Abstract: The per capita income of farmers and Engel coefficient of the countryside can directly reflect the rural poverty status. In this study, the authors chose the three regions of southern Xinjiang as the research area, conducted the grey correlation analysis based on the per capita income of farmers and rural Engel coefficient reference sequence, thus found out the internal correlation between the farmers' income structure and the poverty level. Results showed that the relevance degree of the family business income and poverty was the largest, followed by the impact of wage income and property income, the influence degree of transitivity income on the poverty was relatively small. Therefore, from the perspectives of further optimizing the planting structure, enhancing rural surplus labor transfer and etc., the authors put forward relevant policy recommendations in order to provide reference for the development of rural economy in the three regions of southern Xinjiang.