Effects of Different Nitrogen Application Levels on Dry Matter Accumulation and Distribution in Maize with Density Tolerance and Suitable Machine Harvesting

doi:10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0126

Abstract

Abstract:

The study of the effect of nitrogen application level on the dry matter accumulation in maize with high density tolerance and suitable machine harvesting is of great significance for the selection of suitable nitrogen application level and yield formation of maize. Based on the long-term localization experiment of nitrogen fertilizer conducted by the Academy of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Sciences of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region in 2018, maize ‘Guangde 5’ was used as the test material, and six nitrogen application levels were set, including 0 kg/hm² (N₀), 120 kg/hm² (N₈), 180 kg/hm² (N₁₂), 240 kg/hm² (N₁₆), 300 kg/hm² (N₂₀) and 360 kg/hm² (N₂₄). Dry matter accumulation and distribution ratio of different organs at seedling stage, jointing stage, trumpet stage, tasseling to spinning stage, grout stage and mature stage were analyzed, and the dry matter transport rule after flowering (tasseling to spinning stage to mature stage) was clarified. The results showed that: (1) dry matter accumulation and yield increased with the increase of N application rate between 0-240 kg/hm², but decreased with the increase of N application rate when N application rate exceeded 240 kg/hm², especially after the large flare stage. (2) The dry matter accumulation of different treatments conformed to the Logistic equation, the application rate of nitrogen fertilizer had significant effect on dry matter accumulation rate and promoted the dry matter accumulation peak earlier. (3) The distribution of maize dry matter in various organs changed with the development of the growth period, nitrogen application was beneficial to the transfer of dry matter from vegetative organs to grains in late growth period and promoted the development and formation of grains. (4) A comprehensive comparison of the 2-year data showed that the yield of N₂₀ (2020) and N₁₆ (2021) treated with nitrogen was higher than that of other nitrogen applications. They were 4.35%-45.50% and 0.57%-57.19%, respectively. Based on the analysis of yield, dry matter accumulation, distribution and transport of organs, the optimal nitrogen application rate of maize is 240 kg/hm².

Key words: nitrogen application level, increase density, grain machine harvesting, dry matter accumulation and distribution, yield

LAN Huiqing, ZHANG Xiangqian, CHENG Yuchen, SHI Jingjing, CHEN Xuanyi, BU Hengtong, BAI Dongxing, LU Zhanyuan, LIU Yajie, CHEN Lirong. Effects of Different Nitrogen Application Levels on Dry Matter Accumulation and Distribution in Maize with Density Tolerance and Suitable Machine Harvesting[J]. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin, 2023, 39(25): 1-10.

