 20.1% (5.98 cm) and 13.7% (4.08 cm) smaller than that of the clearing respectively. The snow density of different forests’surface and the environmental temperature were significantly and positively correlated. The snow density of Pinus sylvestris and Larix gmelinii was smaller than that of Betula platyphylla and the clearing. The peak snow water equivalence (SWE) of Pinus sylvestris, Larix gmelinii and Betula platyphylla was 32.9%, 14.2% and 7.0% smaller than that of the clearing respectively. During the ablation period, ablation rates of Pinus sylvestris, Larix gmelinii and Betula platyphylla were 39% (1.21 mm/d), 70% (2.18 mm/d) and 93% (2.89 mm/d) as rapid as that of the clearing, respectively. Compared with Larix gmelinii, Betula platyphylla and the clearing, the snow accumulation of Pinus sylvestris surface melt completely 10 days later. The accumulation snow interception of Pinus sylvestris, Larix gmelinii and Betula platyphylla was 18.4 mm, 7.95 mm and 3.89 mm respectively in winter. Above all, the regulation effect of Pinus sylvestris forest on snow redistribution is obvious and the dense canopy structure of Pinus sylvestris forest is an important influencing factor on snow redistribution.

  Water Quality Assessment of Weihe River Baoji Section Based on Equalized Grey Correlation Analysis 2016, 32 (25):  138-141.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15010116 Abstract + ( 818 )   PDF ( 427KB )   ( 465 ) To make an accurate assessment of water quality, seven water quality monitoring indicators including BOD5, CODCr, CODMn, NH3-N, TP, TN and content of fluoride in Weihe River Baoji section from 2008 to 2009 were evaluated based on equalized grey correlation analysis. The results showed that the overall water quality of Weihe River Baoji section was good. Water quality of Guozhen Bridge and Caijiapo Bridge were at grade Ⅳ, which was poor. Regional pollution changed with time and space. The equalized grey correlation analysis, which was simple, actual and easy to operate, had good effect on water quality assessment in Weihe River Baoji section.

  High-standard Basic Farmland Construction in Hilly and Mountain Area Project Design and Discussion 2016, 32 (25):  142-146.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16050041 Abstract + ( 652 )   PDF ( 516KB )   ( 614 ) The landscape of Northern Fujian is complex, with scattered land, various types of farmland, less infrastructure and large area proportion of medium and low-yield field, it has significant meaning for high-standard basic farmland to research and compile a project design which is scientific, reasonable, pointed and adjusted to local conditions. The site acceptance documents of 422 project designing schemes from 2011 to 2015 were analyzed and summarized, relevant information was reviewed, besides, project design and acceptance achievements were compared to put forward existing problems and suggestions. Based on construction of high-standard basic farmland, site investigation and survey should be conducted repeatedly, moreover, natural environment, economic practicability of engineering measures, ownership of land, and farmers’ intentions should be taken into full consideration to find out the key point and difficulty of design and realize divisional design. As the foundation of high-standard farmland construction, excellent project design plays an acceleration role in guiding farmland consolidation, farmland irrigation and drainage system, field road network construction, improving the quality of cultivated land and comprehensive productivity of land.

  Advances in Biochar Effects on Soil Microbial Community Structure and Diversity Advances in Biochar Effects on Soil Microbial Community Structure and Diversity 2016, 32 (25):  147-152.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16010082 Abstract + ( 738 )   PDF ( 508KB )   ( 565 ) The purpose was to study the effects of biochar on heavy metal contaminated soil and its mechanism. The properties of biochar and the interactions of biochar, heavy metals and microorganism were summarized. The stress effects of heavy metal and the corresponding beneficial protective effects of biochar on soil microorganism were introduced from three aspects of soil microbial biomass, activity, and community structure and diversity. And the effects of biochar on soil microbial community structure and diversity were emphatically analyzed. Finally, the authors made an outlook on the future research in this field, so as to provide a perspective of micro ecology for the future scientific application of biochar in the heavy metal contaminated soil.