Figures/Tables 8

References 39

[1]	WANG Y Z, ZHANG Y P, ZHANG H F, et al. Intercropping-driven nitrogen trade-off enhances maize productivity in a long-term experiment[J]. Field crops research, 2022, 287:108671 doi: 10.1016/j.fcr.2022.108671 URL
[2]	彭东, 沈玮囡, 宋树柏, 等. 肥料增效剂对夏玉米植物学性状、产量构成及土壤中NH₄⁺-N和NO₃^--N的动态影响[J]. 玉米科学, 2018, 26(2):110-117.
[3]	赵久然, 刘月娥. 玉米及其制品质量安全风险及控制[J]. 食品科学技术学报, 2016, 34(4):12-17,25.
[4]	谢树章, 杨小艳, 林清, 等. 抗草甘膦转基因玉米研究进展[J]. 中国农业科技导报, 2013(3):36-41.
[5]	刘兴舟, 李猛, 张建, 等. 玉米籽粒脱水及机收籽粒研究进展[J]. 农学学报, 2022, 12(7):64-68. doi: 10.11923/j.issn.2095-4050.cjas2020-0197
[6]	赵荣芳, 文天祥, 陈惠阳, 等. 不同种植密度下甜玉米氮磷钾养分吸收量差异研究[J]. 中国农学通报, 2015, 31(21):43-46. doi: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15010165
[7]	郭瑶, 柴强, 殷文, 等. 玉米密植光合生理机制及应用途径研究进展[J]. 作物学报, 2022, 48(8):1871-1883. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2022.13024
[8]	DUDLEY J W. Selection for rind puncture resistance in two maize population[J]. Crop science, 1994, 34(6):1458-1460. doi: 10.2135/cropsci1994.0011183X003400060007x URL
[9]	WANG X M, YANG F, YANG S, et al. Study on non-point source nitrogen and phosphorus pollution and its law of accumulation in villages and towns[J]. Agro food industry hi-tech, 2017, 28:2005-2009.
[10]	LIANG G P. Nitrogen fertilization mitigates global food insecurity by increasing cereal yield and its stability[J]. Global food security, 2022, 34:110652.
[11]	张家铜, 彭正萍, 李婷, 等. 不同供氮水平对玉米体内干物质和氮动态积累与分配的影响[J]. 河北农业大学学报, 2009, 32(2):1-5.
[12]	朱兆民, 吴同斌, 郑圣先, 等. 氮肥分次施用对肥料效果的研究[J]. 土壤肥料, 1984(4):29-32.
[13]	张磊, 孔丽丽, 侯云鹏, 等. 施氮水平对玉米开花后干物质积累、转运及土壤无机氮含量的影响[J]. 玉米科学, 2020, 28(4):155-164.
[14]	李佳, 曹国军, 耿玉辉, 等. 不同供氮水平对春玉米干物质积累及氮素吸收利用的影响[J]. 中国农学通报, 2014, 30(27):208-212. doi: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0964
[15]	肖焱波, 段宗颜, 苏凡, 等. 玉米不同种植方式氮肥合理施用研究[J]. 玉米科学, 2002, 10(1):78.
[16]	李强, 马晓君, 程秋博, 等. 氮肥对不同耐低氮性玉米品种干物质及氮素积累与分配的影响[J]. 浙江大学学报(农业与生命科学版), 2015, 41(5):527-536.
[17]	张经廷, 刘云鹏, 李旭辉, 等. 夏玉米各器官氮素积累与分配动态及其对氮肥的响应[J]. 作物学报, 2013, 39(3):506-514.
[18]	ZHOU B Y, YANG Y, SUN X F, et al. Maize grain yield and dry matter production responses to variations in weather conditions[J]. Agronomy journal, 2016, 108(1):196-204. doi: 10.2134/agronj2015.0196 URL
[19]	MENG Q F, HOU P, WU L, et al. Understanding production potentials and yield gaps in intensive maize production in China[J]. Field crops research, 2013, 143:91-97. doi: 10.1016/j.fcr.2012.09.023 URL
[20]	常晓, 王小博, 吴嫚, 等. 施氮对不同氮效率类型玉米自交系产量、干物质及氮素积累的影响[J]. 中国土壤与肥料, 2021(2):221-227.
[21]	王进军, 柯福来, 白鸥, 等. 不同施氮方式对玉米干物质积累及产量的影响[J]. 沈阳农业大学学报, 2008(4):392-395.
[22]	李媛媛, 杨恒山, 范秀艳, 等. 不同施氮水平对春玉米伟科702干物质积累及转运的影响[J]. 华北农学报, 2016, 31(5):228-232.
[23]	侯云鹏, 孔丽丽, 李前, 等. 不同施氮水平对春玉米氮素吸收、转运及产量的影响[J]. 玉米科学, 2015, 23(3):136-142.
[24]	吴迪, 黄绍文, 金继运. 氮肥运筹、配施有机肥和坐水种对春玉米产量与养分吸收转运的影响[J]. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2009, 15(2):317-326.
[25]	郑剑超, 闫曼曼, 张巨松, 等. 氮肥前移对果棉间作棉花干物质积累和氮肥利用效率的影响[J]. 中国土壤与肥料, 2016(2):78-84.
[26]	孙天然, 王若楠, 孙占祥, 等. 辽西风沙半干旱区氮肥减施对花生干物质积累和产量的影响[J]. 生态学杂志, 2022, 41(4):676-682.
[27]	王启现, 王璞, 王伟东, 等. 吐丝期施氮对夏玉米粒重和籽粒粗蛋白的影响[J]. 中国农业大学学报, 2002(1):59-64.
[28]	SAIDOU A, JANSSEN B H, TEMMINGHOFF E J M. Effects of soil properties, mulch and NPK fertilizer on maize yield sand nutrient budgets on fertilizer soils in southern Benin[J]. Agriculture ecosystems & environment, 2003, 100:265-273. doi: 10.1016/S0167-8809(03)00184-1 URL
[29]	陈国平, 杨国航, 赵明, 等. 玉米小面积超高产创建及配套栽培技术研究[J]. 玉米科学, 2008(4):1-4.
[30]	连艳鲜, 李潮海, 周苏玫. 高产玉米杂交种干物质生产与分配特征[J]. 河南农业科学, 2003(7):7-9. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-3268.2003.07.002
[31]	宋慧, 王涛, 闫宏山, 等. 不同类型谷子品种(系)光合性能、干物质积累转运和籽粒灌浆特性对产量的影响[J]. 中国农业大学学报, 2022, 27(7):58-72.
[32]	马赟花, 薛吉全, 张仁和, 等. 不同高产玉米品种干物质积累转运与产量形成的研究[J]. 广东农业科学, 2010, 37(3):36-40.
[33]	黄智鸿, 王思远, 包岩, 等. 超高产玉米品种干物质积累与分配特点的研究[J]. 玉米科学, 2007(3):95-98.
[34]	黄智鸿, 申林, 孙刚, 等. 超高产玉米叶面积及地上部干物质积累与分配[J]. 安徽农业科学, 2007(08):2227-2228,2230.
[35]	刘斌祥, 王兴龙, 周芳, 等. 减氮配施不同种类有机肥对玉米物质分配、转运与产量的影响[J]. 生态学杂志, 2020, 39(1):130-138.
[36]	王丽萍, 白岚方, 王天昊, 等. 不同施氮水平对青贮玉米植株氮素积累转运的影响[J]. 作物杂志, 2023.
[37]	刘克礼, 刘景辉. 春玉米干物质积累、分配与转移规律的研究[J]. 内蒙古农牧学院学报, 1994(1):1-10.
[38]	谢成俊, 王平, 李卫民, 等. 小麦收获指数与主要农艺性状的相关性分析[J]. 中国农学通报, 2015, 31(3):88-93.
[39]	葛选良, 杨恒山, 张雨珊, 等. 浅埋滴灌下不同施氮量对玉米产量和花后氮代谢的影响[J]. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2022, 28(9):1603-1613.