  Soil Nutrient Status and Fertilization Countermeasures in Tobacco-planting Areas of Mianning, Sichuan Province 2016, 32 (25):  153-158.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16010136 Abstract + ( 693 )   PDF ( 477KB )   ( 427 ) In order to investigate the soil nutrient status and ensure rational fertilization in tobacco planting areas in Miannign country, Sichuan province. 186 soil samples of topsoil layers (0~20 cm) in new tobacco growing areas were collected from four townships of Houshan, Huilong, Haha and Huiping. Some selective nutrient of pH, soil organic matter, available nitrogen, available phosphorus, available potassium, exchangeable calcium and magnesium were analyzed in this paper. The results showed that the average pH value in new tobacco planting areas of Mianning county was 6.26, which was at an appropriate level as a whole．The contents of soil organic matter, available phosphorus, exchangeable calcium and magnesium were generally at a suitable or higher level．However, the coefficients of variation were very big. 15.15% of soils were deficient in soil organic matter, 24.74% of soils were deficient in available phosphorus, and about 15.00% of soils were deficient in exchangeable calcium and magnesium．Soil available nitrogen and potassium were relatively deficient,68.50% of soil samples was of available nitrogen deficiency, and 90.39% of soil samples was of available potassium deficiency. Therefore, it was suggested that fertilization management should be based on the particular situation of soil nutrient in order to sustain soil development and improve quality of flue-cured tobacco.

  Characteristics of a Heavy Rainfall on Subtropical High Edge in West Coast of Bohai 2016, 32 (25):  159-165.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16060013 Abstract + ( 702 )   PDF ( 2322KB )   ( 340 ) The paper aims to study the characteristics of a heavy rainfall on the west pacific subtropical high edge in summer, and improve the heavy rainfall forecasting models and factors and promote the prediction accuracy. Using the data of micaps, upper and lower wind field and T639L60 variable, the circulation situation, upper-lower jet, vertical speed, relative humidity of a heavy rainfall during August 4-5, 2010 in the west coast of Bohai were analyzed. The results indicated that: subtropical high, westerly trough and low level shear line, surface cyclone formed the major effect system of this heavy rainfall, the intersection of high altitude cold air and low warm wet air at west coast of Bohai touched off the heavy rainfall; low level convergence and high level divergence offered dynamic conditions, low level southwesterly jet and surface continuous easterly winds offered abundant moisture; this heavy rainfall occurred between 584 dagpm and 588 dagpm contour line of subtropical high where low level shear line existed, right side of 200 hPa high level jet and left side of 850 hPa low level jet; enhancing of high level jet, developing of instable convection stratification, enhancing of atmospheric lifting movement, invading of high level cold dry air, importing of low level warm wet air indicated heavy rainfall; weakening of high and low level jet, disappearing of low level warm wet air, invading of low level cold dry air indicated precipitation disappearing.

  Climatic Distribution Characteristics of Thunderstorm Days in Heze in Recent 50 Years 2016, 32 (25):  166-169.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16060039 Abstract + ( 853 )   PDF ( 631KB )   ( 464 ) Based on data of thunderstorm days in Heze, linear trend analysis, Mann-Kendall methods and Morlet wavelet analysis, etc. were adopted to analyze the climatic distribution characteristics of thunderstorm days. The results showed that: from 1964 to 2013, the number of thunderstorm days distributed evenly in every county of Heze; from the mid-1960s, the annual number of thunderstorm days reduced significantly with a linear trend of 2.9 d/10 a; the reducing number of thunderstorm days was a mutation phenomenon, it began in 1981. In 7 years’level, the sequence of thunderstorm day in Heze had a 15-year’s oscillation; in 20 years’ level, the sequence of thunderstorm day in Heze had a 40-year’s oscillation. Late 1980s was a turning point. The spatial distribution of thunderstorm days was even.

  Application Effect of Intelligent Bio-Particle Fuel Combustion Machine in Tobacco Curing 2016, 32 (25):  170-174.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15100083 Abstract + ( 748 )   PDF ( 521KB )   ( 1107 ) In order to reduce the workload and cost in tobacco leaf curing, replace coal with bio-particle, use combustion machine with intelligent bio-particle as fuel, simply transform the intensive curing barn and carry out a contrast test on the tobacco leaf flue-cured in the generally intensive curing barn, the test point selected fresh tobacco leaf of the same field and species, under normal growth condition, of same position of leaf blade and consistent maturity for comparison, and the same curing process is also selected at the same time. By taking the curing time, energy consumption cost and tobacco appearance quality as the research indexes, the authors assessed the tobacco curing effect. The results showed that the use of the curing barn whose heat was supplied by the air heater with the new biomass fuel could save 21.7 h curing management time, the fuel consumption cost was 188.72 yuan/curing more than that of the coal, the power consumption cost was saved as 16 .06 yuan/curing, the labor cost was saved as 216 yuan/curing, the superior and medium tobacco ratio was raised by 3.01 percentage points, and the average price was increased by 1.54 yuan/kg. The combustion machine with intelligent bio- particle fuel had such characteristics as simple heat supply and ignition, automatic fuel charging, complete combustion, labor saving for adding coal and deslagging for curing, easy management and cleaning and maintenance, all of which could improve the appearance quality and internal quality of tobacco leaf and reduce environmental pollution at the same time.

  Variation Analysis of Main Chemical Components of Organic Flue-cured Tobacco from Jinggu County 2016, 32 (25):  175-180.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16010143 Abstract + ( 599 )   PDF ( 545KB )   ( 459 ) In order to clarify the changing law of chemical components of organic flue-cured tobacco and provide some references for tobacco production in Jinggu, the chemical components variation trend of Jinggu organic flue-cured tobacco from 2011 to 2014 was analyzed. The results showed that: (1) the contents of total and reducing sugar were generally high and relatively stable; whereas, the contents of nicotine, total nitrogen, potassium and chlorine varied in different years; (2) the contents of total and reducing sugar, as well as the ratio of total nitrogen to nicotine, were significantly different among the years (P＜0.05); the ratio of potassium to chlorine were dramatically distinct (P＜0.01); nevertheless, there was no significant difference in the contents of nicotine and chlorine, the ratio of total sugar to nicotine and the dissimilarity between total sugar and reducing sugar (P＞0.05); (3) the CUI of organic tobacco in 2012 was the highest in the four years, followed by that in 2013, the CUI of most sorts of tobacco in these two years were higher than those of 2011 and 2014, whose availability was relatively poor; the CUI of different parts of organic tobacco leaves was in an order of middle leaves＞ upper leaves＞ lower leaves; as for the variance degree of CUI, that of the lower leaves was the largest over the years, followed by that of the middle leaves, and that of the upper leaves was relatively stable.

  Flavor Classification Model Based on Aroma Components of Tobacco Leaves 2016, 32 (25):  181-187.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15090125 Abstract + ( 598 )   PDF ( 1542KB )   ( 366 ) The study was based on the aroma components of tobacco leaves to establish the classification model of tobacco flavor, and then all of the models were compared to select the optimal model. Firstly, detected 45 components tobacco leaves by tobacco industry standards, then selected 14 aroma components by stepwise regression method, discriminate analysis, Logistic regression, Gauss mixture model, classification tree, using K nearest neighbor method, artificial neural network and support vector machine seven methods to establish the models based on the 14 index. Using 100 randomly selected samples as the training sets and test samples to calculate the error classification rate through the establishment of the different methods of models, the model was the preferred model which classification error rate was lower than others. By contrast, two kinds of flavor function model (linear discriminate method and Gauss mixed) could be better to unknown sample types. Two kinds of optimization models had a certain application value for classification research of tobacco flavor.