年份	播种	出苗	苗期	拔节期	大喇叭口期	抽雄—吐丝期	灌浆期	成熟期
2020年	4/25	5/11	6/8	6/26	7/8	8/2	9/9	10/8
2021年	5/5	5/20	6/16	6/27	7/20	7/29	9/1	10/10

年份	播种	出苗	苗期	拔节期	大喇叭口期	抽雄—吐丝期	灌浆期	成熟期
2020年	4/25	5/11	6/8	6/26	7/8	8/2	9/9	10/8
2021年	5/5	5/20	6/16	6/27	7/20	7/29	9/1	10/10

年份	处理	苗期	拔节期	大喇叭口期	抽雄—吐丝期	灌浆期	成熟期
2020年	N₀	5.14b	11.86c	67.33b	123.33d	218.63c	243.07c
	N₈	6.60b	20.34ab	101.00a	198.33c	308.73b	342.17b
	N₁₂	8.79a	18.85ab	103.00a	212.67bc	341.73ab	356.67ab
	N₁₆	6.47b	15.47bc	119.67a	237.67a	359.50a	383.83a
	N₂₀	6.08b	25.14a	106.33a	224.33ab	338.17a	389.83a
	N₂₄	6.04b	19.48ab	104.67a	213.67abc	325.47ab	341.70ab
2021年	N₀	2.51d	12.43c	81.92b	122.62c	210.07c	279.83c
	N₈	4.93ab	21.64ab	98.71ab	157.16b	285.80b	365.96b
	N₁₂	4.01c	18.76ab	109.33a	172.88ab	340.67a	383.39ab
	N₁₆	4.42bc	15.80bc	116.38a	178.60a	327.05ab	419.25a
	N₂₀	5.49a	24.71ab	108.06a	173.13ab	331.97ab	361.05b
	N₂₄	5.59a	20.03ab	105.37a	153.04b	299.00ab	345.31b

年份	处理	苗期	拔节期	大喇叭口期	抽雄—吐丝期	灌浆期	成熟期
2020年	N₀	5.14b	11.86c	67.33b	123.33d	218.63c	243.07c
	N₈	6.60b	20.34ab	101.00a	198.33c	308.73b	342.17b
	N₁₂	8.79a	18.85ab	103.00a	212.67bc	341.73ab	356.67ab
	N₁₆	6.47b	15.47bc	119.67a	237.67a	359.50a	383.83a
	N₂₀	6.08b	25.14a	106.33a	224.33ab	338.17a	389.83a
	N₂₄	6.04b	19.48ab	104.67a	213.67abc	325.47ab	341.70ab
2021年	N₀	2.51d	12.43c	81.92b	122.62c	210.07c	279.83c
	N₈	4.93ab	21.64ab	98.71ab	157.16b	285.80b	365.96b
	N₁₂	4.01c	18.76ab	109.33a	172.88ab	340.67a	383.39ab
	N₁₆	4.42bc	15.80bc	116.38a	178.60a	327.05ab	419.25a
	N₂₀	5.49a	24.71ab	108.06a	173.13ab	331.97ab	361.05b
	N₂₄	5.59a	20.03ab	105.37a	153.04b	299.00ab	345.31b

年份	处理	回归方程	R²	v_max/[g/(株·d)]	t/d
2020	N₀	y=243.07/(1+46.26e^-0.0628^x)	0.941	3.82	61.06
	N₈	y=342.17/(1+50.82e^-0.0779^x)	0.895	6.66	50.43
	N₁₂	y=356.67/(1+39.58e^-0.0749^x)	0.968	6.68	49.11
	N₁₆	y=383.83/(1+58.29e^-0.0713^x)	0.929	6.84	57.02
	N₂₀	y=389.83/(1+63.12e^-0.0761^x)	0.924	7.42	54.47
	N₂₄	y=341.70/(1+55.54e^-0.0721^x)	0.962	6.16	55.72
2021	N₀	y=279.83/(1+110.34e^-0.0615^x)	0.936	4.30	76.48
	N₈	y=365.96/(1+73.38e^-0.0604^x)	0.975	5.53	71.12
	N₁₂	y=383.39/(1+94.69e^-0.0757^x)	0.993	7.26	60.11
	N₁₆	y=419.24/(1+93.92e^-0.0666^x)	0.949	6.98	68.21
	N₂₀	y=361.05/(1+64.72e^-0.0765^x)	0.999	6.91	54.51
	N₂₄	y=345.31/(1+60.74e^-0.0696^x)	0.991	6.01	59.00