  Influence of Different Drying Temperatures on Main Functional Components’Content of Lonicera japonica Tea 邵铮铮,王伟燕,南海娟,赵俊俊 and 莫海珍 2016, 32 (25):  188-193.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15120126 Abstract + ( 1006 )   PDF ( 762KB )   ( 370 ) This research aims to measure the content of Total Flavonoids and Chlorogenic Acid in Lonicera Japonica under different drying temperature by establishing the method of measuring Total Flavonoids and Chlorogenic Acid in Lonicera Japonica. Methods: using uv-visible spectrophotometer method to measure the content of Total Flavonoids; using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method to measure the content of Chlorogenic Acid. Chromatography column: Zorbax SB - C18 column (250 mm x 4.6 mm, 5μm); Mobile phase: acetonitrile - 0.5% acetic acid solution - water (2:1:7); Flow rate: 0.8 ml/min; Detection wavelength: 327nm; Column temperature: 20 ℃. Results: This research has established a standard curve of Total flavonoids and chlorogenic acid. The content of Total Flavonoids in Lonicera Japonica under different drying temperature was 0.39%, 0.33%, 0.30% and 0.19% respectively; the content of Chlorogenic Acid was 1.44%, 1.42%, 1.27%, 1.42%; the average recovery rates were 98.2% and 99.6% respectively. With the increase of drying temperature, the content of Total Flavonoids and Chlorogenic Acid in the sample is on the decline. Under the condition of 80 ℃ drying temperature, the content of Total Flavonoids and Chlorogenic Acid in the samples was the highest. Conclusion: This method can effectively measure the content of Total Flavonoids and Chlorogenic Acid in Lonicera Japonica under different drying temperatures. The difference is obvious in the content of Total Flavonoids and Chlorogenic Acid in Lonicera Japonica in different drying temperature, and 80 ℃ is the best baking temperature.

  GC-MS Analysis of Chemical Constituents of Volatile Oil in Leaves of Hainan Michelia mediocris Dandy 2016, 32 (25):  194-198.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16060049 Abstract + ( 808 )   PDF ( 1010KB )   ( 655 ) In order to extract and analyze the chemical constituents of volatile oil in leaves of Hainan Michelia mediocris Dandy, the volatile oil was extracted by steam distillation method, the chemical constituents of volatile oil were separated and measured by GC—MS method. The results showed that 49 types of components were identified, which accounted for 86.43% of the total volatile oil, the main components of the volatile oil were ( )- 1(10)- aristolene (13.06%), machilol (12.01%), α- elemol (9.76%), 5,7- diethyl- 5,6- decadien- 3- yne (9.11%), and 4,5- dihydro- 2- (phenylmethyl)- 1H- imidazole (7.57%). This research clarified the main constituents of Hainan Michelia mediocris Dandy and provided a scientific basis for the further development and utilization in medical, forestry and chemical engineering.

  Rural Housing Cooperatives Development Model and Countermeasures 2016, 32 (25):  199-204.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16040001 Abstract + ( 633 )   PDF ( 572KB )   ( 465 ) Make an inventory of rural idle housing circulation management is an important way to give farmers more property rights, activate the potential of all kinds of production factors in rural area and establish a new mechanism for the operation of rural collective economy in line with market economy requirements. In this paper,defined the definition and connotation of the rural housing cooperatives, analyzed the value and significance of rural housing cooperatives, Summarized the two types of operation of rural housing cooperatives: the "village collective farmers", "enterprise village collective farmers" , extracted three different types of rural housing cooperatives’ models:"Nature type"、"culture industry type"、"Educational History type", pointed out the problems that current in the development process of rural housing cooperatives, such as lack of performance of cultural characteristics、 low-end homogenization and others, as well as put forward the corresponding suggestions:cultivating Farmers'' consciousness and standardizing the benefit sharing mechanism etc.